2 Copyright (c) 2014, Matthias Schiffer <mschiffer@universe-factory.net>
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30 Image generation tool for the TP-LINK SafeLoader as seen on
31 TP-LINK Pharos devices (CPE210/220/510/520)
46 #include <arpa/inet.h>
48 #include <sys/types.h>
54 #define ALIGN(x,a) ({ typeof(a) __a = (a); (((x) + __a - 1) & ~(__a - 1)); })
57 /** An image partition table entry */
58 struct image_partition_entry {
64 /** A flash partition table entry */
65 struct flash_partition_entry {
72 /** The content of the soft-version structure */
73 struct __attribute__((__packed__)) soft_version {
77 uint8_t version_major;
78 uint8_t version_minor;
79 uint8_t version_patch;
89 static const uint8_t jffs2_eof_mark[4] = {0xde, 0xad, 0xc0, 0xde};
95 Fortunately, TP-LINK seems to use the same salt for most devices which use
98 static const uint8_t md5_salt[16] = {
99 0x7a, 0x2b, 0x15, 0xed,
100 0x9b, 0x98, 0x59, 0x6d,
101 0xe5, 0x04, 0xab, 0x44,
102 0xac, 0x2a, 0x9f, 0x4e,
106 /** Vendor information for CPE210/220/510/520 */
107 static const unsigned char cpe510_vendor[] = "\x00\x00\x00\x1f""CPE510(TP-LINK|UN|N300-5):1.0\r\n";
111 The flash partition table for CPE210/220/510/520;
112 it is the same as the one used by the stock images.
114 static const struct flash_partition_entry cpe510_partitions[] = {
115 {"fs-uboot", 0x00000, 0x20000},
116 {"partition-table", 0x20000, 0x02000},
117 {"default-mac", 0x30000, 0x00020},
118 {"product-info", 0x31100, 0x00100},
119 {"signature", 0x32000, 0x00400},
120 {"os-image", 0x40000, 0x170000},
121 {"soft-version", 0x1b0000, 0x00100},
122 {"support-list", 0x1b1000, 0x00400},
123 {"file-system", 0x1c0000, 0x600000},
124 {"user-config", 0x7c0000, 0x10000},
125 {"default-config", 0x7d0000, 0x10000},
126 {"log", 0x7e0000, 0x10000},
127 {"radio", 0x7f0000, 0x10000},
132 The support list for CPE210/220/510/520
134 The stock images also contain strings for two more devices: BS510 and BS210.
135 At the moment, there exists no public information about these devices.
137 static const unsigned char cpe510_support_list[] =
138 "\x00\x00\x00\xc8\x00\x00\x00\x00"
140 "CPE510(TP-LINK|UN|N300-5):1.0\r\n"
141 "CPE520(TP-LINK|UN|N300-5):1.0\r\n"
142 "CPE210(TP-LINK|UN|N300-2):1.0\r\n"
143 "CPE220(TP-LINK|UN|N300-2):1.0\r\n"
147 /** Allocates a new image partition */
148 struct image_partition_entry alloc_image_partition(const char *name, size_t len) {
149 struct image_partition_entry entry = {name, len, malloc(len)};
151 error(1, errno, "malloc");
156 /** Frees an image partition */
157 void free_image_partition(struct image_partition_entry entry) {
161 /** Generates the partition-table partition */
162 struct image_partition_entry make_partition_table(const struct flash_partition_entry *p) {
163 struct image_partition_entry entry = alloc_image_partition("partition-table", 0x800);
165 char *s = (char *)entry.data, *end = (char *)(s+entry.size);
173 for (i = 0; p[i].name; i++) {
175 size_t w = snprintf(s, len, "partition %s base 0x%05x size 0x%05x\n", p[i].name, p[i].base, p[i].size);
178 error(1, 0, "flash partition table overflow?");
185 memset(s, 0xff, end-s);
191 /** Generates a binary-coded decimal representation of an integer in the range [0, 99] */
192 static inline uint8_t bcd(uint8_t v) {
193 return 0x10 * (v/10) + v%10;
197 /** Generates the soft-version partition */
198 struct image_partition_entry make_soft_version(uint32_t rev) {
199 struct image_partition_entry entry = alloc_image_partition("soft-version", sizeof(struct soft_version));
200 struct soft_version *s = (struct soft_version *)entry.data;
203 if (time(&t) == (time_t)(-1))
204 error(1, errno, "time");
206 struct tm *tm = localtime(&t);
208 s->magic = htonl(0x0000000c);
212 s->version_major = 0;
213 s->version_minor = 0;
214 s->version_patch = 0;
216 s->year_hi = bcd((1900+tm->tm_year)/100);
217 s->year_lo = bcd(tm->tm_year%100);
218 s->month = bcd(tm->tm_mon+1);
219 s->day = bcd(tm->tm_mday);
227 /** Generates the support-list partition */
228 struct image_partition_entry make_support_list(const unsigned char *support_list, size_t len) {
229 struct image_partition_entry entry = alloc_image_partition("support-list", len);
