auto-provide OS_IPK paths in [paths] of config
[oweals/gnunet.git] / src / util / scheduler.c
index 9bd776517263166d4d7057ab6dd635e5357a52f9..48a3f04ce3cd895053299df11b5fc8151e0d10ef 100644 (file)
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
       This file is part of GNUnet
       Copyright (C) 2009-2017 GNUnet e.V.
 
-      GNUnet is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-      it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
-      by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your
-      option) any later version.
+      GNUnet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+      under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
+      by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
+      or (at your option) any later version.
 
       GNUnet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
       WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
       MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
-      General Public License for more details.
+      Affero General Public License for more details.
 
-      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-      along with GNUnet; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
-      Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
-      Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
+      You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+      along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+     SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL3.0-or-later
  */
 /**
  * @file util/scheduler.c
 #include "platform.h"
 #include "gnunet_util_lib.h"
 #include "disk.h"
+// DEBUG
+#include <inttypes.h>
 
-#define LOG(kind,...) GNUNET_log_from (kind, "util-scheduler", __VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG(kind, ...) GNUNET_log_from (kind, "util-scheduler", __VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define LOG_STRERROR(kind,syscall) GNUNET_log_from_strerror (kind, "util-scheduler", syscall)
+#define LOG_STRERROR(kind, syscall) GNUNET_log_from_strerror (kind, \
+                                                              "util-scheduler", \
+                                                              syscall)
 
 
 #if HAVE_EXECINFO_H
@@ -71,7 +75,7 @@
 
 /**
  * Argument to be passed from the driver to
- * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver().  Contains the
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work().  Contains the
  * scheduler's internal state.
  */
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle
@@ -89,6 +93,38 @@ struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle
    * @deprecated
    */
   struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *ws;
+
+  /**
+   * context of the SIGINT handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_int;
+
+  /**
+   * context of the SIGTERM handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_term;
+
+#if (SIGTERM != GNUNET_TERM_SIG)
+  /**
+   * context of the TERM_SIG handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_gterm;
+#endif
+
+  /**
+   * context of the SIGQUIT handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_quit;
+
+  /**
+   * context of the SIGHUP handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_hup;
+
+  /**
+   * context of hte SIGPIPE handler
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_pipe;
 };
 
 
@@ -134,18 +170,6 @@ struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task
    */
   unsigned int fds_len;
 
-  /**
-   * if this task is related to multiple FDs this array contains
-   * all FdInfo structs that were marked as ready by calling
-   * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready
-   */
-  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *ready_fds;
-
-  /**
-   * Size of the @e ready_fds array
-   */
-  unsigned int ready_fds_len;
-
   /**
    * Do we own the network and file handles referenced by the FdInfo
    * structs in the fds array. This will only be GNUNET_YES if the
@@ -217,6 +241,10 @@ struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task
   int num_backtrace_strings;
 #endif
 
+  /**
+   * Asynchronous scope of the task that scheduled this scope,
+   */
+  struct GNUNET_AsyncScopeSave scope;
 };
 
 
@@ -266,16 +294,16 @@ struct DriverContext
   struct Scheduled *scheduled_tail;
 
   /**
-   * the time until the select driver will wake up again (after
+   * the time when the select driver will wake up again (after
    * calling select)
    */
-  struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout;
+  struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute timeout;
 };
 
 
 /**
  * The driver used for the event loop. Will be handed over to
- * the scheduler in #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver(), peristed
+ * the scheduler in #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work(), persisted
  * there in this variable for later use in functions like
  * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select(), #add_without_sets() and
  * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel().
@@ -334,22 +362,32 @@ static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *active_task;
 /**
  * Head of list of tasks ready to run right now, grouped by importance.
  */
-static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *ready_head[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT];
+static struct
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *ready_head[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT];
 
 /**
  * Tail of list of tasks ready to run right now, grouped by importance.
  */
-static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *ready_tail[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT];
+static struct
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *ready_tail[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT];
 
 /**
- * Number of tasks on the ready list.
+ * Task for installing parent control handlers (it might happen that the
+ * scheduler is shutdown before this task is executed, so
+ * GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown must cancel it in that case)
  */
-static unsigned int ready_count;
+static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *install_parent_control_task;
 
 /**
- * How many tasks have we run so far?
+ * Task for reading from a pipe that signal handlers will use to initiate
+ * shutdown
  */
-static unsigned long long tasks_run;
+static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *shutdown_pipe_task;
+
+/**
+ * Number of tasks on the ready list.
+ */
+static unsigned int ready_count;
 
 /**
  * Priority of the task running right now.  Only
@@ -384,11 +422,6 @@ static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext tc;
  */
 static void *scheduler_select_cls;
 
-/**
- * Scheduler handle used for the driver functions
- */
-static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle sh;
-
 
 /**
  * Sets the select function to use in the scheduler (scheduler_select).
@@ -441,7 +474,7 @@ get_timeout ()
   {
     if (0 != pos->reason)
     {
-      timeout = now;
+      return now;
     }
     else
     {
@@ -452,9 +485,10 @@ get_timeout ()
   {
     if (0 != pos->reason)
     {
-      timeout = now;
+      return now;
     }
-    else if ((pos->timeout.abs_value_us != GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_ABS.abs_value_us) &&
+    else if ((pos->timeout.abs_value_us !=
+              GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_ABS.abs_value_us) &&
              (timeout.abs_value_us > pos->timeout.abs_value_us))
     {
       timeout = pos->timeout;
@@ -493,6 +527,18 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown ()
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *pos;
 
+  LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
+       "GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown\n");
+  if (NULL != install_parent_control_task)
+  {
+    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (install_parent_control_task);
+    install_parent_control_task = NULL;
+  }
+  if (NULL != shutdown_pipe_task)
+  {
+    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (shutdown_pipe_task);
+    shutdown_pipe_task = NULL;
+  }
   while (NULL != (pos = shutdown_head))
   {
     GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_remove (shutdown_head,
@@ -513,14 +559,14 @@ static void
 dump_backtrace (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
 {
 #if EXECINFO
-  unsigned int i;
-
-  for (i = 0; i < t->num_backtrace_strings; i++)
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < t->num_backtrace_strings; i++)
     LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_WARNING,
-   "Task %p trace %u: %s\n",
-   t,
-   i,
-   t->backtrace_strings[i]);
+         "Task %p trace %u: %s\n",
+         t,
+         i,
+         t->backtrace_strings[i]);
+#else
+  (void) t;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -547,7 +593,8 @@ destroy_task (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
       const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *fh = t->fds[i].fh;
       if (fd)
       {
-        GNUNET_NETWORK_socket_free_memory_only_ ((struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *) fd);
+        GNUNET_NETWORK_socket_free_memory_only_ ((struct
+                                                  GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *) fd);
       }
       if (fh)
       {
@@ -561,10 +608,6 @@ destroy_task (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
   {
     GNUNET_array_grow (t->fds, t->fds_len, 0);
   }
-  if (t->ready_fds_len > 0)
-  {
-    GNUNET_array_grow (t->ready_fds, t->ready_fds_len, 0);
-  }
 #if EXECINFO
   GNUNET_free (t->backtrace_strings);
 #endif
@@ -586,13 +629,11 @@ static pid_t my_pid;
 /**
  * Signal handler called for SIGPIPE.
  */
-#ifndef MINGW
 static void
 sighandler_pipe ()
 {
   return;
 }
-#endif
 
