-</para>
-
-<para>
-Init is the parent of all processes.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
-/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
-runlevels, use sysvinit.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
-has the following default behavior:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
- ::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
-run:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
-follows:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- <id>:
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
- The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
- the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
- appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
- be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
- field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
- BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
- containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
- nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- <runlevels>:
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- The runlevels field is completely ignored.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- <action>:
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
- once, and ctrlaltdel.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
- process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
- console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
- the specified process.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
- an error message, and then go along with its business.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- <process>:
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example /etc/inittab file:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
- #
- ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
- #
- # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
- ::askfirst:/bin/sh
- # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
- tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
- #
- tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
- tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
- #
- #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
- #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
- #
- # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
- #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # Stuff to do before rebooting
- ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
- ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>insmod
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
- -k Make module autoclean-able.
- -v verbose output
- -x do not export externs
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>kill
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: kill [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-id [process-id ...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
-<literal>process(es).</literal>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -l List all signal names and numbers.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ ps | grep apache
- 252 root root S [apache]
- 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
- 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
- $ kill 252
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>killall
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: killall [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-name [process-name ...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
-<literal>process(es).</literal>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -l List all signal names and numbers.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ killall apache
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>length
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: length STRING
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ length "Hello"
- 5
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ln
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may
-use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
- -f remove existing destination files
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
- $ ls -l /tmp/ls
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadacm
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: loadacm
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Loads an acm from standard input.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadfont
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: loadfont
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Loads a console font from standard input.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadkmap
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: loadkmap
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logger
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
- -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
- -p Enter the message with the specified priority.
- This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ logger "hello"
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logname
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: logname
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Print the name of the current user.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ logname
- root
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ls
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: ls [<emphasis>-1acdelnpuxACFR</emphasis>] [filenames...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a do not hide entries starting with .
- -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
- modification of file status information)
- -d list directory entries instead of contents
- -e list both full date and full time
- -l use a long listing format
- -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
- -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
- -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
- access of the file)
- -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
- -A do not list implied . and ..
- -C list entries by columns
- -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
- -R list subdirectories recursively
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>lsmod
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: lsmod
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>makedevs
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Creates a range of block or character special files
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-TYPEs include:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- b: Make a block (buffered) device.
- c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
- p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
-LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
-is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
- [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
- $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
- [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Print or check MD5 checksums.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -b read files in binary mode
- -c check MD5 sums against given list
- -t read files in text mode (default)
- -g read a string
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -s don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ md5sum busybox
- 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
- $ md5sum -c -
- 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
- busybox: OK
- ^D
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkdir
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Create the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they do not already exist
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
- -p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ mkdir /tmp/foo
- $ mkdir /tmp/foo
- /tmp/foo: File exists
- $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
- /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
- $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfifo
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfs.minix
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mkfs.minix [<emphasis>-c</emphasis> | <emphasis>-l</emphasis> filename] [<emphasis>-nXX</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-iXX</emphasis>] /dev/name [blocks]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Make a MINIX filesystem.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-OPTIONS:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -c Check the device for bad blocks
- -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
- -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
- -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
- -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mknod
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
-(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
-named pipes.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
- $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkswap
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mkswap [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-v0</emphasis>|<emphasis>-v1</emphasis>] device [block-count]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -c Check for read-ability.
- -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
- -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
- block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mktemp
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mktemp [<emphasis>-q</emphasis>] TEMPLATE
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
-name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
- /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
- $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
- -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>more
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: more [file ...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ dmesg | more
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mount
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<emphasis>-o</emphasis> options,more-options]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Flags:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
- -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
- -r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
- -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
- -w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options for use with the ``<emphasis>-o</emphasis>'' flag:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
- atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
- dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
- exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
- loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
- suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
- remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
- ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
- There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
- You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ mount
- /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
- proc on /proc type proc (rw)
- devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
- $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
- $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mt
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mt [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> device] opcode value
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Control magnetic tape drive operation
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mv
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to DIRECTORY.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>nc
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: nc [IP] [port]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
- 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
- help
- 214-Commands supported:
- 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
- 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
- quit
- 221 foobar closing connection
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>nslookup
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: nslookup [HOST]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ nslookup localhost
- Server: default
- Address: default
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- Name: debian
- Address: 127.0.0.1
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ping
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
- -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
- -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
- and when finished.