230 memcpy(entry.data, support_list, len);
234 /** Creates a new image partition with an arbitrary name from a file */
235 struct image_partition_entry read_file(const char *part_name, const char *filename, bool add_jffs2_eof) {
238 if (stat(filename, &statbuf) < 0)
239 error(1, errno, "unable to stat file `%s'", filename);
241 size_t len = statbuf.st_size;
244 len = ALIGN(len, 0x10000) + sizeof(jffs2_eof_mark);
246 struct image_partition_entry entry = alloc_image_partition(part_name, len);
248 FILE *file = fopen(filename, "rb");
250 error(1, errno, "unable to open file `%s'", filename);
252 if (fread(entry.data, statbuf.st_size, 1, file) != 1)
253 error(1, errno, "unable to read file `%s'", filename);
256 uint8_t *eof = entry.data + statbuf.st_size, *end = entry.data+entry.size;
258 memset(eof, 0xff, end - eof - sizeof(jffs2_eof_mark));
259 memcpy(end - sizeof(jffs2_eof_mark), jffs2_eof_mark, sizeof(jffs2_eof_mark));
269 Copies a list of image partitions into an image buffer and generates the image partition table while doing so
271 Example image partition table:
273 fwup-ptn partition-table base 0x00800 size 0x00800
274 fwup-ptn os-image base 0x01000 size 0x113b45
275 fwup-ptn file-system base 0x114b45 size 0x1d0004
276 fwup-ptn support-list base 0x2e4b49 size 0x000d1
278 Each line of the partition table is terminated with the bytes 09 0d 0a ("\t\r\n"),
279 the end of the partition table is marked with a zero byte.
281 The firmware image must contain at least the partition-table and support-list partitions
282 to be accepted. There aren't any alignment constraints for the image partitions.
284 The partition-table partition contains the actual flash layout; partitions
285 from the image partition table are mapped to the corresponding flash partitions during
286 the firmware upgrade. The support-list partition contains a list of devices supported by
289 The base offsets in the firmware partition table are relative to the end
290 of the vendor information block, so the partition-table partition will
291 actually start at offset 0x1814 of the image.
293 I think partition-table must be the first partition in the firmware image.
295 void put_partitions(uint8_t *buffer, const struct image_partition_entry *parts) {
297 char *image_pt = (char *)buffer, *end = image_pt + 0x800;
300 for (i = 0; parts[i].name; i++) {
301 memcpy(buffer + base, parts[i].data, parts[i].size);
303 size_t len = end-image_pt;
304 size_t w = snprintf(image_pt, len, "fwup-ptn %s base 0x%05x size 0x%05x\t\r\n", parts[i].name, (unsigned)base, (unsigned)parts[i].size);
307 error(1, 0, "image partition table overflow?");
311 base += parts[i].size;
316 memset(image_pt, 0xff, end-image_pt);
319 /** Generates and writes the image MD5 checksum */
320 void put_md5(uint8_t *md5, uint8_t *buffer, unsigned int len) {
324 MD5_Update(&ctx, md5_salt, (unsigned int)sizeof(md5_salt));
325 MD5_Update(&ctx, buffer, len);
326 MD5_Final(md5, &ctx);
331 Generates the firmware image in factory format
337 0000-0003 Image size (4 bytes, big endian)
338 0004-0013 MD5 hash (hash of a 16 byte salt and the image data starting with byte 0x14)
339 0014-1013 Vendor information (4096 bytes, padded with 0xff; there seem to be older
340 (VxWorks-based) TP-LINK devices which use a smaller vendor information block)
341 1014-1813 Image partition table (2048 bytes, padded with 0xff)
342 1814-xxxx Firmware partitions
344 void * generate_factory_image(const unsigned char *vendor, size_t vendor_len, const struct image_partition_entry *parts, size_t *len) {
348 for (i = 0; parts[i].name; i++)
349 *len += parts[i].size;
351 uint8_t *image = malloc(*len);
353 error(1, errno, "malloc");
355 image[0] = *len >> 24;
356 image[1] = *len >> 16;
357 image[2] = *len >> 8;
360 memcpy(image+0x14, vendor, vendor_len);
361 memset(image+0x14+vendor_len, 0xff, 4096-vendor_len);
363 put_partitions(image + 0x1014, parts);
364 put_md5(image+0x04, image+0x14, *len-0x14);
370 Generates the firmware image in sysupgrade format
372 This makes some assumptions about the provided flash and image partition tables and
373 should be generalized when TP-LINK starts building its safeloader into hardware with
374 different flash layouts.
