From 83a949cb225e5f327929c8911010cd947ffd08d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mark Whitley Date: Mon, 26 Jun 2000 13:31:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Just converted busybox.pod to busybox.sgml using the Pod::DocBook Perl module. The resulting file needs some massaging and once it gets presentable, I'll edit the Makefile to use the SGML file as the "authoritative" file; the plan here is to generate other file formats from the SGML. --- docs/busybox.sgml | 5495 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 5495 insertions(+) create mode 100644 docs/busybox.sgml diff --git a/docs/busybox.sgml b/docs/busybox.sgml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf7161a23 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/busybox.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,5495 @@ + + + + + + + + + + +BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux + + +NAME + + + + + + + + +BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux + + + + +SYNTAX + + + + + + + + + + BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or + + + + + + + + <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked + + + + + + + +DESCRIPTION + + + + + + + + +BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single +small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the +utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils, +grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment +for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have +fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options +that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much +like their GNU counterparts. + + + + + +BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in +mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude +commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize +your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a +shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae). + + + + + + +USAGE + + + + + + + + +When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when +BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself +has been invoked. + + + + + +For example, entering + + + + + + + ln -s ./BusyBox ls + ./ls + + + + + + +will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled +into BusyBox). + + + + + +You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the +command line. For example, entering + + + + + + + ./BusyBox ls + + + + + + +will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. + + + + + + +COMMON OPTIONS + + + + + + + + +Most BusyBox commands support the --help option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. + + + + + + +COMMANDS + + + + + + + + +Currently defined functions include: + + + + + +ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date, +dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, +fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, +head, hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln, +loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir, +mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc, +nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, +setkeycodes, sfdisk, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, +tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, +uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [ + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +ar + + + + + +Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames] + + + + + +Extract or list files from an ar archive. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + o preserve original dates + p extract to stdout + t list + x extract + v verbosely list files processed + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +basename + + + + + +Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX] + + + + + +Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes +any trailing SUFFIX. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo + foo + $ basename /usr/local/bin/ + bin + $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt + bar + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +cat + + + + + +Usage: cat [FILE ...] + + + + + +Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to the standard +output. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ cat /proc/uptime + 110716.72 17.67 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +chgrp + + + + + +Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... + + + + + +Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -R change files and directories recursively + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + $ chgrp root /tmp/foo + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +chmod + + + + + +Usage: chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE... + + + + + +Changes file access permissions for the specified +FILE(s) (or directories). Each MODE is defined by +combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for +selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for +FILE(s) (or directories). + + + + + +WHO may be chosen from + + + + + + + u User who owns the file + g Users in the file's Group + o Other users not in the file's group + a All users + + + + + + +OPERATOR may be chosen from + + + + + + + + Add a permission + - Remove a permission + = Assign a permission + + + + + + +PERMISSION may be chosen from + + + + + + + r Read + w Write + x Execute (or access for directories) + s Set user (or group) ID bit + t Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners) + + + + + + +Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three +numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as + + + + + + + 4 Read + 2 Write + 1 Execute + + + + + + +An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify + + + + + + + 4 Set user ID + 2 Set group ID + 1 Sticky bit + + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -R Change files and directories recursively. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo* + $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +chown + + + + + +Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE... + + + + + +Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -R Changes files and directories recursively + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + $ chown root /tmp/foo + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + $ chown root.root /tmp/foo + ls -l /tmp/foo + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +chroot + + + + + +Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...] + + + + + +Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -l /bin/ls + lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox + $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix + $ chroot /mnt + $ ls -l /bin/ls + -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls* + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +clear + + + + + +Clears the screen. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +chvt + + + + + +Usage: chvt N + + + + + +Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +cp + + + + + +Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST + + + + + + + or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY + + + + + + +Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to +DIRECTORY. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a Same as -dpR + -d Preserves links + -p Preserves file attributes if possible + -R Copies directories recursively + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +cut + + + + + +Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]... + + + + + +Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST + -c LIST Output only characters from LIST + -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter + -s Only output Lines if the include DELIM + -f N Print only these fields + -n Ignored + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' ' + Hello + $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' ' + world + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +date + + + + + +Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] + + + + + + + or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] + + + + + + +Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string + -s Sets time described by STRING + -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ date + Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +dc + + + + + +Usage: dc expression ... + + + + + +This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +, +-, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If no arguments are given, dc will process +input from STDIN. + + + + + +The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-) from GNU/dc, but +this will be remedied in the future. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ dc 2 2 + + 4 + $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + / + 16 + $ dc 0 1 and + 0 + $ dc 0 1 or + 1 + $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc + 64 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +dd + + + + + +Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n] + + + + + +Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options + + + + + + + if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin + of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout + bs=n read and write n bytes at a time + count=n copy only n input blocks + skip=n skip n input blocks + seek=n skip n output blocks + + + + + + +Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2) + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4 + 4+0 records in + 4+0 records out + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +df + + + + + +Usage: df [filesystem ...] + + + + + +Prints the filesystem space used and space available. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ df + Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on + /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / + /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot + $ df /dev/sda3 + Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on + /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +dirname + + + + + +Usage: dirname NAME + + + + + +Strip non-directory suffix from file name + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ dirname /tmp/foo + /tmp + $ dirname /tmp/foo/ + /tmp + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +dmesg + + + + + +Usage: dmesg [-c] [-n level] [-s bufsize] + + + + + +Print or controls the kernel ring buffer. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +du + + + + + +Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... + + + + + +Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is +printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes). + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -l count sizes many times if hard linked + -s display only a total for each argument + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ./BusyBox du + 16 ./CVS + 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS + 80 ./kernel-patches + 12 ./tests/CVS + 36 ./tests + 12 ./scripts/CVS + 16 ./scripts + 12 ./docs/CVS + 104 ./docs + 2417 . + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +dutmp + + + + + +Usage: dutmp [FILE] + + + + + +Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ dutmp /var/run/utmp + 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0 + 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0 + 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0 + 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0 + 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0 + 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0 + 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +echo + + + + + +Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...] + + + + + +Prints the specified ARGs to stdout + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -n suppress trailing newline + -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc) + -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo "Erik is cool" + Erik is cool + $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool" + Erik + is + cool + $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool" + Erik\nis\ncool + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +false + + + + + +Returns an exit code of FALSE (1) + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ false + $ echo $? + 1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +fbset + + + + + +Usage: fbset [options] [mode] + + + + + +Show and modify frame buffer device settings + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -h + -fb + -db + -a + -i + -g + -t + -accel + -hsync + -vsync + -laced + -double + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ fbset + mode "1024x768-76" + # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz + geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16 + timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4 + accel false + rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0 + endmode + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +fdflush + + + + + +Usage: fdflush device + + + + + +Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +find + + + + + +Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION] + + + + + +Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current +directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print' + + + + + +EXPRESSION may consist of: + + + + + + + -follow Dereference symbolic links. + -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN. + -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ find / -name /etc/passwd + /etc/passwd + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +free + + + + + +Usage: free + + + + + +Displays the amount of free and used system memory. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ free + total used free shared buffers + Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124 + Swap: 128516 8404 120112 + Total: 386144 257128 129016 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +freeramdisk + + + + + +Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE + + + + + +Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +deallocvt + + + + + +Usage: deallocvt N + + + + + +Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +fsck.minix + + + + + +Usage: fsck.minix [-larvsmf] /dev/name + + + + + +Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems. + + + + + +OPTIONS: + + + + + + + -l Lists all filenames + -r Perform interactive repairs + -a Perform automatic repairs + -v verbose + -s Outputs super-block information + -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings + -f Force file system check. + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +grep + + + + + +Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]... + + + + + +Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input. + + + + + +OPTIONS: + + + + + + + -h suppress the prefixing filename on output + -i ignore case distinctions + -n print line number with output lines + -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise + -v select non-matching lines + + + + + + +This version of grep matches full regular expressions. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ grep root /etc/passwd + root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash + $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd + root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +gunzip + + + + + +Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE + + + + + +Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-'). + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c Write output to standard output + -t Test compressed file integrity + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* + -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz + $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz + $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* + -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +gzip + + + + + +Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE + + + + + +Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard +input. Implies -c. