2 * Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium OS Authors.
4 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
12 #include <asm/unaligned.h>
13 #include <linux/string.h>
15 /* Useful constants */
18 /* max lengths, valid for RSA keys <= 2048 bits */
19 TPM_PUBKEY_MAX_LENGTH = 288,
23 * Print a byte string in hexdecimal format, 16-bytes per line.
25 * @param data byte string to be printed
26 * @param count number of bytes to be printed
28 static void print_byte_string(uint8_t *data, size_t count)
30 int i, print_newline = 0;
32 for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
33 printf(" %02x", data[i]);
34 print_newline = (i % 16 == 15);
38 /* Avoid duplicated newline at the end */
44 * Convert a text string of hexdecimal values into a byte string.
46 * @param bytes text string of hexdecimal values with no space
48 * @param data output buffer for byte string. The caller has to make
49 * sure it is large enough for storing the output. If
50 * NULL is passed, a large enough buffer will be allocated,
51 * and the caller must free it.
52 * @param count_ptr output variable for the length of byte string
53 * @return pointer to output buffer
55 static void *parse_byte_string(char *bytes, uint8_t *data, size_t *count_ptr)
63 length = strlen(bytes);
72 for (i = 0; i < length; i += 2) {
74 byte[1] = bytes[i + 1];
75 data[i / 2] = (uint8_t)simple_strtoul(byte, NULL, 16);
85 * report_return_code() - Report any error and return failure or success
87 * @param return_code TPM command return code
88 * @return value of enum command_ret_t
90 static int report_return_code(int return_code)
93 printf("Error: %d\n", return_code);
94 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
96 return CMD_RET_SUCCESS;
101 * Return number of values defined by a type string.
103 * @param type_str type string
104 * @return number of values of type string
106 static int type_string_get_num_values(const char *type_str)
108 return strlen(type_str);
112 * Return total size of values defined by a type string.
114 * @param type_str type string
115 * @return total size of values of type string, or 0 if type string
116 * contains illegal type character.
118 static size_t type_string_get_space_size(const char *type_str)
122 for (size = 0; *type_str; type_str++) {
142 * Allocate a buffer large enough to hold values defined by a type
143 * string. The caller has to free the buffer.
145 * @param type_str type string
146 * @param count pointer for storing size of buffer
147 * @return pointer to buffer or NULL on error
149 static void *type_string_alloc(const char *type_str, uint32_t *count)
154 size = type_string_get_space_size(type_str);
165 * Pack values defined by a type string into a buffer. The buffer must have
166 * large enough space.
168 * @param type_str type string
169 * @param values text strings of values to be packed
170 * @param data output buffer of values
171 * @return 0 on success, non-0 on error
173 static int type_string_pack(const char *type_str, char * const values[],
179 for (offset = 0; *type_str; type_str++, values++) {
180 value = simple_strtoul(values[0], NULL, 0);
183 data[offset] = value;
187 put_unaligned_be16(value, data + offset);
191 put_unaligned_be32(value, data + offset);
203 * Read values defined by a type string from a buffer, and write these values
204 * to environment variables.