 
 ///**
@@ -603,14 +644,14 @@ sighandler_pipe ()
 // *
 // * @param ms how many ms to wait
 // */
-//static void
-//short_wait (unsigned int ms)
-//{
+// static void
+// short_wait (unsigned int ms)
+// {
 //  struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout;
 //
 //  timeout = GNUNET_TIME_relative_multiply (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_MILLISECONDS, ms);
 //  (void) GNUNET_NETWORK_socket_select (NULL, NULL, NULL, timeout);
-//}
+// }
 
 
 /**
@@ -623,16 +664,16 @@ sighandler_shutdown ()
   int old_errno = errno;        /* backup errno */
 
   if (getpid () != my_pid)
-    exit (1);                   /* we have fork'ed since the signal handler was created,
-                                 * ignore the signal, see https://gnunet.org/vfork discussion */
+    _exit (1);                   /* we have fork'ed since the signal handler was created,
+                                  * ignore the signal, see https://gnunet.org/vfork discussion */
   GNUNET_DISK_file_write (GNUNET_DISK_pipe_handle
-                          (shutdown_pipe_handle, GNUNET_DISK_PIPE_END_WRITE),
-                          &c, sizeof (c));
+                            (shutdown_pipe_handle, GNUNET_DISK_PIPE_END_WRITE),
+                          &c, sizeof(c));
   errno = old_errno;
 }
 
 
-void
+static void
 shutdown_if_no_lifeness ()
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t;
@@ -648,18 +689,16 @@ shutdown_if_no_lifeness ()
   for (t = pending_timeout_head; NULL != t; t = t->next)
     if (GNUNET_YES == t->lifeness)
       return;
-  /* No lifeness! Cancel all pending tasks the driver knows about and shutdown */
-  t = pending_head;
-  while (NULL != t)
-  {
-    struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *next = t->next;
-    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (t);
-    t = next;
-  }
+  /* No lifeness! */
   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown ();
 }
 
 
+static int
+select_loop (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh,
+             struct DriverContext *context);
+
+
 /**
  * Initialize and run scheduler.  This function will return when all
  * tasks have completed.  On systems with signals, receiving a SIGTERM
@@ -678,16 +717,22 @@ void
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
                       void *task_cls)
 {
+  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh;
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *driver;
-  struct DriverContext context = {.scheduled_head = NULL,
-                                  .scheduled_tail = NULL,
-                                  .timeout = GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_REL};
-  
+  struct DriverContext context = { .scheduled_head = NULL,
+                                   .scheduled_tail = NULL,
+                                   .timeout = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get () };
+
   driver = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_select ();
   driver->cls = &context;
-
-  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver (driver, task, task_cls);
-  
+  sh = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init (driver);
+  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_with_reason_and_priority (task,
+                                                 task_cls,
+                                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_STARTUP,
+                                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT);
+  select_loop (sh,
+               &context);
+  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done (sh);
   GNUNET_free (driver);
 }
 
@@ -756,8 +801,9 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
     t->fds = fdi;
     if (1 == read_nh_len)
     {
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != read_nh);
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != *read_nh);
       fdi->fd = *read_nh;
-      GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fd);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN;
       fdi->sock = GNUNET_NETWORK_get_fd (*read_nh);
       t->read_fd = fdi->sock;
@@ -765,8 +811,9 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
     }
     else if (1 == write_nh_len)
     {
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != write_nh);
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != *write_nh);
       fdi->fd = *write_nh;
-      GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fd);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT;
       fdi->sock = GNUNET_NETWORK_get_fd (*write_nh);
       t->read_fd = -1;
@@ -774,19 +821,21 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
     }
     else if (1 == read_fh_len)
     {
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != read_fh);
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != *read_fh);
       fdi->fh = *read_fh;
-      GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fh);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN;
-      fdi->sock = (*read_fh)->fd; // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
+      fdi->sock = (*read_fh)->fd;     // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
       t->read_fd = fdi->sock;
       t->write_fd = -1;
     }
     else
     {
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != write_fh);
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != *write_fh);
       fdi->fh = *write_fh;
-      GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fh);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT;
-      fdi->sock = (*write_fh)->fd; // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
+      fdi->sock = (*write_fh)->fd;     // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
       t->read_fd = -1;
       t->write_fd = fdi->sock;
     }
@@ -819,7 +868,7 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
       fdi->fh = read_fh[i];
       GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fh);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN;
-      fdi->sock = (read_fh[i])->fd; // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
+      fdi->sock = (read_fh[i])->fd;     // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
       ++fdi;
     }
     for (i = 0; i != write_fh_len; ++i)
@@ -827,7 +876,7 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
       fdi->fh = write_fh[i];
       GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi->fh);
       fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT;
-      fdi->sock = (write_fh[i])->fd; // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
+      fdi->sock = (write_fh[i])->fd;     // FIXME: does not work under WIN32
       ++fdi;
     }
   }
@@ -847,20 +896,19 @@ init_fd_info (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
  * @param et the event type to be set in each FdInfo after calling
  *           @a driver_func on it, or -1 if no updating not desired.
  */
-void driver_add_multiple (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
-                          enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_EventType et)
+static void
+driver_add_multiple (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi;
   int success = GNUNET_YES;
 
-  for (int i = 0; i != t->fds_len; ++i)
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i != t->fds_len; ++i)
   {
     fdi = &t->fds[i];
-    success = scheduler_driver->add (scheduler_driver->cls, t, fdi) && success;
-    if (et != -1)
-    {
-      fdi->et = et;
-    }
+    success = scheduler_driver->add (scheduler_driver->cls,
+                                     t,
+                                     fdi) && success;
+    fdi->et = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_NONE;
   }
   if (GNUNET_YES != success)
   {
@@ -870,27 +918,46 @@ void driver_add_multiple (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
 }
 
 
-void
-shutdown_cb (void *cls)
+static void
+install_parent_control_handler (void *cls)
+{
+  (void) cls;
+  install_parent_control_task = NULL;
+  GNUNET_OS_install_parent_control_handler (NULL);
+}
+
+
+static void
+shutdown_pipe_cb (void *cls)
 {
   char c;
   const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *pr;
 
+  (void) cls;
+  shutdown_pipe_task = NULL;
   pr = GNUNET_DISK_pipe_handle (shutdown_pipe_handle,
                                 GNUNET_DISK_PIPE_END_READ);
   GNUNET_assert (! GNUNET_DISK_handle_invalid (pr));
   /* consume the signal */
-  GNUNET_DISK_file_read (pr, &c, sizeof (c));
+  GNUNET_DISK_file_read (pr, &c, sizeof(c));
   /* mark all active tasks as ready due to shutdown */
   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown ();
+  shutdown_pipe_task =
+    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_REL,
+                                    pr,
+                                    &shutdown_pipe_cb,
+                                    NULL);
 }
 
 
 /**
  * Cancel the task with the specified identifier.
  * The task must not yet have run. Only allowed to be called as long as the
- * scheduler is running (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or
- * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been called and has not returned yet).
+ * scheduler is running, that is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param task id of the task to cancel
  * @return original closure of the task
@@ -908,8 +975,6 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task)
 
