tools/mkimage.c

   1 /*
   2  * (C) Copyright 2008 Semihalf
   3  *
   4  * (C) Copyright 2000-2009
   5  * DENX Software Engineering
   6  * Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
   7  *
   8  * SPDX-License-Identifier:     GPL-2.0+
   9  */
  10
  11 #include "mkimage.h"
  12 #include <image.h>
  13 #include <version.h>
  14
  15 static void copy_file(int, const char *, int);
  16
  17 /* parameters initialized by core will be used by the image type code */
  18 static struct image_tool_params params = {
  19         .os = IH_OS_LINUX,
  20         .arch = IH_ARCH_PPC,
  21         .type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL,
  22         .comp = IH_COMP_GZIP,
  23         .dtc = MKIMAGE_DEFAULT_DTC_OPTIONS,
  24         .imagename = "",
  25         .imagename2 = "",
  26 };
  27
  28 static enum ih_category cur_category;
  29
  30 static int h_compare_category_name(const void *vtype1, const void *vtype2)
  31 {
  32         const int *type1 = vtype1;
  33         const int *type2 = vtype2;
  34         const char *name1 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type1);
  35         const char *name2 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type2);
  36
  37         return strcmp(name1, name2);
  38 }
  39
  40 int show_valid_options(enum ih_category category)
  41 {
  42         int *order;
  43         int count;
  44         int item;
  45         int i;
  46
  47         count = genimg_get_cat_count(category);
  48         order = calloc(count, sizeof(*order));
  49         if (!order)
  50                 return -ENOMEM;
  51
  52         /* Sort the names in order of short name for easier reading */
  53         for (item = 0; item < count; item++)
  54                 order[item] = item;
  55         cur_category = category;
  56         qsort(order, count, sizeof(int), h_compare_category_name);
  57
  58         fprintf(stderr, "\nInvalid %s, supported are:\n",
  59                 genimg_get_cat_desc(category));
  60         for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
  61                 item = order[i];
  62                 fprintf(stderr, "\t%-15s  %s\n",
  63                         genimg_get_cat_short_name(category, item),
  64                         genimg_get_cat_name(category, item));
  65         }
  66         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
  67
  68         return 0;
  69 }
  70
  71 static int h_compare_image_name(const void *vtype1, const void *vtype2)
  72 {
  73         const int *type1 = vtype1;
  74         const int *type2 = vtype2;
  75         const char *name1 = genimg_get_type_short_name(*type1);
  76         const char *name2 = genimg_get_type_short_name(*type2);
  77
  78         return strcmp(name1, name2);
  79 }
  80
  81 /* Show all image types supported by mkimage */
  82 static void show_image_types(void)
  83 {
  84         struct image_type_params *tparams;
  85         int order[IH_TYPE_COUNT];
  86         int count;
  87         int type;
  88         int i;
  89
  90         /* Sort the names in order of short name for easier reading */
  91         memset(order, '\0', sizeof(order));
  92         for (count = 0, type = 0; type < IH_TYPE_COUNT; type++) {
  93                 tparams = imagetool_get_type(type);
  94                 if (tparams)
  95                         order[count++] = type;
  96         }
  97         qsort(order, count, sizeof(int), h_compare_image_name);
  98
  99         fprintf(stderr, "\nInvalid image type. Supported image types:\n");
 100         for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 101                 type = order[i];
 102                 tparams = imagetool_get_type(type);
 103                 if (tparams) {
 104                         fprintf(stderr, "\t%-15s  %s\n",
 105                                 genimg_get_type_short_name(type),
 106                                 genimg_get_type_name(type));
 107                 }
 108         }
 109         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 110 }
 111
 112 static void usage(const char *msg)
 113 {
 114         fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", msg);
 115         fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
 116                          "          -l ==> list image header information\n",
 117                 params.cmdname);
 118         fprintf(stderr,
 119                 "       %s [-x] -A arch -O os -T type -C comp -a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n"
 120                 "          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
 121                 "          -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
 122                 "          -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
 123                 "          -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
 124                 "          -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
 125                 "          -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
 126                 "          -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
 127                 "          -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
 128                 "          -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n",
 129                 params.cmdname);
 130         fprintf(stderr,
 131                 "       %s [-D dtc_options] [-f fit-image.its|-f auto|-F] [-b <dtb> [-b <dtb>]] fit-image\n"
 132                 "           <dtb> file is used with -f auto, it may occour multiple times.\n",
 133                 params.cmdname);
 134         fprintf(stderr,
 135                 "          -D => set all options for device tree compiler\n"
 136                 "          -f => input filename for FIT source\n");
 137 #ifdef CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE
 138         fprintf(stderr,
 139                 "Signing / verified boot options: [-E] [-k keydir] [-K dtb] [ -c <comment>] [-p addr] [-r]\n"
 140                 "          -E => place data outside of the FIT structure\n"
 141                 "          -k => set directory containing private keys\n"
 142                 "          -K => write public keys to this .dtb file\n"
 143                 "          -c => add comment in signature node\n"
 144                 "          -F => re-sign existing FIT image\n"
 145                 "          -p => place external data at a static position\n"
