1 /* origin: FreeBSD /usr/src/lib/msun/src/e_log2.c */
3 * ====================================================
4 * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
7 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
8 * software is freely granted, provided that this notice
10 * ====================================================
13 * Return the base 2 logarithm of x. See log.c and __log1p.h for most
16 * This reduces x to {k, 1+f} exactly as in e_log.c, then calls the kernel,
17 * then does the combining and scaling steps
18 * log2(x) = (f - 0.5*f*f + k_log1p(f)) / ln2 + k
19 * in not-quite-routine extra precision.
26 two54 = 1.80143985094819840000e+16, /* 0x43500000, 0x00000000 */
27 ivln2hi = 1.44269504072144627571e+00, /* 0x3ff71547, 0x65200000 */
28 ivln2lo = 1.67517131648865118353e-10; /* 0x3de705fc, 0x2eefa200 */
32 double f,hfsq,hi,lo,r,val_hi,val_lo,w,y;
36 EXTRACT_WORDS(hx, lx, x);
39 if (hx < 0x00100000) { /* x < 2**-1022 */
40 if (((hx&0x7fffffff)|lx) == 0)
41 return -two54/0.0; /* log(+-0)=-inf */
43 return (x-x)/0.0; /* log(-#) = NaN */
44 /* subnormal number, scale up x */
51 if (hx == 0x3ff00000 && lx == 0)
52 return 0.0; /* log(1) = +0 */
55 i = (hx+0x95f64) & 0x100000;
56 SET_HIGH_WORD(x, hx|(i^0x3ff00000)); /* normalize x or x/2 */
64 * f-hfsq must (for args near 1) be evaluated in extra precision
65 * to avoid a large cancellation when x is near sqrt(2) or 1/sqrt(2).
66 * This is fairly efficient since f-hfsq only depends on f, so can
67 * be evaluated in parallel with R. Not combining hfsq with R also
68 * keeps R small (though not as small as a true `lo' term would be),
69 * so that extra precision is not needed for terms involving R.
71 * Compiler bugs involving extra precision used to break Dekker's
72 * theorem for spitting f-hfsq as hi+lo, unless double_t was used
73 * or the multi-precision calculations were avoided when double_t
74 * has extra precision. These problems are now automatically
75 * avoided as a side effect of the optimization of combining the
76 * Dekker splitting step with the clear-low-bits step.
78 * y must (for args near sqrt(2) and 1/sqrt(2)) be added in extra
79 * precision to avoid a very large cancellation when x is very near
80 * these values. Unlike the above cancellations, this problem is
81 * specific to base 2. It is strange that adding +-1 is so much
82 * harder than adding +-ln2 or +-log10_2.
84 * This uses Dekker's theorem to normalize y+val_hi, so the
85 * compiler bugs are back in some configurations, sigh. And I
86 * don't want to used double_t to avoid them, since that gives a
87 * pessimization and the support for avoiding the pessimization
88 * is not yet available.
90 * The multi-precision calculations for the multiplications are
95 lo = (f - hi) - hfsq + r;
97 val_lo = (lo+hi)*ivln2lo + lo*ivln2hi;
99 /* spadd(val_hi, val_lo, y), except for not using double_t: */
101 val_lo += (y - w) + val_hi;
104 return val_lo + val_hi;