1 /* origin: FreeBSD /usr/src/lib/msun/src/e_log2.c */
3 * ====================================================
4 * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
7 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
8 * software is freely granted, provided that this notice
10 * ====================================================
13 * Return the base 2 logarithm of x. See log.c for most comments.
15 * Reduce x to 2^k (1+f) and calculate r = log(1+f) - f + f*f/2
16 * as in log.c, then combine and scale in extra precision:
17 * log2(x) = (f - f*f/2 + r)/log(2) + k
24 ivln2hi = 1.44269504072144627571e+00, /* 0x3ff71547, 0x65200000 */
25 ivln2lo = 1.67517131648865118353e-10, /* 0x3de705fc, 0x2eefa200 */
26 Lg1 = 6.666666666666735130e-01, /* 3FE55555 55555593 */
27 Lg2 = 3.999999999940941908e-01, /* 3FD99999 9997FA04 */
28 Lg3 = 2.857142874366239149e-01, /* 3FD24924 94229359 */
29 Lg4 = 2.222219843214978396e-01, /* 3FCC71C5 1D8E78AF */
30 Lg5 = 1.818357216161805012e-01, /* 3FC74664 96CB03DE */
31 Lg6 = 1.531383769920937332e-01, /* 3FC39A09 D078C69F */
32 Lg7 = 1.479819860511658591e-01; /* 3FC2F112 DF3E5244 */
36 union {double f; uint64_t i;} u = {x};
37 double_t hfsq,f,s,z,R,w,t1,t2,y,hi,lo,val_hi,val_lo;
43 if (hx < 0x00100000 || hx>>31) {
45 return -1/(x*x); /* log(+-0)=-inf */
47 return (x-x)/0.0; /* log(-#) = NaN */
48 /* subnormal number, scale x up */
53 } else if (hx >= 0x7ff00000) {
55 } else if (hx == 0x3ff00000 && u.i<<32 == 0)
58 /* reduce x into [sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)] */
59 hx += 0x3ff00000 - 0x3fe6a09e;
60 k += (int)(hx>>20) - 0x3ff;
61 hx = (hx&0x000fffff) + 0x3fe6a09e;
62 u.i = (uint64_t)hx<<32 | (u.i&0xffffffff);
70 t1 = w*(Lg2+w*(Lg4+w*Lg6));
71 t2 = z*(Lg1+w*(Lg3+w*(Lg5+w*Lg7)));
75 * f-hfsq must (for args near 1) be evaluated in extra precision
76 * to avoid a large cancellation when x is near sqrt(2) or 1/sqrt(2).
77 * This is fairly efficient since f-hfsq only depends on f, so can
78 * be evaluated in parallel with R. Not combining hfsq with R also
79 * keeps R small (though not as small as a true `lo' term would be),
80 * so that extra precision is not needed for terms involving R.
82 * Compiler bugs involving extra precision used to break Dekker's
83 * theorem for spitting f-hfsq as hi+lo, unless double_t was used
84 * or the multi-precision calculations were avoided when double_t
85 * has extra precision. These problems are now automatically
86 * avoided as a side effect of the optimization of combining the
87 * Dekker splitting step with the clear-low-bits step.
89 * y must (for args near sqrt(2) and 1/sqrt(2)) be added in extra
90 * precision to avoid a very large cancellation when x is very near
91 * these values. Unlike the above cancellations, this problem is
92 * specific to base 2. It is strange that adding +-1 is so much
93 * harder than adding +-ln2 or +-log10_2.
95 * This uses Dekker's theorem to normalize y+val_hi, so the
96 * compiler bugs are back in some configurations, sigh. And I
97 * don't want to used double_t to avoid them, since that gives a
98 * pessimization and the support for avoiding the pessimization
99 * is not yet available.
101 * The multi-precision calculations for the multiplications are
105 /* hi+lo = f - hfsq + s*(hfsq+R) ~ log(1+f) */
108 u.i &= (uint64_t)-1<<32;
110 lo = f - hi - hfsq + s*(hfsq+R);
113 val_lo = (lo+hi)*ivln2lo + lo*ivln2hi;
115 /* spadd(val_hi, val_lo, y), except for not using double_t: */
118 val_lo += (y - w) + val_hi;
121 return val_lo + val_hi;