 146                 "          -r => mark keys used as 'required' in dtb\n");
 147 #else
 148         fprintf(stderr,
 149                 "Signing / verified boot not supported (CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE undefined)\n");
 150 #endif
 151         fprintf(stderr, "       %s -V ==> print version information and exit\n",
 152                 params.cmdname);
 153         fprintf(stderr, "Use -T to see a list of available image types\n");
 154
 155         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 156 }
 157
 158 static int add_content(int type, const char *fname)
 159 {
 160         struct content_info *cont;
 161
 162         cont = calloc(1, sizeof(*cont));
 163         if (!cont)
 164                 return -1;
 165         cont->type = type;
 166         cont->fname = fname;
 167         if (params.content_tail)
 168                 params.content_tail->next = cont;
 169         else
 170                 params.content_head = cont;
 171         params.content_tail = cont;
 172
 173         return 0;
 174 }
 175
 176 static void process_args(int argc, char **argv)
 177 {
 178         char *ptr;
 179         int type = IH_TYPE_INVALID;
 180         char *datafile = NULL;
 181         int opt;
 182
 183         while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv,
 184                              "a:A:b:cC:d:D:e:Ef:Fk:K:ln:p:O:rR:qsT:vVx")) != -1) {
 185                 switch (opt) {
 186                 case 'a':
 187                         params.addr = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
 188                         if (*ptr) {
 189                                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid load address %s\n",
 190                                         params.cmdname, optarg);
 191                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 192                         }
 193                         break;
 194                 case 'A':
 195                         params.arch = genimg_get_arch_id(optarg);
 196                         if (params.arch < 0)
 197                                 usage("Invalid architecture");
 198                         break;
 199                 case 'b':
 200                         if (add_content(IH_TYPE_FLATDT, optarg)) {
 201                                 fprintf(stderr,
 202                                         "%s: Out of memory adding content '%s'",
 203                                         params.cmdname, optarg);
 204                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 205                         }
 206                         break;
 207                 case 'c':
 208                         params.comment = optarg;
 209                         break;
 210                 case 'C':
 211                         params.comp = genimg_get_comp_id(optarg);
 212                         if (params.comp < 0)
 213                                 usage("Invalid compression type");
 214                         break;
 215                 case 'd':
 216                         params.datafile = optarg;
 217                         params.dflag = 1;
 218                         break;
 219                 case 'D':
 220                         params.dtc = optarg;
 221                         break;
 222                 case 'e':
 223                         params.ep = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
 224                         if (*ptr) {
 225                                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
 226                                         params.cmdname, optarg);
 227                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 228                         }
 229                         params.eflag = 1;
 230                         break;
 231                 case 'E':
 232                         params.external_data = true;
 233                         break;
 234                 case 'f':
 235                         datafile = optarg;
 236                         params.auto_its = !strcmp(datafile, "auto");
 237                         /* no break */
 238                 case 'F':
 239                         /*
 240                          * The flattened image tree (FIT) format
 241                          * requires a flattened device tree image type
 242                          */
 243                         params.type = IH_TYPE_FLATDT;
 244                         params.fflag = 1;
 245                         break;
 246                 case 'k':
 247                         params.keydir = optarg;
 248                         break;
 249                 case 'K':
 250                         params.keydest = optarg;
 251                         break;
 252                 case 'l':
 253                         params.lflag = 1;
 254                         break;
 255                 case 'n':
 256                         params.imagename = optarg;
 257                         break;
 258                 case 'O':
 259                         params.os = genimg_get_os_id(optarg);
 260                         if (params.os < 0)
 261                                 usage("Invalid operating system");
 262                         break;
 263                 case 'p':
 264                         params.external_offset = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
 265                         if (*ptr) {
 266                                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid offset size %s\n",
 267                                         params.cmdname, optarg);
 268                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 269                         }
 270                 case 'q':
 271                         params.quiet = 1;
 272                         break;
 273                 case 'r':
 274                         params.require_keys = 1;
 275                         break;
 276                 case 'R':
 277                         /*
 278                          * This entry is for the second configuration
 279                          * file, if only one is not enough.
 280                          */
 281                         params.imagename2 = optarg;
 282                         break;
 283                 case 's':
 284                         params.skipcpy = 1;
 285                         break;
 286                 case 'T':
 287                         type = genimg_get_type_id(optarg);
 288                         if (type < 0) {
