Implement asynchronous scope identifiers.

Implement asynchronous scope identifiers.

Without entering an asynchronous scope, logs are the same before.  When
entering an asynchronous scope (either thread-based of
scheduler/task-based), all log lines within an asynchronous scope
contain its ID.

Currently this is only used in GNU Taler, for debugging requests across
multiple services.  This allows us to get all log lines pertaining to a
particular request for a user or another service.