Refactor provider support for reporting errors

Refactor provider support for reporting errors

The core now supplies its own versions of ERR_new(), ERR_set_debug()
and ERR_vset_error().  This should suffice for a provider to have any
OpenSSL compatible functionlity it desires.

The main difference between the ERR functions and the core
counterparts is that the core counterparts take an OSSL_PROVIDER
parameter instead of the library number.  That way, providers do not
need to know what number they have been assigned, that information
stays in the core.

Reviewed-by: Paul Dale <paul.dale@oracle.com>
(Merged from https://github.com/openssl/openssl/pull/9452)