 289                                 show_image_types();
 290                                 usage("Invalid image type");
 291                         }
 292                         break;
 293                 case 'v':
 294                         params.vflag++;
 295                         break;
 296                 case 'V':
 297                         printf("mkimage version %s\n", PLAIN_VERSION);
 298                         exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 299                 case 'x':
 300                         params.xflag++;
 301                         break;
 302                 default:
 303                         usage("Invalid option");
 304                 }
 305         }
 306
 307         /* The last parameter is expected to be the imagefile */
 308         if (optind < argc)
 309                 params.imagefile = argv[optind];
 310
 311         /*
 312          * For auto-generated FIT images we need to know the image type to put
 313          * in the FIT, which is separate from the file's image type (which
 314          * will always be IH_TYPE_FLATDT in this case).
 315          */
 316         if (params.type == IH_TYPE_FLATDT) {
 317                 params.fit_image_type = type ? type : IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
 318                 /* For auto_its, datafile is always 'auto' */
 319                 if (!params.auto_its)
 320                         params.datafile = datafile;
 321                 else if (!params.datafile)
 322                         usage("Missing data file for auto-FIT (use -d)");
 323         } else if (type != IH_TYPE_INVALID) {
 324                 params.type = type;
 325         }
 326
 327         if (!params.imagefile)
 328                 usage("Missing output filename");
 329 }
 330
 331 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 332 {
 333         int ifd = -1;
 334         struct stat sbuf;
 335         char *ptr;
 336         int retval = 0;
 337         struct image_type_params *tparams = NULL;
 338         int pad_len = 0;
 339         int dfd;
 340
 341         params.cmdname = *argv;
 342         params.addr = 0;
 343         params.ep = 0;
 344
 345         process_args(argc, argv);
 346
 347         /* set tparams as per input type_id */
 348         tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
 349         if (tparams == NULL) {
 350                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: unsupported type %s\n",
 351                         params.cmdname, genimg_get_type_name(params.type));
 352                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 353         }
 354
 355         /*
 356          * check the passed arguments parameters meets the requirements
 357          * as per image type to be generated/listed
 358          */
 359         if (tparams->check_params)
 360                 if (tparams->check_params (&params))
 361                         usage("Bad parameters for image type");
 362
 363         if (!params.eflag) {
 364                 params.ep = params.addr;
 365                 /* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
 366                 if (params.xflag)
 367                         params.ep += tparams->header_size;
 368         }
 369
 370         if (params.fflag){
 371                 if (tparams->fflag_handle)
 372                         /*
 373                          * in some cases, some additional processing needs
 374                          * to be done if fflag is defined
 375                          *
 376                          * For ex. fit_handle_file for Fit file support
 377                          */
 378                         retval = tparams->fflag_handle(&params);
 379
 380                 if (retval != EXIT_SUCCESS)
 381                         exit (retval);
 382         }
 383
 384         if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
 385                 ifd = open (params.imagefile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY);
 386         } else {
 387                 ifd = open (params.imagefile,
 388                         O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0666);
 389         }
 390
 391         if (ifd < 0) {
 392                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
 393                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 394                         strerror(errno));
 395                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 396         }
 397
 398         if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
 399                 /*
 400                  * list header information of existing image
 401                  */
 402                 if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 403                         fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 404                                 params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 405                                 strerror(errno));
 406                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 407                 }
 408
 409                 if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
 410                         fprintf (stderr,
 411                                 "%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is not valid image\n",
 412                                 params.cmdname, params.imagefile);
 413                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 414                 }
 415
 416                 ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
 417                 if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
 418                         fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
 419                                 params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 420                                 strerror(errno));
 421                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 422                 }
 423
 424                 /*
 425                  * scan through mkimage registry for all supported image types
 426                  * and verify the input image file header for match
 427                  * Print the image information for matched image type
 428                  * Returns the error code if not matched
 429                  */
 430                 retval = imagetool_verify_print_header(ptr, &sbuf,
 431                                 tparams, &params);
 432