   /* scheduler must be running */
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
-  GNUNET_assert ( (NULL != active_task) ||
-      (GNUNET_NO == task->lifeness) );
   is_fd_task = (NULL != task->fds);
   if (is_fd_task)
   {
@@ -972,9 +1037,11 @@ init_backtrace (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
   t->num_backtrace_strings
     = backtrace (backtrace_array, MAX_TRACE_DEPTH);
   t->backtrace_strings =
-      backtrace_symbols (backtrace_array,
-       t->num_backtrace_strings);
+    backtrace_symbols (backtrace_array,
+                       t->num_backtrace_strings);
   dump_backtrace (t);
+#else
+  (void) t;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -990,16 +1057,19 @@ init_backtrace (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t)
  * @param priority priority to use for the task
  */
 void
-GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_with_reason_and_priority (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_with_reason_and_priority (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback
+                                               task,
                                                void *task_cls,
-                                               enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Reason reason,
-                                               enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority)
+                                               enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Reason
+                                               reason,
+                                               enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority
+                                               priority)
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t;
 
+  /* scheduler must be running */
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
-  GNUNET_assert ((NULL != active_task) ||
-                 (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_STARTUP == reason));
   t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
   t->read_fd = -1;
   t->write_fd = -1;
@@ -1009,7 +1079,7 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_with_reason_and_priority (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback tas
   t->start_time = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ();
 #endif
   t->reason = reason;
-  t->priority = priority;
+  t->priority = check_priority (priority);
   t->lifeness = current_lifeness;
   LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
        "Adding continuation task %p\n",
@@ -1040,9 +1110,11 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute at,
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *pos;
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *prev;
 
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != active_task);
+  /* scheduler must be running */
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
   t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
+  GNUNET_async_scope_get (&t->scope);
   t->callback = task;
   t->callback_cls = task_cls;
   t->read_fd = -1;
@@ -1051,12 +1123,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute at,
   t->start_time = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ();
 #endif
   t->timeout = at;
-  t->priority = priority;
+  t->priority = check_priority (priority);
   t->lifeness = current_lifeness;
   /* try tail first (optimization in case we are
    * appending to a long list of tasks with timeouts) */
-  if ( (NULL == pending_timeout_head) ||
-       (at.abs_value_us < pending_timeout_head->timeout.abs_value_us) )
+  if ((NULL == pending_timeout_head) ||
+      (at.abs_value_us < pending_timeout_head->timeout.abs_value_us))
   {
     GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_insert (pending_timeout_head,
                                  pending_timeout_tail,
@@ -1066,17 +1138,16 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute at,
   {
     /* first move from heuristic start backwards to before start time */
     prev = pending_timeout_last;
-    while ( (NULL != prev) &&
-            (prev->timeout.abs_value_us > t->timeout.abs_value_us) )
+    while ((NULL != prev) &&
+           (prev->timeout.abs_value_us > t->timeout.abs_value_us))
       prev = prev->prev;
     /* now, move from heuristic start (or head of list) forward to insertion point */
     if (NULL == prev)
       pos = pending_timeout_head;
     else
       pos = prev->next;
-    while ( (NULL != pos) &&
-            ( (pos->timeout.abs_value_us <= t->timeout.abs_value_us) ||
-              (0 != pos->reason) ) )
+    while ((NULL != pos) && (pos->timeout.abs_value_us <=
+                             t->timeout.abs_value_us))
     {
       prev = pos;
       pos = pos->next;
@@ -1110,14 +1181,16 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute at,
  */
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
-              enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
-              GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                            enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority
+                                            priority,
+                                            GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
                                             void *task_cls)
 {
-  return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (GNUNET_TIME_relative_to_absolute (delay),
-                                                priority,
-                                                task,
-                                                task_cls);
+  return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_at_with_priority (
+    GNUNET_TIME_relative_to_absolute (delay),
+    priority,
+    task,
+    task_cls);
 }
 
 
@@ -1182,9 +1255,9 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                               void *task_cls)
 {
   return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed_with_priority (delay,
-                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
-                 task,
-                 task_cls);
+                                                     GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                     task,
+                                                     task_cls);
 }
 
 
@@ -1229,9 +1302,11 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_shutdown (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t;
 
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != active_task);
+  /* scheduler must be running */
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
   t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
+  GNUNET_async_scope_get (&t->scope);
   t->callback = task;
   t->callback_cls = task_cls;
   t->read_fd = -1;
@@ -1305,6 +1380,8 @@ check_fd (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t, int raw_fd)
     }
   }
 }
+
+
 #endif
 
 
@@ -1333,7 +1410,6 @@ check_fd (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t, int raw_fd)
  * @return unique task identifier for the job
  *         only valid until @a task is started!
  */
-#ifndef MINGW
 static struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 add_without_sets (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                   enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
@@ -1346,9 +1422,11 @@ add_without_sets (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t;
 
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != active_task);
+  /* scheduler must be running */
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
   t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
+  GNUNET_async_scope_get (&t->scope);
   init_fd_info (t,
                 &read_nh,
                 read_nh ? 1 : 0,
@@ -1370,18 +1448,18 @@ add_without_sets (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
   t->start_time = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ();
 #endif
   t->timeout = GNUNET_TIME_relative_to_absolute (delay);
-  t->priority = check_priority ((priority == GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP) ? current_priority : priority);
+  t->priority = check_priority ((priority == GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP) ?
+                                current_priority : priority);
   t->lifeness = current_lifeness;
   GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_insert (pending_head,
                                pending_tail,
                                t);
-  driver_add_multiple (t, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_NONE);
+  driver_add_multiple (t);
   max_priority_added = GNUNET_MAX (max_priority_added,
                                    t->priority);
   init_backtrace (t);
   return t;
 }
-#endif
 
 
 /**
@@ -1390,9 +1468,12 @@ add_without_sets (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * used as a timeout on the socket being ready.  The task will be
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready.  It will be run with the DEFAULT priority.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param rfd read file-descriptor
@@ -1408,8 +1489,8 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                                void *task_cls)
 {
   return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net_with_priority (delay,
-                  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
-                  rfd, task, task_cls);
+                                                      GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+                                                      rfd, task, task_cls);
 }
 
 
@@ -1420,9 +1501,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * socket being ready.  The task will be scheduled for execution once
  * either the delay has expired or the socket operation is ready.  It
  * will be run with the DEFAULT priority.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param priority priority to use for the task
@@ -1434,9 +1518,10 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  */
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
-               enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
-               struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *rfd,
-               GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                             enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority
+                                             priority,
+                                             struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *rfd,
+                                             GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
                                              void *task_cls)
 {
   return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority (delay, priority,
@@ -1454,9 +1539,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_net_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready.  It will be run with the priority of
  * the calling task.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param wfd write file-descriptor
@@ -1478,15 +1566,19 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_write_net (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                                                  task, task_cls);
 }
 