206 * @param type_str type string
207 * @param data input buffer of values
208 * @param vars names of environment variables
209 * @return 0 on success, non-0 on error
211 static int type_string_write_vars(const char *type_str, uint8_t *data,
217 for (offset = 0; *type_str; type_str++, vars++) {
220 value = data[offset];
224 value = get_unaligned_be16(data + offset);
228 value = get_unaligned_be32(data + offset);
234 if (setenv_ulong(*vars, value))
241 static int do_tpm_startup(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
242 int argc, char * const argv[])
244 enum tpm_startup_type mode;
247 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
248 if (!strcasecmp("TPM_ST_CLEAR", argv[1])) {
250 } else if (!strcasecmp("TPM_ST_STATE", argv[1])) {
252 } else if (!strcasecmp("TPM_ST_DEACTIVATED", argv[1])) {
253 mode = TPM_ST_DEACTIVATED;
255 printf("Couldn't recognize mode string: %s\n", argv[1]);
256 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
259 return report_return_code(tpm_startup(mode));
262 static int do_tpm_nv_define_space(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
263 int argc, char * const argv[])
265 uint32_t index, perm, size;
268 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
269 index = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
270 perm = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
271 size = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
273 return report_return_code(tpm_nv_define_space(index, perm, size));
276 static int do_tpm_nv_read_value(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
277 int argc, char * const argv[])
279 uint32_t index, count, rc;
283 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
284 index = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
285 data = (void *)simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
286 count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
288 rc = tpm_nv_read_value(index, data, count);
290 puts("area content:\n");
291 print_byte_string(data, count);
294 return report_return_code(rc);
297 static int do_tpm_nv_write_value(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
298 int argc, char * const argv[])
305 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
306 index = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
307 data = parse_byte_string(argv[2], NULL, &count);
309 printf("Couldn't parse byte string %s\n", argv[2]);
310 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
313 rc = tpm_nv_write_value(index, data, count);
316 return report_return_code(rc);
319 static int do_tpm_extend(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
320 int argc, char * const argv[])
323 uint8_t in_digest[20], out_digest[20];
326 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
327 index = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
328 if (!parse_byte_string(argv[2], in_digest, NULL)) {
329 printf("Couldn't parse byte string %s\n", argv[2]);
330 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
333 rc = tpm_extend(index, in_digest, out_digest);
335 puts("PCR value after execution of the command:\n");
336 print_byte_string(out_digest, sizeof(out_digest));
339 return report_return_code(rc);
342 static int do_tpm_pcr_read(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
343 int argc, char * const argv[])
345 uint32_t index, count, rc;
349 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
350 index = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
351 data = (void *)simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
352 count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
354 rc = tpm_pcr_read(index, data, count);
356 puts("Named PCR content:\n");
357 print_byte_string(data, count);
360 return report_return_code(rc);
363 static int do_tpm_tsc_physical_presence(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
364 int argc, char * const argv[])
369 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
370 presence = (uint16_t)simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
372 return report_return_code(tpm_tsc_physical_presence(presence));
375 static int do_tpm_read_pubek(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
376 int argc, char * const argv[])
382 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
383 data = (void *)simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
384 count = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
386 rc = tpm_read_pubek(data, count);
388 puts("pubek value:\n");
389 print_byte_string(data, count);
392 return report_return_code(rc);
395 static int do_tpm_physical_set_deactivated(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
396 int argc, char * const argv[])
401 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
402 state = (uint8_t)simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
404 return report_return_code(tpm_physical_set_deactivated(state));
407 static int do_tpm_get_capability(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
408 int argc, char * const argv[])
410 uint32_t cap_area, sub_cap, rc;
415 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
