1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 * (C) Copyright 2018 Simon Goldschmidt
12 static int check_lmb(struct unit_test_state *uts, struct lmb *lmb,
13 phys_addr_t ram_base, phys_size_t ram_size,
14 unsigned long num_reserved,
15 phys_addr_t base1, phys_size_t size1,
16 phys_addr_t base2, phys_size_t size2,
17 phys_addr_t base3, phys_size_t size3)
20 ut_asserteq(lmb->memory.cnt, 1);
21 ut_asserteq(lmb->memory.region[0].base, ram_base);
22 ut_asserteq(lmb->memory.region[0].size, ram_size);
25 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.cnt, num_reserved);
26 if (num_reserved > 0) {
27 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[0].base, base1);
28 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[0].size, size1);
30 if (num_reserved > 1) {
31 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[1].base, base2);
32 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[1].size, size2);
34 if (num_reserved > 2) {
35 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[2].base, base3);
36 ut_asserteq(lmb->reserved.region[2].size, size3);
41 #define ASSERT_LMB(lmb, ram_base, ram_size, num_reserved, base1, size1, \
42 base2, size2, base3, size3) \
43 ut_assert(!check_lmb(uts, lmb, ram_base, ram_size, \
44 num_reserved, base1, size1, base2, size2, base3, \
48 * Test helper function that reserves 64 KiB somewhere in the simulated RAM and
49 * then does some alloc + free tests.
51 static int test_multi_alloc(struct unit_test_state *uts, const phys_addr_t ram,
52 const phys_size_t ram_size, const phys_addr_t ram0,
53 const phys_size_t ram0_size,
54 const phys_addr_t alloc_64k_addr)
56 const phys_addr_t ram_end = ram + ram_size;
57 const phys_addr_t alloc_64k_end = alloc_64k_addr + 0x10000;
61 phys_addr_t a, a2, b, b2, c, d;
63 /* check for overflow */
64 ut_assert(ram_end == 0 || ram_end > ram);
65 ut_assert(alloc_64k_end > alloc_64k_addr);
66 /* check input addresses + size */
67 ut_assert(alloc_64k_addr >= ram + 8);
68 ut_assert(alloc_64k_end <= ram_end - 8);
73 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram0, ram0_size);
77 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
81 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.cnt, 2);
82 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].base, ram0);
83 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].size, ram0_size);
84 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[1].base, ram);
85 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[1].size, ram_size);
87 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.cnt, 1);
88 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].base, ram);
89 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].size, ram_size);
92 /* reserve 64KiB somewhere */
93 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000);
95 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 1, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
98 /* allocate somewhere, should be at the end of RAM */
99 a = lmb_alloc(&lmb, 4, 1);
100 ut_asserteq(a, ram_end - 4);
101 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
102 ram_end - 4, 4, 0, 0);
103 /* alloc below end of reserved region -> below reserved region */
104 b = lmb_alloc_base(&lmb, 4, 1, alloc_64k_end);
105 ut_asserteq(b, alloc_64k_addr - 4);
106 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
107 alloc_64k_addr - 4, 0x10000 + 4, ram_end - 4, 4, 0, 0);
110 c = lmb_alloc(&lmb, 4, 1);
111 ut_asserteq(c, ram_end - 8);
112 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
113 alloc_64k_addr - 4, 0x10000 + 4, ram_end - 8, 8, 0, 0);
114 d = lmb_alloc_base(&lmb, 4, 1, alloc_64k_end);
115 ut_asserteq(d, alloc_64k_addr - 8);
116 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
117 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 0x10000 + 8, ram_end - 8, 8, 0, 0);
119 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a, 4);
121 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
122 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 0x10000 + 8, ram_end - 8, 4, 0, 0);
123 /* allocate again to ensure we get the same address */
124 a2 = lmb_alloc(&lmb, 4, 1);
126 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
127 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 0x10000 + 8, ram_end - 8, 8, 0, 0);
128 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a2, 4);
130 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
131 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 0x10000 + 8, ram_end - 8, 4, 0, 0);
133 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, b, 4);
135 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 3,
136 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 4, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
138 /* allocate again to ensure we get the same address */
139 b2 = lmb_alloc_base(&lmb, 4, 1, alloc_64k_end);
141 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
142 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 0x10000 + 8, ram_end - 8, 4, 0, 0);
143 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, b2, 4);
145 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 3,
146 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 4, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
149 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, c, 4);
151 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 2,
152 alloc_64k_addr - 8, 4, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000, 0, 0);
153 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, d, 4);
155 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, 0, 0, 1, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
159 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.cnt, 2);
160 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].base, ram0);
161 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].size, ram0_size);
162 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[1].base, ram);
163 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[1].size, ram_size);
165 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.cnt, 1);