-Example:
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ ping localhost
- PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
- 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- --- debian ping statistics ---
- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
- round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>poweroff
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
-halting.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>printf
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: printf format [argument...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
-command.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
- Val=5
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ps
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: ps
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Report process status
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-This version of ps accepts no options.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ ps
- PID Uid Gid State Command
- 1 root root S init
- 2 root root S [kflushd]
- 3 root root S [kupdate]
- 4 root root S [kpiod]
- 5 root root S [kswapd]
- 742 andersen andersen S [bash]
- 743 andersen andersen S -bash
- 745 root root S [getty]
- 2990 andersen andersen R ps
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>pwd
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ pwd
- /root
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>reboot
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rm
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Remove (unlink) the <literal>FILE(s).</literal> You may use '--' to
-indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
- -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmdir
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Remove the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they are empty.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # rmdir /tmp/foo
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmmod
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ rmmod tulip
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sed
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sed [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] <emphasis>-e</emphasis> script [file...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- 'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- where address ADDR can be:
- NUMBER Match specified line number
- $ Match last line
- /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
- (! inverts the meaning of the match)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- and COMMAND can be:
- s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
- which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
- and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- aTEXT
- which appends TEXT after the pattern space
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -e add the script to the commands to be executed
- -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
- bar
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>setkeycodes
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
-keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
-decimal
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- # setkeycodes e030 127
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sfdisk
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-useful options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
- -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
- -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
- -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
- -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
- -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
- -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
- -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
- -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
- -N# : change only the partition with number #
- -n : do not actually write to disk
- -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
- -I file : restore these sectors again
- -v [or --version]: print version
- -? [or --help]: print this message
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-dangerous options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
- -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- or expect descriptors for them on input
- -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
- -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
- You can override the detected geometry using:
- -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
- -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
- -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-You can disable all consistency checking with:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sh
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sh
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-This command does not yet have proper documentation.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
-redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
-and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
-(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
-``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
-very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sleep
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sleep N
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Pause for N seconds.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ sleep 2
- [2 second delay results]
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sort
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sort [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-r</emphasis>] [FILE]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Sorts lines of text in the specified files
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
- a
- b
- c
- d
- e
- f
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapoff
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapon
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a Start swapping on all swap devices
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sync
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: sync
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>syslogd
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
-version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
- -n Run as a foreground process
- -K Do not start up the klogd process
- -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tail
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
-FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
-when FILE is -, read standard input.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
- -f Output data as the file grows. This version
- of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
- nameserver 10.0.0.1
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tar
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<emphasis>--exclude</emphasis> File] [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> tarFile] [FILE] ...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
-tar treats hard links as separate files.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Main operation mode:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- c create
- x extract
- t list
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-File selection:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
- O extract to stdout
- --exclude file to exclude
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Informative output:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- v verbosely list files processed
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
- $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tee
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
- $ cat /tmp/foo
- Hello
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>telnet
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: telnet host [port]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer
-over a network using the TELNET protocol.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>test, [
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
-the value of EXPRESSION.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ test 1 -eq 2
- $ echo $?
- 1
- $ test 1 -eq 1
- $ echo $?
- 0
- $ [ -d /etc ]
- $ echo $?
- 0
- $ [ -d /junk ]
- $ echo $?
- 1
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>touch
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: touch [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] file [file ...]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
- $ touch /tmp/foo
- $ ls -l /tmp/foo
- -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tr
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
-to standard output.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -c take complement of STRING1
- -d delete input characters coded STRING1
- -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
- hello world
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>true
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ true
- $ echo $?
- 0
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tty
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: tty
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -s print nothing, only return an exit status
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ tty
- /dev/tty2
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>umount
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Flags:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a: Unmount all file systems
- -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
- -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
- -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ umount /dev/hdc1
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uname
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: uname [OPTION]...
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <emphasis>-s</emphasis>.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -a print all information
- -m the machine (hardware) type
- -n print the machine's network node hostname
- -r print the operating system release
- -s print the operating system name
- -p print the host processor type
- -v print the operating system version
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ uname -a
- Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uniq
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
-input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
- a
- b
- c
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>update
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: update [options]
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Options:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
- -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
- -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uptime
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: uptime
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ uptime
- 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------
-
-
-</para>
-
-</listitem></varlistentry>
-<varlistentry><term><emphasis>usleep
-
-</emphasis></term>
-<listitem><para></para>
-
-<para>
-Usage: usleep N
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Pauses for N microseconds.
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-Example:
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
-<screen>
- $ usleep 1000000
- [pauses for 1 second]
-</screen>
-
-
-</para>
-
-<para>
--------------------------------