416 cap_area = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
417 sub_cap = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
418 cap = (void *)simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
419 count = simple_strtoul(argv[4], NULL, 0);
421 rc = tpm_get_capability(cap_area, sub_cap, cap, count);
423 puts("capability information:\n");
424 print_byte_string(cap, count);
427 return report_return_code(rc);
430 #define TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(cmd) \
431 static int do_##cmd(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, \
432 int argc, char * const argv[]) \
435 return CMD_RET_USAGE; \
436 return report_return_code(cmd()); \
439 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_init)
440 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_self_test_full)
441 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_continue_self_test)
442 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_force_clear)
443 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_physical_enable)
444 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_physical_disable)
446 static int get_tpm(struct udevice **devp)
450 rc = uclass_first_device_err(UCLASS_TPM, devp);
452 printf("Could not find TPM (ret=%d)\n", rc);
453 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
459 static int do_tpm_info(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
469 rc = tpm_get_desc(dev, buf, sizeof(buf));
471 printf("Couldn't get TPM info (%d)\n", rc);
472 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
479 static int do_tpm_raw_transfer(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
480 int argc, char * const argv[])
484 uint8_t response[1024];
485 size_t count, response_length = sizeof(response);
488 command = parse_byte_string(argv[1], NULL, &count);
490 printf("Couldn't parse byte string %s\n", argv[1]);
491 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
498 rc = tpm_xfer(dev, command, count, response, &response_length);
501 puts("tpm response:\n");
502 print_byte_string(response, response_length);
505 return report_return_code(rc);
508 static int do_tpm_nv_define(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
509 int argc, char * const argv[])
511 uint32_t index, perm, size;
514 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
515 size = type_string_get_space_size(argv[1]);
517 printf("Couldn't parse arguments\n");
518 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
520 index = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
521 perm = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
523 return report_return_code(tpm_nv_define_space(index, perm, size));
526 static int do_tpm_nv_read(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
527 int argc, char * const argv[])
529 uint32_t index, count, err;
533 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
534 if (argc != 3 + type_string_get_num_values(argv[1]))
535 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
536 index = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
537 data = type_string_alloc(argv[1], &count);
539 printf("Couldn't parse arguments\n");
540 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
543 err = tpm_nv_read_value(index, data, count);
545 if (type_string_write_vars(argv[1], data, argv + 3)) {
546 printf("Couldn't write to variables\n");
552 return report_return_code(err);
555 static int do_tpm_nv_write(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
556 int argc, char * const argv[])
558 uint32_t index, count, err;
562 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
563 if (argc != 3 + type_string_get_num_values(argv[1]))
564 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
565 index = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
566 data = type_string_alloc(argv[1], &count);
568 printf("Couldn't parse arguments\n");
569 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
571 if (type_string_pack(argv[1], argv + 3, data)) {
572 printf("Couldn't parse arguments\n");
574 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
577 err = tpm_nv_write_value(index, data, count);
580 return report_return_code(err);
583 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS
585 static int do_tpm_oiap(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
586 int argc, char * const argv[])
588 uint32_t auth_handle, err;
590 err = tpm_oiap(&auth_handle);
592 return report_return_code(err);
595 static int do_tpm_load_key2_oiap(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
596 int argc, char * const argv[])
598 uint32_t parent_handle, key_len, key_handle, err;
599 uint8_t usage_auth[DIGEST_LENGTH];
603 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
605 parent_handle = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
606 key = (void *)simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
607 key_len = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 0);
608 if (strlen(argv[4]) != 2 * DIGEST_LENGTH)
609 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
610 parse_byte_string(argv[4], usage_auth, NULL);
612 err = tpm_load_key2_oiap(parent_handle, key, key_len, usage_auth,
615 printf("Key handle is 0x%x\n", key_handle);