376 void * generate_sysupgrade_image(const struct flash_partition_entry *flash_parts, const struct image_partition_entry *image_parts, size_t *len) {
377 const struct flash_partition_entry *flash_os_image = &flash_parts[5];
378 const struct flash_partition_entry *flash_soft_version = &flash_parts[6];
379 const struct flash_partition_entry *flash_support_list = &flash_parts[7];
380 const struct flash_partition_entry *flash_file_system = &flash_parts[8];
382 const struct image_partition_entry *image_os_image = &image_parts[3];
383 const struct image_partition_entry *image_soft_version = &image_parts[1];
384 const struct image_partition_entry *image_support_list = &image_parts[2];
385 const struct image_partition_entry *image_file_system = &image_parts[4];
387 assert(strcmp(flash_os_image->name, "os-image") == 0);
388 assert(strcmp(flash_soft_version->name, "soft-version") == 0);
389 assert(strcmp(flash_support_list->name, "support-list") == 0);
390 assert(strcmp(flash_file_system->name, "file-system") == 0);
392 assert(strcmp(image_os_image->name, "os-image") == 0);
393 assert(strcmp(image_soft_version->name, "soft-version") == 0);
394 assert(strcmp(image_support_list->name, "support-list") == 0);
395 assert(strcmp(image_file_system->name, "file-system") == 0);
397 if (image_os_image->size > flash_os_image->size)
398 error(1, 0, "kernel image too big (more than %u bytes)", (unsigned)flash_os_image->size);
399 if (image_file_system->size > flash_file_system->size)
400 error(1, 0, "rootfs image too big (more than %u bytes)", (unsigned)flash_file_system->size);
402 *len = flash_file_system->base - flash_os_image->base + image_file_system->size;
404 uint8_t *image = malloc(*len);
406 error(1, errno, "malloc");
408 memset(image, 0xff, *len);
410 memcpy(image, image_os_image->data, image_os_image->size);
411 memcpy(image + flash_soft_version->base - flash_os_image->base, image_soft_version->data, image_soft_version->size);
412 memcpy(image + flash_support_list->base - flash_os_image->base, image_support_list->data, image_support_list->size);
413 memcpy(image + flash_file_system->base - flash_os_image->base, image_file_system->data, image_file_system->size);
419 /** Generates an image for CPE210/220/510/520 and writes it to a file */
420 static void do_cpe510(const char *output, const char *kernel_image, const char *rootfs_image, uint32_t rev, bool add_jffs2_eof, bool sysupgrade) {
421 struct image_partition_entry parts[6] = {};
423 parts[0] = make_partition_table(cpe510_partitions);
424 parts[1] = make_soft_version(rev);
425 parts[2] = make_support_list(cpe510_support_list, sizeof(cpe510_support_list)-1);
426 parts[3] = read_file("os-image", kernel_image, false);
427 parts[4] = read_file("file-system", rootfs_image, add_jffs2_eof);
432 image = generate_sysupgrade_image(cpe510_partitions, parts, &len);
434 image = generate_factory_image(cpe510_vendor, sizeof(cpe510_vendor)-1, parts, &len);
436 FILE *file = fopen(output, "wb");
438 error(1, errno, "unable to open output file");
440 if (fwrite(image, len, 1, file) != 1)
441 error(1, 0, "unable to write output file");
448 for (i = 0; parts[i].name; i++)
449 free_image_partition(parts[i]);
454 void usage(const char *argv0) {
456 "Usage: %s [OPTIONS...]\n"
459 " -B <board> create image for the board specified with <board>\n"
460 " -k <file> read kernel image from the file <file>\n"
461 " -r <file> read rootfs image from the file <file>\n"
462 " -o <file> write output to the file <file>\n"
463 " -V <rev> sets the revision number to <rev>\n"
464 " -j add jffs2 end-of-filesystem markers\n"
465 " -S create sysupgrade instead of factory image\n"
466 " -h show this help\n",
472 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
473 const char *board = NULL, *kernel_image = NULL, *rootfs_image = NULL, *output = NULL;
474 bool add_jffs2_eof = false, sysupgrade = false;
480 c = getopt(argc, argv, "B:k:r:o:V:jSh");
490 kernel_image = optarg;
494 rootfs_image = optarg;
502 sscanf(optarg, "r%u", &rev);
506 add_jffs2_eof = true;
524 error(1, 0, "no board has been specified");
526 error(1, 0, "no kernel image has been specified");
528 error(1, 0, "no rootfs image has been specified");
530 error(1, 0, "no output filename has been specified");
532 if (strcmp(board, "CPE510") == 0)
533 do_cpe510(output, kernel_image, rootfs_image, rev, add_jffs2_eof, sysupgrade);
535 error(1, 0, "unsupported board %s", board);