+
 /**
  * Schedule a new task to be run with a specified delay or when the
  * specified file descriptor is ready.  The delay can be
  * used as a timeout on the socket being ready.  The task will be
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param priority priority of the task
@@ -1499,32 +1591,16 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_write_net (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  *         only valid until "task" is started!
  */
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
-GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority  (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
-                                         enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
-                                         struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *fd,
-                                         int on_read,
-                                         int on_write,
-                                         GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
-                                         void *task_cls)
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
+                                        enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
+                                        struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle *fd,
+                                        int on_read,
+                                        int on_write,
+                                        GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                        void *task_cls)
 {
   /* scheduler must be running */
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
-
-#if MINGW
-  struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *s;
-  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task * ret;
-
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != fd);
-  s = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set (s, fd);
-  ret = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select (
-      priority, delay,
-      on_read  ? s : NULL,
-      on_write ? s : NULL,
-      task, task_cls);
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (s);
-  return ret;
-#else
   GNUNET_assert (on_read || on_write);
   GNUNET_assert (GNUNET_NETWORK_get_fd (fd) >= 0);
   return add_without_sets (delay, priority,
@@ -1533,7 +1609,6 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority  (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                            NULL,
                            NULL,
                            task, task_cls);
-#endif
 }
 
 
@@ -1543,9 +1618,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority  (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * used as a timeout on the socket being ready.  The task will be
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready. It will be run with the DEFAULT priority.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param rfd read file-descriptor
@@ -1557,12 +1635,13 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_net_with_priority  (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                                 const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *rfd,
-                                GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task, void *task_cls)
+                                GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                void *task_cls)
 {
   return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_file_with_priority (
-      delay, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
-      rfd, GNUNET_YES, GNUNET_NO,
-      task, task_cls);
+    delay, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+    rfd, GNUNET_YES, GNUNET_NO,
+    task, task_cls);
 }
 
 
@@ -1572,9 +1651,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * used as a timeout on the socket being ready.  The task will be
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready. It will be run with the DEFAULT priority.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param wfd write file-descriptor
@@ -1586,12 +1668,13 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_write_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                                  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *wfd,
-                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task, void *task_cls)
+                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                 void *task_cls)
 {
   return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_file_with_priority (
-      delay, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
-      wfd, GNUNET_NO, GNUNET_YES,
-      task, task_cls);
+    delay, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
+    wfd, GNUNET_NO, GNUNET_YES,
+    task, task_cls);
 }
 
 
@@ -1601,9 +1684,12 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_write_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  * used as a timeout on the socket being ready.  The task will be
  * scheduled for execution once either the delay has expired or the
  * socket operation is ready.
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param delay when should this operation time out?
  * @param priority priority of the task
@@ -1617,29 +1703,16 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_write_file (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
  */
 struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_file_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
-                                         enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority priority,
-                                         const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *fd,
+                                         enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority
+                                         priority,
+                                         const struct
+                                         GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *fd,
                                          int on_read, int on_write,
-                                         GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task, void *task_cls)
+                                         GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
+                                         void *task_cls)
 {
   /* scheduler must be running */
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
-
-#if MINGW
-  struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *s;
-  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task * ret;
-
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != fd);
-  s = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_handle_set (s, fd);
-  ret = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select (
-      priority, delay,
-      on_read  ? s : NULL,
-      on_write ? s : NULL,
-      task, task_cls);
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (s);
-  return ret;
-#else
   GNUNET_assert (on_read || on_write);
   GNUNET_assert (fd->fd >= 0);
   return add_without_sets (delay, priority,
@@ -1648,13 +1721,11 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_file_with_priority (struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative delay,
                            on_read ? fd : NULL,
                            on_write ? fd : NULL,
                            task, task_cls);
-#endif
 }
 
 
 void
-extract_handles (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
-                 const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *fdset,
+extract_handles (const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *fdset,
                  const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle ***ntarget,
                  unsigned int *extracted_nhandles,
                  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle ***ftarget,
@@ -1664,14 +1735,14 @@ extract_handles (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
   // in fdset must be handled separately
   const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle **nhandles;
   const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle **fhandles;
-  unsigned int nhandles_len, fhandles_len;
-  int sock;
+  unsigned int nhandles_len;
+  unsigned int fhandles_len;
 
   nhandles = NULL;
   fhandles = NULL;
   nhandles_len = 0;
   fhandles_len = 0;
-  for (sock = 0; sock != fdset->nsds; ++sock)
+  for (int sock = 0; sock != fdset->nsds; ++sock)
   {
     if (GNUNET_YES == GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_test_native (fdset, sock))
     {
@@ -1719,9 +1790,12 @@ extract_handles (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t,
  *     || any-rs-ready
  *     || any-ws-ready) )
  * </code>
- * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running
- * (#GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run or #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver has been
- * called and has not returned yet).
+ * Only allowed to be called as long as the scheduler is running, that
+ * is one of the following conditions is met:
+ *
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run has been called and has not returned yet
+ * - #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been run and
+ *   #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done has not been called yet
  *
  * @param prio how important is this task?
  * @param delay how long should we wait?
@@ -1741,54 +1815,62 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select (enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority prio,
                              void *task_cls)
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *t;
-  const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle **read_nhandles;
-  const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle **write_nhandles;
-  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle **read_fhandles;
-  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle **write_fhandles;
-  unsigned int read_nhandles_len, write_nhandles_len,
-               read_fhandles_len, write_fhandles_len;
-
-  if (((NULL == rs) && (NULL == ws)) || ((0 == rs->nsds) && (0 == ws->nsds)))
-    return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed_with_priority (delay,
-                                                       prio,
-                                                       task,
-                                                       task_cls);
+  const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle **read_nhandles = NULL;
+  const struct GNUNET_NETWORK_Handle **write_nhandles = NULL;
+  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle **read_fhandles = NULL;
+  const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle **write_fhandles = NULL;
+  unsigned int read_nhandles_len = 0;
+  unsigned int write_nhandles_len = 0;
+  unsigned int read_fhandles_len = 0;
+  unsigned int write_fhandles_len = 0;
+
   /* scheduler must be running */
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != scheduler_driver);
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != active_task);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
-  t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
-  t->callback = task;
-  t->callback_cls = task_cls;
-  t->read_fd = -1;
-  t->write_fd = -1;
-  t->own_handles = GNUNET_YES;
-  read_nhandles = NULL;
-  write_nhandles = NULL;
-  read_fhandles = NULL;
-  write_fhandles = NULL;
-  read_nhandles_len = 0;
-  write_nhandles_len = 0;
-  read_fhandles_len = 0;
-  write_fhandles_len = 0;
-  if (NULL != rs)
+  int no_rs = (NULL == rs);
+  int no_ws = (NULL == ws);
+  int empty_rs = (NULL != rs) && (0 == rs->nsds);
+  int empty_ws = (NULL != ws) && (0 == ws->nsds);
+  int no_fds = (no_rs && no_ws) ||
+               (empty_rs && empty_ws) ||
+               (no_rs && empty_ws) ||
+               (no_ws && empty_rs);
+  if (! no_fds)
   {
-    extract_handles (t,
-                     rs,
-                     &read_nhandles,
-                     &read_nhandles_len,
-                     &read_fhandles,
-                     &read_fhandles_len);
-  }
-  if (NULL != ws)
-  {
-    extract_handles (t,
-                     ws,
-                     &write_nhandles,
-                     &write_nhandles_len,
-                     &write_fhandles,
-                     &write_fhandles_len);
+    if (NULL != rs)
+    {
+      extract_handles (rs,
+                       &read_nhandles,
+                       &read_nhandles_len,
+                       &read_fhandles,
+                       &read_fhandles_len);
+    }
+    if (NULL != ws)
+    {
+      extract_handles (ws,
+                       &write_nhandles,
+                       &write_nhandles_len,
+                       &write_fhandles,
+                       &write_fhandles_len);
+    }
   }
+  /**
+   * here we consider the case that a GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet might be empty
+   * although its maximum FD number (nsds) is greater than 0. We handle
+   * this case gracefully because some libraries such as libmicrohttpd
+   * only provide a hint what the maximum FD number in an FD set might be
+   * and not the exact FD number (see e.g. gnunet-rest-service.c)
+   */int no_fds_extracted = (0 == read_nhandles_len) &&
+                         (0 == read_fhandles_len) &&
+                         (0 == write_nhandles_len) &&
+                         (0 == write_fhandles_len);
+  if (no_fds || no_fds_extracted)
+    return GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed_with_priority (delay,
+                                                       prio,
+                                                       task,
+                                                       task_cls);
+  t = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task);
+  GNUNET_async_scope_get (&t->scope);
   init_fd_info (t,
                 read_nhandles,
                 read_nhandles_len,
@@ -1798,6 +1880,9 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select (enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority prio,
                 read_fhandles_len,
                 write_fhandles,
                 write_fhandles_len);
+  t->callback = task;
+  t->callback_cls = task_cls;
+  t->own_handles = GNUNET_YES;
   /* free the arrays of pointers to network / file handles, the actual
    * handles will be freed in destroy_task */
   GNUNET_array_grow (read_nhandles, read_nhandles_len, 0);
@@ -1809,16 +1894,16 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_select (enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority prio,
 #endif
   t->timeout = GNUNET_TIME_relative_to_absolute (delay);
   t->priority =
-      check_priority ((prio ==
-                       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP) ? current_priority :
-                      prio);
+    check_priority ((prio ==
+                     GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP) ? current_priority :
+                    prio);
   t->lifeness = current_lifeness;
   GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_insert (pending_head,
                                pending_tail,
                                t);
-  driver_add_multiple (t, GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_NONE);
+  driver_add_multiple (t);
   max_priority_added = GNUNET_MAX (max_priority_added,
-           t->priority);
+                                   t->priority);
   LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
        "Adding task %p\n",
        t);
@@ -1843,17 +1928,13 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task,
                              struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi)
 {
   enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Reason reason;
-  struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute now;
 
