Dinit ----- v0.07 (pre-release) What is it? =-=-=-=-=-= "Dinit" is a service supervisor with dependency support which can also act as the system "init" program. Specifically it can launch multiple services (generally, "daemon" processes, but see notes below) in parallel, with dependency management (i.e. if one service's operation depends on another, the latter service will be started first). For "process" services Dinit can monitor the process corresponding to the service, and re-start it if it dies. It does this in an intelligent way, first "rolling back" all dependent services, and restarting them when their dependencies are satisfied. Dinit includes a tool ("dinitctl") to issue commands to the main Dinit process, and a "shutdown" program (with scripts "halt" and "reboot") to manage shutting down and restarting the system. Dinit is designed to work on POSIXy operating systems such as Linux and OpenBSD. It is written in C++ and uses the "Dasynq" event handling library, which was written especially to support Dinit. Development goals include clean design, robustness, portability, and avoiding feature bloat (whilst still handling a variety of use cases). See doc/COMPARISON for a comparison of Dinit with similar software packages. Dinit is licensed under the Apache License, version 2.0. A copy of this license can be found in the LICENSE file. Dinit was written by Davin McCall . See BUILD for information on how to build Dinit. Introduction to services =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- A "service" is nominally a persistent process or system state. The two main types of service are a _process_ service (represented by a an actual process) and a _scripted_ service (which is started and stopped by running a process - often a shell script - to completion). There are also _bgprocess_ services and _internal_services. Many programs that you might want to run under dinit's supervision can run either "in the foreground" or as a daemon ("in the background"), and the choice is dictated by a command line switch (for instance the -D and -F switches to Samba's "smbd"). Although it might seem counterintuitive, the "foreground" mode should be used for programs registered as process services in dinit; this allows dinit to monitor the process. Process services are attractive due to the ease of monitoring (and restarting) the service, however, they have one inherent problem, which is that dinit cannot tell when the service is truly started. Once the process has been launched, dinit assumes that the service has started, but in fact there will be a short delay before the process sets itself up, starts listening on sockets, etc; during this time any other process (including one from a service listed as dependent) which tries to contact it will not be able to do so. In practice, this is not usually a problem (and external solutions, like D-Bus, do exist). A _scripted_ service has separate commands for startup and (optional) shutdown. Scripted services can be used for tasks such as mounting file systems that don't need a persisten process, and in some cases can be used for daemon processes (although Dinit will not be able to supervise a process that is registered as a scripted service). A _bgprocess_ service is a mix between a process service and a scripted service. A command is used to start the service, and once started, the process ID is expected to be available in a file which Dinit can then read. Many existing daemons can operate in this way. The process can only be supervised if Dinit runs as the system "init" (PID 1) - otherwise Dinit can not reliably know when the process has terminated. (Note, use of bgprocess services type requires care. The file from which the PID is read is trusted; Dinit may send signals to the specified PID. It should not be possible for unauthorised users to modify the file contents!) An _internal_ service is just a placeholder service that can be used to describe a set of dependencies. An internal service has no corresponding process. Service Hiearchy and states =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Services can depend on other services for operation, and so form a dependency hierarchy. Starting a service which depends on another causes that other service to start (and the first service waits until the latter has started before its process is launched and it is itself considered started). Services are considered _active_ when they are not stopped. Services can also be explicitly marked as active (this normally happens when you explicitly start a service). Finally, a service with an active dependent is also considered active. If a service stops and becomes inactive (i.e. it is not explicitly marked active and has no active dependents) then any services it depends on will also be marked inactive and stopped unless they have other active dependents, or were explicitly started and marked active. What this means is that, in general, starting an (inactive, stopped) service and then stopping it will return the system to its prior state - no dependencies which were started automatically will be left running. Service Description files =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Dinit discovers services by reading _service description files_. These files reside in a directory (/etc/dinit.d is the default "system" location) and their name matches the name of the service. Service descriptions are loaded lazily, as needed by Dinit. A service description file consists of a number of parameter settings. Settings in the SDF are denoted as a parameter name followed by either an equal sign or colon and then the parameter value (all on the same line). Comments begin with a hash mark (#) and extend to the end of the line (they must be separated from setting values by at least one whitespace character). Parameter values are interpreted literally, except that: - whitespace is collapsed to a single space - double quotes can be used around all or part(s) of a parameter to prevent whitespace collapse and interpretation of special characters - backslash can be used to 'escape' the next character, preventing any special meaning from being associated with it. It can be used to include non-collapsing whitespace, double-quote marks, and backslashes in the parameter value. Some available parameters are: type = process | bgprocess | scripted | internal command = ... stop-command = ... run-as = (user-id) restart = (boolean) smooth-recovery = (boolean) logfile = ... pid-file = ... options = ... depends-on = (service name) depends-ms = (service name) waits-for = (service name) command = (external script or executable, and arguments) For a 'process' service, this is the process to run. For a 'scripted' service, this command is run to start the service. stop-command = (external script or executable, and arguments) For a 'scripted' service, this command is run