 433                 (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
 434                 (void) close (ifd);
 435
 436                 exit (retval);
 437         }
 438
 439         if ((params.type != IH_TYPE_MULTI) && (params.type != IH_TYPE_SCRIPT)) {
 440                 dfd = open(params.datafile, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
 441                 if (dfd < 0) {
 442                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
 443                                 params.cmdname, params.datafile,
 444                                 strerror(errno));
 445                         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 446                 }
 447
 448                 if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 449                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 450                                 params.cmdname, params.datafile,
 451                                 strerror(errno));
 452                         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 453                 }
 454
 455                 params.file_size = sbuf.st_size + tparams->header_size;
 456                 close(dfd);
 457         }
 458
 459         /*
 460          * In case there an header with a variable
 461          * length will be added, the corresponding
 462          * function is called. This is responsible to
 463          * allocate memory for the header itself.
 464          */
 465         if (tparams->vrec_header)
 466                 pad_len = tparams->vrec_header(&params, tparams);
 467         else
 468                 memset(tparams->hdr, 0, tparams->header_size);
 469
 470         if (write(ifd, tparams->hdr, tparams->header_size)
 471                                         != tparams->header_size) {
 472                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 473                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
 474                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 475         }
 476
 477         if (!params.skipcpy) {
 478                 if (params.type == IH_TYPE_MULTI ||
 479                     params.type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
 480                         char *file = params.datafile;
 481                         uint32_t size;
 482
 483                         for (;;) {
 484                                 char *sep = NULL;
 485
 486                                 if (file) {
 487                                         if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
 488                                                 *sep = '\0';
 489                                         }
 490
 491                                         if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
 492                                                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 493                                                          params.cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
 494                                                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 495                                         }
 496                                         size = cpu_to_uimage (sbuf.st_size);
 497                                 } else {
 498                                         size = 0;
 499                                 }
 500
 501                                 if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
 502                                         fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 503                                                  params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 504                                                  strerror(errno));
 505                                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 506                                 }
 507
 508                                 if (!file) {
 509                                         break;
 510                                 }
 511
 512                                 if (sep) {
 513                                         *sep = ':';
 514                                         file = sep + 1;
 515                                 } else {
 516                                         file = NULL;
 517                                 }
 518                         }
 519
 520                         file = params.datafile;
 521
 522                         for (;;) {
 523                                 char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
 524                                 if (sep) {
 525                                         *sep = '\0';
 526                                         copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
 527                                         *sep++ = ':';
 528                                         file = sep;
 529                                 } else {
 530                                         copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
 531                                         break;
 532                                 }
 533                         }
 534                 } else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_PBLIMAGE) {
 535                         /* PBL has special Image format, implements its' own */
 536                         pbl_load_uboot(ifd, &params);
 537                 } else {
 538                         copy_file(ifd, params.datafile, pad_len);
 539                 }
 540         }
 541
 542         /* We're a bit of paranoid */
 543 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
 544    !defined(__sun__) && \
 545    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
 546    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
 547    !defined(__APPLE__)
 548         (void) fdatasync (ifd);
 549 #else
 550         (void) fsync (ifd);
 551 #endif
 552
 553         if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 554                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 555                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
 556                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 557         }
 558         params.file_size = sbuf.st_size;
 559
 560         ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
 561         if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
 562                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