-  now = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ();
   reason = task->reason;
-  if (now.abs_value_us >= task->timeout.abs_value_us)
-    reason |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT;
-  if ( (0 == (reason & GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_READ_READY)) &&
-       (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et)) )
+  if ((0 == (reason & GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_READ_READY)) &&
+      (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et)))
     reason |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_READ_READY;
-  if ( (0 == (reason & GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_WRITE_READY)) &&
-       (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et)) )
+  if ((0 == (reason & GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_WRITE_READY)) &&
+      (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et)))
     reason |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_WRITE_READY;
   reason |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE;
   task->reason = reason;
@@ -1868,24 +1949,27 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task,
 
 
 /**
- * Function called by the driver to tell the scheduler to run some of
- * the tasks that are ready.  This function may return even though
- * there are tasks left to run just to give other tasks a chance as
- * well.  If we return #GNUNET_YES, the driver should call this
- * function again as soon as possible, while if we return #GNUNET_NO
- * it must block until either the operating system has more work (the
- * scheduler has no more work to do right now) or the timeout set by
- * the scheduler (using the set_wakeup callback) is reached.
+ * Function called by external event loop implementations to tell the
+ * scheduler to run some of the tasks that are ready. Must be called
+ * only after #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init has been called and before
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done is called.
+ * This function may return even though there are tasks left to run
+ * just to give other tasks a chance as well.  If we return #GNUNET_YES,
+ * the event loop implementation should call this function again as
+ * soon as possible, while if we return #GNUNET_NO it must block until
+ * either the operating system has more work (the scheduler has no more
+ * work to do right now) or the timeout set by the scheduler (using the
+ * set_wakeup callback) is reached.
  *
- * @param sh scheduler handle that was given to the `loop`
- * @return #GNUNET_OK if there are more tasks that are ready,
- *          and thus we would like to run more (yield to avoid
- *          blocking other activities for too long)
- *         #GNUNET_NO if we are done running tasks (yield to block)
- *         #GNUNET_SYSERR on error, e.g. no tasks were ready
+ * @param sh scheduler handle that was returned by
+ *        #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init
+ * @return #GNUNET_YES if there are more tasks that are ready,
+ *         and thus we would like to run more (yield to avoid
+ *         blocking other activities for too long) #GNUNET_NO
+ *         if we are done running tasks (yield to block)
  */
 int
-GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
 {
   enum GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Priority p;
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *pos;
@@ -1893,8 +1977,10 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
 
   /* check for tasks that reached the timeout! */
   now = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ();
-  while (NULL != (pos = pending_timeout_head))
+  pos = pending_timeout_head;
+  while (NULL != pos)
   {
+    struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *next = pos->next;
     if (now.abs_value_us >= pos->timeout.abs_value_us)
       pos->reason |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT;
     if (0 == pos->reason)
@@ -1905,6 +1991,7 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
     if (pending_timeout_last == pos)
       pending_timeout_last = NULL;
     queue_ready_task (pos);
+    pos = next;
   }
   pos = pending_head;
   while (NULL != pos)
@@ -1923,87 +2010,122 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
 
   if (0 == ready_count)
   {
-    LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
-         "GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver was called, but no tasks are ready!\n");
-    return GNUNET_SYSERR;
-  }
+    struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute timeout = get_timeout ();
 