166 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].base, ram);
167 ut_asserteq(lmb.memory.region[0].size, ram_size);
173 static int test_multi_alloc_512mb(struct unit_test_state *uts,
174 const phys_addr_t ram)
176 return test_multi_alloc(uts, ram, 0x20000000, 0, 0, ram + 0x10000000);
179 static int test_multi_alloc_512mb_x2(struct unit_test_state *uts,
180 const phys_addr_t ram,
181 const phys_addr_t ram0)
183 return test_multi_alloc(uts, ram, 0x20000000, ram0, 0x20000000,
187 /* Create a memory region with one reserved region and allocate */
188 static int lib_test_lmb_simple(struct unit_test_state *uts)
192 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
193 ret = test_multi_alloc_512mb(uts, 0x40000000);
197 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
198 return test_multi_alloc_512mb(uts, 0xE0000000);
201 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_simple, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
203 /* Create two memory regions with one reserved region and allocate */
204 static int lib_test_lmb_simple_x2(struct unit_test_state *uts)
208 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 2GiB and 1 GiB */
209 ret = test_multi_alloc_512mb_x2(uts, 0x80000000, 0x40000000);
213 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 3.5GiB and 1 GiB */
214 return test_multi_alloc_512mb_x2(uts, 0xE0000000, 0x40000000);
217 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_simple_x2, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
219 /* Simulate 512 MiB RAM, allocate some blocks that fit/don't fit */
220 static int test_bigblock(struct unit_test_state *uts, const phys_addr_t ram)
222 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
223 const phys_size_t big_block_size = 0x10000000;
224 const phys_addr_t ram_end = ram + ram_size;
225 const phys_addr_t alloc_64k_addr = ram + 0x10000000;
230 /* check for overflow */
231 ut_assert(ram_end == 0 || ram_end > ram);
235 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
238 /* reserve 64KiB in the middle of RAM */
239 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000);
241 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
244 /* allocate a big block, should be below reserved */
245 a = lmb_alloc(&lmb, big_block_size, 1);
247 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, a,
248 big_block_size + 0x10000, 0, 0, 0, 0);
249 /* allocate 2nd big block */
250 /* This should fail, printing an error */
251 b = lmb_alloc(&lmb, big_block_size, 1);
253 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, a,
254 big_block_size + 0x10000, 0, 0, 0, 0);
256 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a, big_block_size);
258 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
261 /* allocate too big block */
262 /* This should fail, printing an error */
263 a = lmb_alloc(&lmb, ram_size, 1);
265 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, alloc_64k_addr, 0x10000,
271 static int lib_test_lmb_big(struct unit_test_state *uts)
275 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
276 ret = test_bigblock(uts, 0x40000000);
280 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
281 return test_bigblock(uts, 0xE0000000);
284 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_big, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
286 /* Simulate 512 MiB RAM, allocate a block without previous reservation */
287 static int test_noreserved(struct unit_test_state *uts, const phys_addr_t ram,
288 const phys_addr_t alloc_size, const ulong align)
290 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
291 const phys_addr_t ram_end = ram + ram_size;
295 const phys_addr_t alloc_size_aligned = (alloc_size + align - 1) &
298 /* check for overflow */
299 ut_assert(ram_end == 0 || ram_end > ram);
303 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
305 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
307 /* allocate a block */
308 a = lmb_alloc(&lmb, alloc_size, align);
310 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram + ram_size - alloc_size_aligned,
311 alloc_size, 0, 0, 0, 0);
312 /* allocate another block */
313 b = lmb_alloc(&lmb, alloc_size, align);
315 if (alloc_size == alloc_size_aligned) {
316 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram + ram_size -
317 (alloc_size_aligned * 2), alloc_size * 2, 0, 0, 0,
320 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, ram + ram_size -
321 (alloc_size_aligned * 2), alloc_size, ram + ram_size
322 - alloc_size_aligned, alloc_size, 0, 0);
325 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, b, alloc_size);
327 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram + ram_size - alloc_size_aligned,
328 alloc_size, 0, 0, 0, 0);
329 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a, alloc_size);
331 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
333 /* allocate a block with base*/
334 b = lmb_alloc_base(&lmb, alloc_size, align, ram_end);
336 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram + ram_size - alloc_size_aligned,
337 alloc_size, 0, 0, 0, 0);
339 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, b, alloc_size);
341 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
346 static int lib_test_lmb_noreserved(struct unit_test_state *uts)
350 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
351 ret = test_noreserved(uts, 0x40000000, 4, 1);
355 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
356 return test_noreserved(uts, 0xE0000000, 4, 1);
359 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_noreserved, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
361 static int lib_test_lmb_unaligned_size(struct unit_test_state *uts)
365 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
366 ret = test_noreserved(uts, 0x40000000, 5, 8);
370 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
371 return test_noreserved(uts, 0xE0000000, 5, 8);
374 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_unaligned_size, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
376 * Simulate a RAM that starts at 0 and allocate down to address 0, which must
377 * fail as '0' means failure for the lmb_alloc functions.