617 return report_return_code(err);
620 static int do_tpm_get_pub_key_oiap(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag,
621 int argc, char * const argv[])
623 uint32_t key_handle, err;
624 uint8_t usage_auth[DIGEST_LENGTH];
625 uint8_t pub_key_buffer[TPM_PUBKEY_MAX_LENGTH];
626 size_t pub_key_len = sizeof(pub_key_buffer);
629 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
631 key_handle = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0);
632 if (strlen(argv[2]) != 2 * DIGEST_LENGTH)
633 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
634 parse_byte_string(argv[2], usage_auth, NULL);
636 err = tpm_get_pub_key_oiap(key_handle, usage_auth,
637 pub_key_buffer, &pub_key_len);
639 printf("dump of received pub key structure:\n");
640 print_byte_string(pub_key_buffer, pub_key_len);
642 return report_return_code(err);
645 TPM_COMMAND_NO_ARG(tpm_end_oiap)
647 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS */
649 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES
650 static int do_tpm_flush(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
656 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
658 if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "key"))
660 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "auth"))
662 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "hash"))
664 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "trans"))
666 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "context"))
667 type = TPM_RT_CONTEXT;
668 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "counter"))
669 type = TPM_RT_COUNTER;
670 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "delegate"))
671 type = TPM_RT_DELEGATE;
672 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "daa_tpm"))
673 type = TPM_RT_DAA_TPM;
674 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "daa_v0"))
675 type = TPM_RT_DAA_V0;
676 else if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "daa_v1"))
677 type = TPM_RT_DAA_V1;
679 if (strcasecmp(argv[2], "all")) {
686 /* fetch list of already loaded resources in the TPM */
687 err = tpm_get_capability(TPM_CAP_HANDLE, type, buf,
691 res_count = get_unaligned_be16(buf);
693 for (i = 0; i < res_count; ++i, ptr += 4)
694 tpm_flush_specific(get_unaligned_be32(ptr), type);
696 uint32_t handle = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 0);
700 tpm_flush_specific(cpu_to_be32(handle), type);
705 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES */
707 #define MAKE_TPM_CMD_ENTRY(cmd) \
708 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(cmd, 0, 1, do_tpm_ ## cmd, "", "")
710 static cmd_tbl_t tpm_commands[] = {
711 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(info, 0, 1, do_tpm_info, "", ""),
712 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(init, 0, 1,
713 do_tpm_init, "", ""),
714 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(startup, 0, 1,
715 do_tpm_startup, "", ""),
716 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(self_test_full, 0, 1,
717 do_tpm_self_test_full, "", ""),
718 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(continue_self_test, 0, 1,
719 do_tpm_continue_self_test, "", ""),
720 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(force_clear, 0, 1,
721 do_tpm_force_clear, "", ""),
722 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(physical_enable, 0, 1,
723 do_tpm_physical_enable, "", ""),
724 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(physical_disable, 0, 1,
725 do_tpm_physical_disable, "", ""),
726 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_define_space, 0, 1,
727 do_tpm_nv_define_space, "", ""),
728 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_read_value, 0, 1,
729 do_tpm_nv_read_value, "", ""),
730 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_write_value, 0, 1,
731 do_tpm_nv_write_value, "", ""),
732 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(extend, 0, 1,
733 do_tpm_extend, "", ""),
734 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(pcr_read, 0, 1,
735 do_tpm_pcr_read, "", ""),
736 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(tsc_physical_presence, 0, 1,
737 do_tpm_tsc_physical_presence, "", ""),
738 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(read_pubek, 0, 1,
739 do_tpm_read_pubek, "", ""),
740 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(physical_set_deactivated, 0, 1,
741 do_tpm_physical_set_deactivated, "", ""),
742 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(get_capability, 0, 1,
743 do_tpm_get_capability, "", ""),
744 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(raw_transfer, 0, 1,
745 do_tpm_raw_transfer, "", ""),
746 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_define, 0, 1,
747 do_tpm_nv_define, "", ""),
748 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_read, 0, 1,
749 do_tpm_nv_read, "", ""),
750 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(nv_write, 0, 1,
751 do_tpm_nv_write, "", ""),
752 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS
753 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(oiap, 0, 1,
754 do_tpm_oiap, "", ""),