-  /* find out which task priority level we are going to
-     process this time */
-  max_priority_added = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP;
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL == ready_head[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP]);
-  /* yes, p>0 is correct, 0 is "KEEP" which should
-   * always be an empty queue (see assertion)! */
-  for (p = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT - 1; p > 0; p--)
-  {
-    pos = ready_head[p];
-    if (NULL != pos)
-      break;
+    if (timeout.abs_value_us > now.abs_value_us)
+    {
+      /**
+       * The event loop called this function before the current timeout was
+       * reached (and no FD tasks are ready). This is acceptable if
+       *
+       * - the system time was changed while the driver was waiting for
+       *   the timeout
+       * - an external event loop called GNUnet API functions outside of
+       *   the callbacks called in GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work and thus
+       *   wasn't notified about the new timeout
+       *
+       * It might also mean we are busy-waiting because of a programming
+       * error in the external event loop.
+       */LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
+           "GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work did not find any ready "
+           "tasks and timeout has not been reached yet.\n");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      /**
+       * the current timeout was reached but no ready tasks were found,
+       * internal scheduler error!
+       */
+      GNUNET_assert (0);
+    }
   }
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != pos);        /* ready_count wrong? */
-
-  /* process all tasks at this priority level, then yield */
-  while (NULL != (pos = ready_head[p]))
+  else
   {
-    GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_remove (ready_head[p],
-         ready_tail[p],
-         pos);
-    ready_count--;
-    current_priority = pos->priority;
-    current_lifeness = pos->lifeness;
-    active_task = pos;
-#if PROFILE_DELAYS
-    if (GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_duration (pos->start_time).rel_value_us >
-        DELAY_THRESHOLD.rel_value_us)
+    /* find out which task priority level we are going to
+       process this time */
+    max_priority_added = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP;
+    GNUNET_assert (NULL == ready_head[GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_KEEP]);
+    /* yes, p>0 is correct, 0 is "KEEP" which should
+     * always be an empty queue (see assertion)! */
+    for (p = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT - 1; p > 0; p--)
     {
-      LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
-           "Task %p took %s to be scheduled\n",
-           pos,
-           GNUNET_STRINGS_relative_time_to_string (GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_duration (pos->start_time),
-                                                   GNUNET_YES));
+      pos = ready_head[p];
+      if (NULL != pos)
+        break;
     }
-#endif
-    tc.reason = pos->reason;
-    GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (sh->rs);
-    GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (sh->ws);
-    // FIXME: do we have to remove FdInfos from fds if they are not ready?
-    tc.fds_len = pos->fds_len;
-    tc.fds = pos->fds;
-    for (int i = 0; i != pos->fds_len; ++i)
+    GNUNET_assert (NULL != pos);        /* ready_count wrong? */
+
+    /* process all tasks at this priority level, then yield */
+    while (NULL != (pos = ready_head[p]))
     {
-      struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi = &pos->fds[i];
-      if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et))
+      GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_remove (ready_head[p],
+                                   ready_tail[p],
+                                   pos);
+      ready_count--;
+      current_priority = pos->priority;
+      current_lifeness = pos->lifeness;
+      active_task = pos;
+#if PROFILE_DELAYS
+      if (GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_duration (pos->start_time).rel_value_us >
+          DELAY_THRESHOLD.rel_value_us)
       {
-        GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set_native (sh->rs,
-                                         fdi->sock);
+        LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
+             "Task %p took %s to be scheduled\n",
+             pos,
+             GNUNET_STRINGS_relative_time_to_string (
+               GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_duration (pos->start_time),
+               GNUNET_YES));
       }
-      if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et))
+#endif
+      tc.reason = pos->reason;
+      GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (sh->rs);
+      GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (sh->ws);
+      // FIXME: do we have to remove FdInfos from fds if they are not ready?
+      tc.fds_len = pos->fds_len;
+      tc.fds = pos->fds;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i != pos->fds_len; ++i)
       {
-        GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set_native (sh->ws,
-                                         fdi->sock);
+        struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi = &pos->fds[i];
+        if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et))
+        {
+          GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set_native (sh->rs,
+                                           fdi->sock);
+        }
+        if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et))
+        {
+          GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set_native (sh->ws,
+                                           fdi->sock);
+        }
       }
-    }
-    tc.read_ready = sh->rs;
-    tc.write_ready = sh->ws;
-    LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
-         "Running task %p\n",
-         pos);
-    GNUNET_assert (NULL != pos->callback);
-    pos->callback (pos->callback_cls);
-    if (NULL != pos->fds)
-    {
-      int del_result = scheduler_driver->del (scheduler_driver->cls, pos);
-      if (GNUNET_OK != del_result)
+      tc.read_ready = sh->rs;
+      tc.write_ready = sh->ws;
+      LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
+           "Running task %p\n",
+           pos);
+      GNUNET_assert (NULL != pos->callback);
       {
-        LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
-             "driver could not delete task\n");
-        GNUNET_assert (0);
+        struct GNUNET_AsyncScopeSave old_scope;
+        if (pos->scope.have_scope)
+          GNUNET_async_scope_enter (&pos->scope.scope_id, &old_scope);
+        else
+          GNUNET_async_scope_get (&old_scope);
+        pos->callback (pos->callback_cls);
+        GNUNET_async_scope_restore (&old_scope);
       }
+      if (NULL != pos->fds)
+      {
+        int del_result = scheduler_driver->del (scheduler_driver->cls, pos);
+        if (GNUNET_OK != del_result)
+        {
+          LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
+               "driver could not delete task %p\n", pos);
+          GNUNET_assert (0);
+        }
+      }
+      active_task = NULL;
+      dump_backtrace (pos);
+      destroy_task (pos);
     }
-    active_task = NULL;
-    dump_backtrace (pos);
-    destroy_task (pos);
-    tasks_run++;
   }
   shutdown_if_no_lifeness ();
   if (0 == ready_count)
@@ -2013,49 +2135,53 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
     return GNUNET_NO;
   }
   scheduler_driver->set_wakeup (scheduler_driver->cls,
-                                GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ()); 
-  return GNUNET_OK;
+                                GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get ());
+  return GNUNET_YES;
 }
 
 
 /**
- * Initialize and run scheduler.  This function will return when all
- * tasks have completed.  On systems with signals, receiving a SIGTERM
- * (and other similar signals) will cause #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown
- * to be run after the active task is complete.  As a result, SIGTERM
- * causes all shutdown tasks to be scheduled with reason
- * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_SHUTDOWN.  (However, tasks added
- * afterwards will execute normally!).  Note that any particular
- * signal will only shut down one scheduler; applications should
- * always only create a single scheduler.
+ * Function called by external event loop implementations to initialize
+ * the scheduler. An external implementation has to provide @a driver
+ * which contains callbacks for the scheduler (see definition of struct
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver). The callbacks are used to instruct the
+ * external implementation to watch for events. If it detects any of
+ * those events it is expected to call #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work to let
+ * the scheduler handle it. If an event is related to a specific task
+ * (e.g. the scheduler gave instructions to watch a file descriptor),
+ * the external implementation is expected to mark that task ready
+ * before by calling #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready.
+
+ * This function has to be called before any tasks are scheduled and
+ * before GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work is called for the first time. It
+ * allocates resources that have to be freed again by calling
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done.
  *
- * @param driver drive to use for the event loop
- * @param task task to run first (and immediately)
- * @param task_cls closure of @a task
- * @return #GNUNET_OK on success, #GNUNET_SYSERR on failure
+ * This function installs the same signal handlers as
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run. This means SIGTERM (and other similar signals)
+ * will induce a call to #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown during the next
+ * call to #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work. As a result, SIGTERM causes all
+ * active tasks to be scheduled with reason
+ * #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_SHUTDOWN. (However, tasks added afterwards
+ * will execute normally!). Note that any particular signal will only
+ * shut down one scheduler; applications should always only create a
+ * single scheduler.
+ *
+ * @param driver to use for the event loop
+ * @return handle to be passed to #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work and
+ *         #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done
  */
-int
-GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver (const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *driver,
-                                  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskCallback task,
-                                  void *task_cls)
+struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init (const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *driver)
 {
-  int ret;
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_int;
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_term;
-#if (SIGTERM != GNUNET_TERM_SIG)
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_gterm;
-#endif
-#ifndef MINGW
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_quit;
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_hup;
-  struct GNUNET_SIGNAL_Context *shc_pipe;
-#endif
-  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task tsk;
+  struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh;
   const struct GNUNET_DISK_FileHandle *pr;
 