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* + -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar + $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar + $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* + -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +halt + + + + + +Usage: halt + + + + + +This command halts the system. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +head + + + + + +Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]... + + + + + +Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one +FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or +when FILE is -, read standard input. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10 + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd + root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash + daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +hostid + + + + + +Usage: hostid + + + + + +Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit +identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +hostname + + + + + +Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | -F file} + + + + + +Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a +file with the -F parameter), the host name will be set. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -s Short + -i Addresses for the hostname + -d DNS domain name + -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ hostname + slag + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +id + + + + + +Print information for USERNAME or the current user + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -g prints only the group ID + -u prints only the user ID + -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug) + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ id + uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen) + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +init + + + + + +Usage: init + + + + + +Init is the parent of all processes. + + + + + +This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel. + + + + + +BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the +/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want +runlevels, use sysvinit. + + + + + +BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it +has the following default behavior: + + + + + + + ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS + ::askfirst:/bin/sh + + + + + + +if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also +run: + + + + + + + tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh + + + + + + +If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as +follows: + + + + + + + <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process> + + + + + + + + <id>: + + + + + + + + WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init! + The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for + the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are + appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to + be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this + field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if + BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries + containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does + nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp. + + + + + + + + <runlevels>: + + + + + + + + The runlevels field is completely ignored. + + + + + + + + <action>: + + + + + + + + Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, + once, and ctrlaltdel. + + + + + + + + askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified + process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this + console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting + the specified process. + + + + + + + + Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit + an error message, and then go along with its business. + + + + + + + + <process>: + + + + + + + + Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line. + + + + + + +Example /etc/inittab file: + + + + + + + # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode. + # + ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS + + + + + + + + # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys + # + # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be) + ::askfirst:/bin/sh + # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2 + tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh + + + + + + + + # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys + # + tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4 + tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 + + + + + + + + # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal) + # + #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100 + #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100 + # + # Example how to put a getty on a modem line. + #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2 + + + + + + + + # Stuff to do before rebooting + ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1 + ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +insmod + + + + + +Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]... + + + + + +Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version. + -k Make module autoclean-able. + -v verbose output + -x do not export externs + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +kill + + + + + +Usage: kill [-signal] process-id [process-id ...] + + + + + +Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified +process(es). + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -l List all signal names and numbers. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ps | grep apache + 252 root root S [apache] + 263 www-data www-data S [apache] + 264 www-data www-data S [apache] + 265 www-data www-data S [apache] + 266 www-data www-data S [apache] + 267 www-data www-data S [apache] + $ kill 252 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +killall + + + + + +Usage: killall [-signal] process-name [process-name ...] + + + + + +Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified +process(es). + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -l List all signal names and numbers. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ killall apache + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +length + + + + + +Usage: length STRING + + + + + +Prints out the length of the specified STRING. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ length "Hello" + 5 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +ln + + + + + +Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY + + + + + +Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may +use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -s make symbolic links instead of hard links + -f remove existing destination files + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls + $ ls -l /tmp/ls + lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox* + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +loadacm + + + + + +Usage: loadacm + + + + + +Loads an acm from standard input. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +loadfont + + + + + +Usage: loadfont + + + + + +Loads a console font from standard input. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +loadkmap + + + + + +Usage: loadkmap + + + + + +Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +logger + + + + + +Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE] + + + + + +Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -s Log to stderr as well as the system log. + -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name). + -p Enter the message with the specified priority. + This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ logger "hello" + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +logname + + + + + +Usage: logname + + + + + +Print the name of the current user. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ logname + root + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +ls + + + + + +Usage: ls [-1acdelnpuxACFR] [filenames...] + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a do not hide entries starting with . + -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last + modification of file status information) + -d list directory entries instead of contents + -e list both full date and full time + -l use a long listing format + -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names + -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries + -u with -l: show access time (the time of last + access of the file) + -x list entries by lines instead of by columns + -A do not list implied . and .. + -C list entries by columns + -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries + -R list subdirectories recursively + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +lsmod + + + + + +Usage: lsmod + + + + + +Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +makedevs + + + + + +Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s] + + + + + +Creates a range of block or character special files + + + + + +TYPEs include: + + + + + + + b: Make a block (buffered) device. + c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device. + p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes. + + + + + + +FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device. +LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's' +is the last argument, the base device is created as well. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 + [creates ttyS2-ttyS63] + $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s + [creates hda,hda1-hda8] + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +md5sum + + + + + +Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...] + + + + + +Print or check MD5 checksums. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -b read files in binary mode + -c check MD5 sums against given list + -t read files in text mode (default) + -g read a string + + + + + + +The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums: + + + + + + + -s don't output anything, status code shows success + -w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ md5sum busybox + 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox + $ md5sum -c - + 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox + busybox: OK + ^D + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mkdir + + + + + +Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY... + + + + + +Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask + -p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ mkdir /tmp/foo + $ mkdir /tmp/foo + /tmp/foo: File exists + $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz + /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory + $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mkfifo + + + + + +Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name + + + + + +Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p') + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw) + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mkfs.minix + + + + + +Usage: mkfs.minix [-c | -l filename] [-nXX] [-iXX] /dev/name [blocks] + + + + + +Make a MINIX filesystem. + + + + + +OPTIONS: + + + + + + + -c Check the device for bad blocks + -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames + -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem + -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME + -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mknod + + + + + +Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR + + + + + +Create a special file (block, character, or pipe). + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw) + + + + + + +TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character +(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for +named pipes. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0 + $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mkswap + + + + + +Usage: mkswap [-c] [-v0|-v1] device [block-count] + + + + + +Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c Check for read-ability. + -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs]. + -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117). + block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition). + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mktemp + + + + + +Usage: mktemp [-q] TEMPLATE + + + + + +Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any +name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX). + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX + /tmp/temp.mWiLjM + $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM + -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +nc + + + + + +Usage: nc [IP] [port] + + + + + +Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25 + 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600 + help + 214-Commands supported: + 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH + 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP + quit + 221 foobar closing connection + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +more + + + + + +Usage: more [file ...] + + + + + +More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ dmesg | more + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mount + + + + + +Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [-o options,more-options] + + + + + +Flags: + + + + + + + -a: Mount all file systems in fstab. + -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below. + -r: Mount the filesystem read-only. + -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type. + -w: Mount for reading and writing (default). + + + + + + +Options for use with the ``-o'' flag: + + + + + + + async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous. + atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times. + dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them. + exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them. + loop: Mounts a file via loop device. + suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them. + remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags. + ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write. + There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem. + You'll have to see the written documentation for those. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ mount + /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw) + proc on /proc type proc (rw) + devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw) + $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro + $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mt + + + + + +Usage: mt [-f device] opcode value + + + + + +Control magnetic tape drive operation + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +mv + + + + + +Usage: mv SOURCE DEST + + + + + + + or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY + + + + + + +Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +nslookup + + + + + +Usage: nslookup [HOST] + + + + + +Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ nslookup localhost + Server: default + Address: default + + + + + + + + Name: debian + Address: 127.0.0.1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +ping + + + + + +Usage: ping [OPTION]... host + + + + + +Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings. + -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56). + -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start + and when finished. +Example: + + + + + + + + $ ping localhost + PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes + 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms + + + + + + + + --- debian ping statistics --- + 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss + round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +poweroff + + + + + +Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon +halting. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +printf + + + + + +Usage: printf format [argument...] + + + + + +Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf +command. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5 + Val=5 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +ps + + + + + +Usage: ps + + + + + +Report process status + + + + + +This version of ps accepts no options. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ps + PID Uid Gid State Command + 1 root root S init + 2 root root S [kflushd] + 3 root root S [kupdate] + 4 root root S [kpiod] + 5 root root S [kswapd] + 742 andersen andersen S [bash] + 743 andersen andersen S -bash + 745 root root S [getty] + 2990 andersen andersen R ps + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +pwd + + + + + +Prints the full filename of the current working directory. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ pwd + /root + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +reboot + + + + + +Instructs the kernel to reboot the system. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +rm + + + + + +Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE... + + + + + +Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to +indicate that all following arguments are non-options. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -f remove existing destinations, never prompt + -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ rm -rf /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +rmdir + + + + + +Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... + + + + + +Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + # rmdir /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +rmmod + + + + + +Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]... + + + + + +Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ rmmod tulip + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sed + + + + + +Usage: sed [-n] -e script [file...] + + + + + +Allowed sed scripts come in the following form: + + + + + + + 'ADDR [!] COMMAND' + + + + + + + + where address ADDR can be: + NUMBER Match specified line number + $ Match last line + /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp + (! inverts the meaning of the match) + + + + + + + + and COMMAND can be: + s/regexp/replacement/[igp] + which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space + and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement. + + + + + + + + aTEXT + which appends TEXT after the pattern space + + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -e add the script to the commands to be executed + -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space + + + + + + +This version of sed matches full regular expressions. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g' + bar + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +setkeycodes + + + + + +Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ... + + + + + +Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual +keyboards to generate usable keycodes. + + + + + +SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in +decimal + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + # setkeycodes e030 127 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sh + + + + + +Usage: sh + + + + + +lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter) + + + + + +This command does not yet have proper documentation. + + + + + +Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes, +redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), +and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not +(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like +``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a +very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sfdisk + + + + + +Usage: sfdisk [options] device ... + + + + + +device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda + + + + + +useful options: + + + + + + + -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition + -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id + -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device + -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input + -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0 + -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB + -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types + -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space + -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table + -N# : change only the partition with number # + -n : do not actually write to disk + -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file + -I file : restore these sectors again + -v [or --version]: print version + -? [or --help]: print this message + + + + + + +dangerous options: + + + + + + + -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry + -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output + + + + + + + + or expect descriptors for them on input + -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux + -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages + You can override the detected geometry using: + -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use + -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use + -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use + + + + + + +You can disable all consistency checking with: + + + + + + + -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sleep + + + + + +Usage: sleep N + + + + + +Pause for N seconds. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ sleep 2 + [2 second delay results] + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sort + + + + + +Usage: sort [-n] [-r] [FILE]... + + + + + +Sorts lines of text in the specified files + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort + a + b + c + d + e + f + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +sync + + + + + +Usage: sync + + + + + +Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +syslogd + + + + + +Usage: syslogd [OPTION]... + + + + + +Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this +version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off) + -n Run as a foreground process + -K Do not start up the klogd process + -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages) + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +swapon + + + + + +Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device] + + + + + +Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a Start swapping on all swap devices + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +swapoff + + + + + +Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device] + + + + + +Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a Stop swapping on all swap devices + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +tail + + + + + +Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]... + + + + + +Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one +FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or +when FILE is -, read standard input. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10 + -f Output data as the file grows. This version + of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time. + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf + nameserver 10.0.0.1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +tar + + + + + +Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [--exclude File] [-f tarFile] [FILE] ... + + + + + +Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of +tar treats hard links as separate files. + + + + + +Main operation mode: + + + + + + + c create + x extract + t list + + + + + + +File selection: + + + + + + + f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin + O extract to stdout + --exclude file to exclude + + + + + + +Informative output: + + + + + + + v verbosely list files processed + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf - + $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +test, [ + + + + + +Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ] + + + + + +Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by +the value of EXPRESSION. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ test 1 -eq 2 + $ echo $? + 1 + $ test 1 -eq 1 + $ echo $? + 0 + $ [ -d /etc ] + $ echo $? + 0 + $ [ -d /junk ] + $ echo $? + 1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +telnet + + + + + +Usage: telnet host [port] + + + + + +Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer +over a network using the TELNET protocol. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +tee + + + + + +Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... + + + + + +Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo + $ cat /tmp/foo + Hello + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +touch + + + + + +Usage: touch [-c] file [file ...] + + + + + +Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s]. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory + $ touch /tmp/foo + $ ls -l /tmp/foo + -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +tr + + + + + +Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2] + + + + + +Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing +to standard output. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c take complement of STRING1 + -d delete input characters coded STRING1 + -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z] + hello world + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +true + + + + + +Returns an exit code of TRUE (0) + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ true + $ echo $? + 0 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +tty + + + + + +Usage: tty + + + + + +Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -s print nothing, only return an exit status + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ tty + /dev/tty2 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +uuencode + + + + + +Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE + + + + + +Uuencode a file. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521 + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ uuencode busybox busybox + begin 755 busybox + M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``& + ..... + $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu + $ + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +uudecode + + + + + +Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE] + + + + + +Uudecode a uuencoded file + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -o FILE direct output to FILE + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu + $ ls -l busybox + -rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +umount + + + + + +Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory + + + + + +Flags: + + + + + + + -a: Unmount all file systems + -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy + -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server) + -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used) + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ umount /dev/hdc1 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +uname + + + + + +Usage: uname [OPTION]... + + + + + +Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -a print all information + -m the machine (hardware) type + -n print the machine's network node hostname + -r print the operating system release + -s print the operating system name + -p print the host processor type + -v print the operating system version + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ uname -a + Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +uniq + + + + + +Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] + + + + + +Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard +input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq + a + b + c + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +update + + + + + +Usage: update [options] + + + + + +Periodically flushes filesystem buffers. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing + -s SECS call sync this often (default 30) + -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5) + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +uptime + + + + + +Usage: uptime + + + + + +Tells how long the system has been running since boot. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ uptime + 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00 + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +usleep + + + + + +Usage: usleep N + + + + + +Pauses for N microseconds. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ usleep 1000000 + [pauses for 1 second] + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +wc + + + + + +Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... + + + + + +Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more +than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input. + + + + + +Options: + + + + + + + -c print the byte counts + -l print the newline counts + -L print the length of the longest line + -w print the word counts + + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ wc /etc/passwd + 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +which + + + + + +Usage: which [COMMAND ...] + + + + + +Locates a COMMAND. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ which login + /bin/login + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +whoami + + + + + +Usage: whoami + + + + + +Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id. + + + + + +Example: + + + + + + + $ whoami + andersen + + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +yes + + + + + +Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]... + + + + + +Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), +or `y'. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + +zcat + + + + + +This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip -c'', where it decompresses the file in question and send the output to +stdout. + + + + + +------------------------------- + + + + + + + + +LIBC NSS + + + + + + + + +GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of +the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads +system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it +Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that +make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need +for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_* +libraries installed. + + + + + +If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for +authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will +need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have +enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably +want the full GNU utilities. + + + + + + +SEE ALSO + + + + + + + + +textutils(1), shellutils(1), etc... + + + + + + +MAINTAINER + + + + + + + + +Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com> + + + + + + +AUTHORS + + + + + + + + +The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it +or not. + + + + + +Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> + + + + + +John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com> + + + + + +Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com> + + + + + +Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org> + + + + + +Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com> + + + + + +Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org> + + + + + +John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com> + + + + + +Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au> + + + + + +Bruce Perens <bruce@perens.com> + + + + + +Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org> + + + + + +Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com> + + + + + +Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com> + + + + + +Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es> + + + + + + + + + + -- 2.25.1