755 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(end_oiap, 0, 1,
756 do_tpm_end_oiap, "", ""),
757 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(load_key2_oiap, 0, 1,
758 do_tpm_load_key2_oiap, "", ""),
759 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(get_pub_key_oiap, 0, 1,
760 do_tpm_get_pub_key_oiap, "", ""),
761 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS */
762 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES
763 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(flush, 0, 1,
764 do_tpm_flush, "", ""),
765 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES */
768 static int do_tpm(cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char * const argv[])
773 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
774 tpm_cmd = find_cmd_tbl(argv[1], tpm_commands, ARRAY_SIZE(tpm_commands));
776 return CMD_RET_USAGE;
778 return tpm_cmd->cmd(cmdtp, flag, argc - 1, argv + 1);
781 U_BOOT_CMD(tpm, CONFIG_SYS_MAXARGS, 1, do_tpm,
782 "Issue a TPM command",
784 " - Issue TPM command <cmd> with arguments <args...>.\n"
785 "Admin Startup and State Commands:\n"
786 " info - Show information about the TPM\n"
788 " - Put TPM into a state where it waits for 'startup' command.\n"
790 " - Issue TPM_Starup command. <mode> is one of TPM_ST_CLEAR,\n"
791 " TPM_ST_STATE, and TPM_ST_DEACTIVATED.\n"
792 "Admin Testing Commands:\n"
794 " - Test all of the TPM capabilities.\n"
795 " continue_self_test\n"
796 " - Inform TPM that it should complete the self-test.\n"
797 "Admin Opt-in Commands:\n"
799 " - Set the PERMANENT disable flag to FALSE using physical presence as\n"
801 " physical_disable\n"
802 " - Set the PERMANENT disable flag to TRUE using physical presence as\n"
804 " physical_set_deactivated 0|1\n"
805 " - Set deactivated flag.\n"
806 "Admin Ownership Commands:\n"
808 " - Issue TPM_ForceClear command.\n"
809 " tsc_physical_presence flags\n"
810 " - Set TPM device's Physical Presence flags to <flags>.\n"
811 "The Capability Commands:\n"
812 " get_capability cap_area sub_cap addr count\n"
813 " - Read <count> bytes of TPM capability indexed by <cap_area> and\n"
814 " <sub_cap> to memory address <addr>.\n"
815 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES
816 "Resource management functions\n"
817 " flush resource_type id\n"
818 " - flushes a resource of type <resource_type> (may be one of key, auth,\n"
819 " hash, trans, context, counter, delegate, daa_tpm, daa_v0, daa_v1),\n"
820 " and id <id> from the TPM. Use an <id> of \"all\" to flush all\n"
821 " resources of that type.\n"
822 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_FLUSH_RESOURCES */
823 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS
824 "Storage functions\n"
825 " loadkey2_oiap parent_handle key_addr key_len usage_auth\n"
826 " - loads a key data from memory address <key_addr>, <key_len> bytes\n"
827 " into TPM using the parent key <parent_handle> with authorization\n"
828 " <usage_auth> (20 bytes hex string).\n"
829 " get_pub_key_oiap key_handle usage_auth\n"
830 " - get the public key portion of a loaded key <key_handle> using\n"
831 " authorization <usage auth> (20 bytes hex string)\n"
832 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS */
833 "Endorsement Key Handling Commands:\n"
834 " read_pubek addr count\n"
835 " - Read <count> bytes of the public endorsement key to memory\n"
837 "Integrity Collection and Reporting Commands:\n"
838 " extend index digest_hex_string\n"
839 " - Add a new measurement to a PCR. Update PCR <index> with the 20-bytes\n"
840 " <digest_hex_string>\n"
841 " pcr_read index addr count\n"
842 " - Read <count> bytes from PCR <index> to memory address <addr>.\n"
843 #ifdef CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS
844 "Authorization Sessions\n"
846 " - setup an OIAP session\n"
848 " - terminates an active OIAP session\n"
849 #endif /* CONFIG_TPM_AUTH_SESSIONS */
850 "Non-volatile Storage Commands:\n"
851 " nv_define_space index permission size\n"
852 " - Establish a space at index <index> with <permission> of <size> bytes.\n"
853 " nv_read_value index addr count\n"
854 " - Read <count> bytes from space <index> to memory address <addr>.\n"
855 " nv_write_value index addr count\n"
856 " - Write <count> bytes from memory address <addr> to space <index>.\n"
857 "Miscellaneous helper functions:\n"
858 " raw_transfer byte_string\n"
859 " - Send a byte string <byte_string> to TPM and print the response.\n"
860 " Non-volatile storage helper functions:\n"
861 " These helper functions treat a non-volatile space as a non-padded\n"
862 " sequence of integer values. These integer values are defined by a type\n"
863 " string, which is a text string of 'bwd' characters: 'b' means a 8-bit\n"
864 " value, 'w' 16-bit value, 'd' 32-bit value. All helper functions take\n"
865 " a type string as their first argument.\n"
866 " nv_define type_string index perm\n"
867 " - Define a space <index> with permission <perm>.\n"
868 " nv_read types_string index vars...\n"
869 " - Read from space <index> to environment variables <vars...>.\n"
870 " nv_write types_string index values...\n"
871 " - Write to space <index> from values <values...>.\n"