-  /* general set-up */
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL == active_task);
+  /* scheduler must not be running */
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL == scheduler_driver);
   GNUNET_assert (NULL == shutdown_pipe_handle);
+  /* general set-up */
+  sh = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle);
   shutdown_pipe_handle = GNUNET_DISK_pipe (GNUNET_NO,
                                            GNUNET_NO,
                                            GNUNET_NO,
@@ -2069,157 +2195,111 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_with_driver (const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *driver,
   /* install signal handlers */
   LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
        "Registering signal handlers\n");
-  shc_int = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGINT,
-             &sighandler_shutdown);
-  shc_term = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGTERM,
-              &sighandler_shutdown);
+  sh->shc_int = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGINT,
+                                               &sighandler_shutdown);
+  sh->shc_term = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGTERM,
+                                                &sighandler_shutdown);
 #if (SIGTERM != GNUNET_TERM_SIG)
-  shc_gterm = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (GNUNET_TERM_SIG,
-               &sighandler_shutdown);
-#endif
-#ifndef MINGW
-  shc_pipe = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGPIPE,
-              &sighandler_pipe);
-  shc_quit = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGQUIT,
-              &sighandler_shutdown);
-  shc_hup = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGHUP,
-             &sighandler_shutdown);
+  sh->shc_gterm = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (GNUNET_TERM_SIG,
+                                                 &sighandler_shutdown);
 #endif
+  sh->shc_pipe = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGPIPE,
+                                                &sighandler_pipe);
+  sh->shc_quit = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGQUIT,
+                                                &sighandler_shutdown);
+  sh->shc_hup = GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_install (SIGHUP,
+                                               &sighandler_shutdown);
 
   /* Setup initial tasks */
   current_priority = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT;
   current_lifeness = GNUNET_NO;
-  memset (&tsk,
-    0,
-    sizeof (tsk));
-  active_task = &tsk;
-  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_now (&GNUNET_OS_install_parent_control_handler,
-                            NULL);
-  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_REL,
-                                  pr,
-                                  &shutdown_cb,
-                                  NULL);
+  install_parent_control_task =
+    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_now (&install_parent_control_handler,
+                              NULL);
+  shutdown_pipe_task =
+    GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_read_file (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_REL,
+                                    pr,
+                                    &shutdown_pipe_cb,
+                                    NULL);
   current_lifeness = GNUNET_YES;
-  GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_with_reason_and_priority (task,
-                                                 task_cls,
-                                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_STARTUP,
-                                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_DEFAULT);
-  active_task = NULL;
   scheduler_driver->set_wakeup (scheduler_driver->cls,
                                 get_timeout ());
   /* begin main event loop */
-  sh.rs = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
-  sh.ws = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_handle_set (sh.rs, pr);
-  ret = driver->loop (driver->cls,
-                      &sh);
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (sh.rs);
-  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (sh.ws);
-
-  /* uninstall signal handlers */
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_int);
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_term);
-#if (SIGTERM != GNUNET_TERM_SIG)
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_gterm);
-#endif
-#ifndef MINGW
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_pipe);
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_quit);
-  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (shc_hup);
-#endif
-  GNUNET_DISK_pipe_close (shutdown_pipe_handle);
-  shutdown_pipe_handle = NULL;
-  scheduler_driver = NULL;
-  return ret;
+  sh->rs = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
+  sh->ws = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
+  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_handle_set (sh->rs, pr);
+  return sh;
 }
 
 
-int
-select_add (void *cls,
-            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task,
-            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi)
+/**
+ * Counter-part of #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init. Has to be called
+ * by external event loop implementations after the scheduler has
+ * shut down. This is the case if both of the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *
+ * - all tasks the scheduler has added through the driver's add
+ *   callback have been removed again through the driver's del
+ *   callback
+ * - the timeout the scheduler has set through the driver's
+ *   add_wakeup callback is FOREVER
+ *
+ * @param sh the handle returned by #GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_init
+ */
+void
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_done (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
 {
-  struct DriverContext *context = cls;
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != context);
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi);
-  GNUNET_assert (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et) ||
-                 0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et));
-
-  if (!((NULL != fdi->fd) ^ (NULL != fdi->fh)) || (fdi->sock < 0))
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL == pending_head);
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL == pending_timeout_head);
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL == shutdown_head);
+  for (int i = 0; i != GNUNET_SCHEDULER_PRIORITY_COUNT; ++i)
   {
-    /* exactly one out of {fd, hf} must be != NULL and the OS handle must be valid */
-    return GNUNET_SYSERR;
+    GNUNET_assert (NULL == ready_head[i]);
   }
+  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (sh->rs);
+  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (sh->ws);
 
-  struct Scheduled *scheduled = GNUNET_new (struct Scheduled);
-  scheduled->task = task;
-  scheduled->fdi = fdi;
-  scheduled->et = fdi->et;
-
-  GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_insert (context->scheduled_head,
-                               context->scheduled_tail,
-                               scheduled);
-  return GNUNET_OK;
+  /* uninstall signal handlers */
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_int);
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_term);
+#if (SIGTERM != GNUNET_TERM_SIG)
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_gterm);
+#endif
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_pipe);
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_quit);
+  GNUNET_SIGNAL_handler_uninstall (sh->shc_hup);
+  GNUNET_DISK_pipe_close (shutdown_pipe_handle);
+  shutdown_pipe_handle = NULL;
+  scheduler_driver = NULL;
+  GNUNET_free (sh);
 }
 
 
-int
-select_del (void *cls,
-            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task)
-{
-  struct DriverContext *context;
-  struct Scheduled *pos;
-  int ret;
-
-  GNUNET_assert (NULL != cls);
-
-  context = cls;
-  ret = GNUNET_SYSERR;
-  pos = context->scheduled_head;
-  while (NULL != pos)
-  {
-    struct Scheduled *next = pos->next;
-    if (pos->task == task)
-    {
-      GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_remove (context->scheduled_head,
-                                   context->scheduled_tail,
-                                   pos);
-      GNUNET_free (pos);
-      ret = GNUNET_OK;
-    }
-    pos = next;
-  }
-  return ret;
-}
-
-
-int
-select_loop (void *cls,
-             struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh)
+static int
+select_loop (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sh,
+             struct DriverContext *context)
 {
   struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *rs;
   struct GNUNET_NETWORK_FDSet *ws;
-  struct DriverContext *context;
   int select_result;
-  int tasks_ready;
-  context = cls;
+
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != context);
   rs = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
   ws = GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_create ();
-  tasks_ready = GNUNET_NO;
-  while (NULL != context->scheduled_head ||
-         GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_REL.rel_value_us != context->timeout.rel_value_us)
+  while ((NULL != context->scheduled_head) ||
+         (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_FOREVER_ABS.abs_value_us !=
+          context->timeout.abs_value_us))
   {
     LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
          "select timeout = %s\n",
-         GNUNET_STRINGS_relative_time_to_string (context->timeout, GNUNET_NO));
+         GNUNET_STRINGS_absolute_time_to_string (context->timeout));
 
     GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (rs);
     GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_zero (ws);
-    struct Scheduled *pos;
-    for (pos = context->scheduled_head; NULL != pos; pos = pos->next)
+
+    for (struct Scheduled *pos = context->scheduled_head;
+         NULL != pos;
+         pos = pos->next)
     {
       if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & pos->et))
       {
@@ -2230,12 +2310,14 @@ select_loop (void *cls,
         GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_set_native (ws, pos->fdi->sock);
       }
     }
+    struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative time_remaining =
+      GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_remaining (context->timeout);
     if (NULL == scheduler_select)
     {
       select_result = GNUNET_NETWORK_socket_select (rs,
                                                     ws,
                                                     NULL,
-                                                    context->timeout);
+                                                    time_remaining);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -2243,77 +2325,165 @@ select_loop (void *cls,
                                         rs,
                                         ws,
                                         NULL,
-                                        context->timeout);
+                                        time_remaining);
     }
     if (select_result == GNUNET_SYSERR)
     {
       if (errno == EINTR)
         continue;
 
-      LOG_STRERROR (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR, "select");
-#ifndef MINGW
+      LOG_STRERROR (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
+                    "select");
 #if USE_LSOF
       char lsof[512];
 
-      snprintf (lsof, sizeof (lsof), "lsof -p %d", getpid ());
+      snprintf (lsof,
+                sizeof(lsof),
+                "lsof -p %d",
+                getpid ());
       (void) close (1);
       (void) dup2 (2, 1);
       if (0 != system (lsof))
         LOG_STRERROR (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_WARNING,
                       "system");
 #endif
-#endif
 #if DEBUG_FDS
-      struct Scheduled *s;
-      for (s = context->scheduled_head; NULL != s; s = s->next)
+      for (struct Scheduled *s = context->scheduled_head;
+           NULL != s;
+           s = s->next)
       {
-        int flags = fcntl (s->fdi->sock, F_GETFD);
-        if ((flags == -1) && (errno == EBADF))
+        int flags = fcntl (s->fdi->sock,
+                           F_GETFD);
+
+        if ((flags == -1) &&
+            (EBADF == errno))
         {
           LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
                "Got invalid file descriptor %d!\n",
                s->fdi->sock);
+#if EXECINFO
+          dump_backtrace (s->task);
+#endif
         }
       }
 #endif
       GNUNET_assert (0);
+      GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (rs);
+      GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (ws);
       return GNUNET_SYSERR;
     }
-    for (pos = context->scheduled_head; NULL != pos; pos = pos->next)
+    if (select_result > 0)
     {
-      int is_ready = GNUNET_NO;
-      if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & pos->et) &&
-          GNUNET_YES == GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_test_native (rs, pos->fdi->sock))
-      {
-        pos->fdi->et |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN;
-        is_ready = GNUNET_YES;
-      }
-      if (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & pos->et) &&
-          GNUNET_YES == GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_test_native (ws, pos->fdi->sock))
-      {
-        pos->fdi->et |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT;
-        is_ready = GNUNET_YES;
-      }
-      if (GNUNET_YES == is_ready)
+      for (struct Scheduled *pos = context->scheduled_head;
+           NULL != pos;
+           pos = pos->next)
       {
-        GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready (pos->task, pos->fdi);
+        int is_ready = GNUNET_NO;
+
+        if ((0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & pos->et)) &&
+            (GNUNET_YES ==
+             GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_test_native (rs,
+                                               pos->fdi->sock)) )
+        {
+          pos->fdi->et |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN;
+          is_ready = GNUNET_YES;
+        }
+        if ((0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & pos->et)) &&
+            (GNUNET_YES ==
+             GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_test_native (ws,
+                                               pos->fdi->sock)) )
+        {
+          pos->fdi->et |= GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT;
+          is_ready = GNUNET_YES;
+        }
+        if (GNUNET_YES == is_ready)
+        {
+          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_task_ready (pos->task,
+                                       pos->fdi);
+        }
       }
     }
-    tasks_ready = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_run_from_driver (sh);
-    GNUNET_assert (GNUNET_SYSERR != tasks_ready);
+    if (GNUNET_YES == GNUNET_SCHEDULER_do_work (sh))
+    {
+      LOG (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_DEBUG,
+           "scheduler has more tasks ready!\n");
+    }
   }
-  return GNUNET_OK; 
+  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (rs);
+  GNUNET_NETWORK_fdset_destroy (ws);
+  return GNUNET_OK;
 }
 
 
-void
-select_set_wakeup(void *cls,
-                  struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute dt)
+static int
+select_add (void *cls,
+            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task,
+            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_FdInfo *fdi)
+{
+  struct DriverContext *context = cls;
+
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != context);
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != task);
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != fdi);
+  GNUNET_assert (0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_IN & fdi->et) ||
+                 0 != (GNUNET_SCHEDULER_ET_OUT & fdi->et));
+
+  if (! ((NULL != fdi->fd) ^ (NULL != fdi->fh)) || (fdi->sock < 0))
+  {
+    /* exactly one out of {fd, hf} must be != NULL and the OS handle must be valid */
+    return GNUNET_SYSERR;
+  }
+
+  struct Scheduled *scheduled = GNUNET_new (struct Scheduled);
+  scheduled->task = task;
+  scheduled->fdi = fdi;
+  scheduled->et = fdi->et;
+
+  GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_insert (context->scheduled_head,
+                               context->scheduled_tail,
+                               scheduled);
+  return GNUNET_OK;
+}
+
+
+static int
+select_del (void *cls,
+            struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task *task)
+{
+  struct DriverContext *context;
+  struct Scheduled *pos;
+  int ret;
+
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != cls);
+
+  context = cls;
+  ret = GNUNET_SYSERR;
+  pos = context->scheduled_head;
+  while (NULL != pos)
+  {
+    struct Scheduled *next = pos->next;
+    if (pos->task == task)
+    {
+      GNUNET_CONTAINER_DLL_remove (context->scheduled_head,
+                                   context->scheduled_tail,
+                                   pos);
+      GNUNET_free (pos);
+      ret = GNUNET_OK;
+    }
+    pos = next;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+
+static void
+select_set_wakeup (void *cls,
+                   struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute dt)
 {
   struct DriverContext *context = cls;
+
   GNUNET_assert (NULL != context);
-  context->timeout = GNUNET_TIME_absolute_get_remaining (dt);
+  context->timeout = dt;
 }
 
 
@@ -2326,9 +2496,9 @@ struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *
 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_select ()
 {
   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver *select_driver;
+
   select_driver = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Driver);
 
-  select_driver->loop = &select_loop;
   select_driver->add = &select_add;
   select_driver->del = &select_del;
   select_driver->set_wakeup = &select_set_wakeup;
@@ -2337,4 +2507,28 @@ GNUNET_SCHEDULER_driver_select ()
 }
 
 
+/**
+ * Change the async scope for the currently executing task and (transitively)
+ * for all tasks scheduled by the current task after calling this function.
+ * Nested tasks can begin their own nested async scope.
+ *
+ * Once the current task is finished, the async scope ID is reset to
+ * its previous value.
+ *
+ * Must only be called from a running task.
+ *
+ * @param aid the asynchronous scope id to enter
+ */
+void
+GNUNET_SCHEDULER_begin_async_scope (struct GNUNET_AsyncScopeId *aid)
+{
+  struct GNUNET_AsyncScopeSave dummy_old_scope;
+
+  GNUNET_assert (NULL != active_task);
+  /* Since we're in a task, the context will be automatically
+     restored by the scheduler. */
+  GNUNET_async_scope_enter (aid, &dummy_old_scope);
+}
+
+
 /* end of scheduler.c */