to stop the service. run-as = (user-id) Specifies which user to run the process(es) for this service as. The group id for the process will also be set to the primary group of the specified user. restart = yes | true | no | false Specifies whether the service should automatically restart if it becomes stopped (for any reason, including being explicitly requested to stop). Only active services will restart automatically. smooth-recovery = yes | true | no | false For process services only. Specifies that, should the process die, it can be restarted without bringing the service itself down. This means that any dependent services do not need to be stopped/restarted. Such recovery happens regardless of the "restart" setting (if smooth-recovery is enabled, the service does not reach the stopped state when the process terminates unexpectedly). logfile = (log file path) Specifies the log file for the service. Output from the service process will go this file. pid-file = (path to file) For "bgprocess" type services only; specifies the path of the file where daemon will write its process ID before detaching. depends-on = (service name) This service depends on the named service. Starting this service will start the named service; the command to start this service will not be executed until the named service has started. If the named service is stopped then this service will also be stopped. depends-ms = (service name) Indicates a "milestone dependency" on the named service. This service requires the named service to start before it starts itself. Once the named service has started, it remains active due to the dependency, but if it stops for any reason then the dependency link is broken until the next time this service is started. waits-for = (service name) When this service is started, wait for the named service to finish starting (or to fail starting) before commencing the start procedure for this service. Starting this service will automatically start the named service. options = ( runs-on-console | nosigterm | starts-rwfs | starts-log ) ... Specifies various options for this service: no-sigterm : specifies that the TERM signal should not be send to the process to terminate it. (Another signal can be specified using the "termsignal" setting; if no other signal is specified, NO signal will be sent). runs-on-console : specifies that this service uses the console; its input and output should be directed to the console. A service running on the console prevents other services from running on the console (they will queue for the console). The "interrupt" key (normally control-C) will be active for process / scripted services that run on the console. Handling of an interrupt is determined by the service process, but typically will cause it to terminate. starts-on-console : specifies that this service uses the console during service startup. This is implied by runs-on-console, but can be specified separately for services that need the console while they start but not afterwards. This setting is not applicable to regular "process" services, but can be used for "scripted" and "bgprocess" services. It allows for interrupting startup via the "interrupt" key (normally control-C). This is useful to allow filesystem checks to be interrupted/skipped. starts-rwfs : this service mounts the root filesystem read/write (or at least mounts the normal writable filesystems for the system). This prompts Dinit to create its control socket, if it has not already managed to do so. starts-log : this service starts the system log daemon. Dinit will begin logging via the /dev/log socket. pass-cs-fd : pass an open Dinit control socket to the process when launching it (the DINIT_CS_FD environment variable will be set to the file descriptor of the socket). This allows the service to issue commands to Dinit even if the regular control socket is not available yet. Using this option has security implications! The service which receives the control socket must close it before launching any untrusted processes. You should not use this option unless the service is designed to receive a Dinit control socket. start-interruptible : this service can have its startup interrupted (cancelled) if it becomes inactive while still starting. The SIGINT signal will be sent to the signal to cancel its startup. This is meaningful only for scripted and bgprocess services. Please see the manual page for a full list of service parameters and options. Controlling services =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- You can use the "dinitctl" to start and stop services. Typical invocations are: dinitctl start dinitctl stop dinitctl release Note that a "start" markes the service active, as well as starting it if it is not already started; the opposite of this is actually "release", which clears the active mark and stops it if it has no active dependent services. The "stop" command by default acts as a "release" which also forces the service to stop (although it may then immediately restart, depending on how it and its dependents are configured). Use the "-s" switch to talk the "system" instance of dinit, rather than a personal instance, e.g: dinitctl -s start mysql # start system mysql service For complete details on the command line, use: dinitctl --help You can "pin" a service in either the stopped or started state, which prevents it from changing state either due to a dependency/dependent or a direct command: dinitctl -s start --pin mysql # start mysql service, pin it as "started" dinitctl -s stop mysql # issues stop, but doesn't take effect due to pin dinitctl -s unpin mysql # release pin; service will now stop You can pin a service in the stopped state in order to make sure it doesn't get started accidentally (either via a dependency or directly). You can also use it to temporarily keep stopped a service that would otherwise restart immediately when you stopped it (because it, or a dependent, is configured to restart automatically). Finally, you can list the state of all loaded services: dinitctl -s list This may result in something like the following: [{+} ] boot [{+} ] tty1 [{+} ] tty2 [{+} ] tty3 [{+} ] tty4 [{+} ] loginready [{+} ] rcboot [{+} ] filesystems [{+} ] udevd [ {-}] mysql The above represents a number of started services and one stopped service (mysql). Services transitioning state (starting or stopping) are displayed with an arrow indicating the transition direction: [{ }<< ] mysql # starting [ >>{ }] mysql # stopping The curly brackets indicate the desired state, which may not be the state to which the service is currently transitioning. For example: [ <<{ }] mysql # starting, but will stop after starting [{ }>> ] mysql # stopping, but will restart once stopped Remember that a "starting" service may be waiting for its dependencies to start, and a "stopping" service may be waiting for its dependencies to stop.