 563                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
 564                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 565         }
 566
 567         /* Setup the image header as per input image type*/
 568         if (tparams->set_header)
 569                 tparams->set_header (ptr, &sbuf, ifd, &params);
 570         else {
 571                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't set header for %s: %s\n",
 572                         params.cmdname, tparams->name, strerror(errno));
 573                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 574         }
 575
 576         /* Print the image information by processing image header */
 577         if (tparams->print_header)
 578                 tparams->print_header (ptr);
 579         else {
 580                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't print header for %s: %s\n",
 581                         params.cmdname, tparams->name, strerror(errno));
 582                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 583         }
 584
 585         (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
 586
 587         /* We're a bit of paranoid */
 588 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
 589    !defined(__sun__) && \
 590    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
 591    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
 592    !defined(__APPLE__)
 593         (void) fdatasync (ifd);
 594 #else
 595         (void) fsync (ifd);
 596 #endif
 597
 598         if (close(ifd)) {
 599                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 600                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
 601                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 602         }
 603
 604         exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
 605 }
 606
 607 static void
 608 copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
 609 {
 610         int dfd;
 611         struct stat sbuf;
 612         unsigned char *ptr;
 613         int tail;
 614         int zero = 0;
 615         uint8_t zeros[4096];
 616         int offset = 0;
 617         int size;
 618         struct image_type_params *tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
 619
 620         memset(zeros, 0, sizeof(zeros));
 621
 622         if (params.vflag) {
 623                 fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
 624         }
 625
 626         if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
 627                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
 628                         params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 629                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 630         }
 631
 632         if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 633                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 634                         params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 635                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 636         }
 637
 638         ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
 639         if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
 640                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
 641                         params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 642                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 643         }
 644
 645         if (params.xflag) {
 646                 unsigned char *p = NULL;
 647                 /*
 648                  * XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
 649                  * beginning of the file, but consume the space
 650                  * reserved for it.
 651                  */
 652
 653                 if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
 654                         fprintf (stderr,
 655                                 "%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
 656                                 params.cmdname, datafile);
 657                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 658                 }
 659
 660                 for (p = ptr; p < ptr + tparams->header_size; p++) {
 661                         if ( *p != 0xff ) {
 662                                 fprintf (stderr,
 663                                         "%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
 664                                         params.cmdname, datafile);
 665                                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 666                         }
 667                 }
 668
 669                 offset = tparams->header_size;
 670         }
 671
 672         size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
 673         if (write(ifd, ptr + offset, size) != size) {
 674                 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 675                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
 676                 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 677         }
 678
 679         tail = size % 4;
 680         if ((pad == 1) && (tail != 0)) {
 681
 682                 if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
 683                         fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 684                                 params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 685                                 strerror(errno));
 686                         exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 687                 }
 688         } else if (pad > 1) {
 689                 while (pad > 0) {
 690                         int todo = sizeof(zeros);
 691
 692                         if (todo > pad)
 693                                 todo = pad;
 694                         if (write(ifd, (char *)&zeros, todo) != todo) {
 695                                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 696                                         params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
 697                                         strerror(errno));
 698                                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 699                         }
 700                         pad -= todo;
 701                 }
 702         }
 703
 704         (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
 705         (void) close (dfd);
 706 }