379 static int lib_test_lmb_at_0(struct unit_test_state *uts)
381 const phys_addr_t ram = 0;
382 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
389 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
392 /* allocate nearly everything */
393 a = lmb_alloc(&lmb, ram_size - 4, 1);
394 ut_asserteq(a, ram + 4);
395 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, a, ram_size - 4,
397 /* allocate the rest */
398 /* This should fail as the allocated address would be 0 */
399 b = lmb_alloc(&lmb, 4, 1);
401 /* check that this was an error by checking lmb */
402 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, a, ram_size - 4,
404 /* check that this was an error by freeing b */
405 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, b, 4);
406 ut_asserteq(ret, -1);
407 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, a, ram_size - 4,
410 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a, ram_size - 4);
412 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
417 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_at_0, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
419 /* Check that calling lmb_reserve with overlapping regions fails. */
420 static int lib_test_lmb_overlapping_reserve(struct unit_test_state *uts)
422 const phys_addr_t ram = 0x40000000;
423 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
429 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
432 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, 0x40010000, 0x10000);
434 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, 0x40010000, 0x10000,
436 /* allocate overlapping region should fail */
437 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, 0x40011000, 0x10000);
438 ut_asserteq(ret, -1);
439 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, 0x40010000, 0x10000,
441 /* allocate 3nd region */
442 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, 0x40030000, 0x10000);
444 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, 0x40010000, 0x10000,
445 0x40030000, 0x10000, 0, 0);
446 /* allocate 2nd region */
447 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, 0x40020000, 0x10000);
449 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, 0x40010000, 0x30000,
455 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_overlapping_reserve,
456 DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
459 * Simulate 512 MiB RAM, reserve 3 blocks, allocate addresses in between.
460 * Expect addresses outside the memory range to fail.
462 static int test_alloc_addr(struct unit_test_state *uts, const phys_addr_t ram)
464 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
465 const phys_addr_t ram_end = ram + ram_size;
466 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_a = ram + 0x8000000;
467 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_b = ram + 0x8000000 * 2;
468 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_c = ram + 0x8000000 * 3;
471 phys_addr_t a, b, c, d, e;
473 /* check for overflow */
474 ut_assert(ram_end == 0 || ram_end > ram);
478 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
481 /* reserve 3 blocks */
482 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_a, 0x10000);
484 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_b, 0x10000);
486 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_c, 0x10000);
488 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 3, alloc_addr_a, 0x10000,
489 alloc_addr_b, 0x10000, alloc_addr_c, 0x10000);
491 /* allocate blocks */
492 a = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram, alloc_addr_a - ram);
494 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 3, ram, 0x8010000,
495 alloc_addr_b, 0x10000, alloc_addr_c, 0x10000);
496 b = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, alloc_addr_a + 0x10000,
497 alloc_addr_b - alloc_addr_a - 0x10000);
498 ut_asserteq(b, alloc_addr_a + 0x10000);
499 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, ram, 0x10010000,
500 alloc_addr_c, 0x10000, 0, 0);
501 c = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, alloc_addr_b + 0x10000,
502 alloc_addr_c - alloc_addr_b - 0x10000);
503 ut_asserteq(c, alloc_addr_b + 0x10000);
504 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, 0x18010000,
506 d = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, alloc_addr_c + 0x10000,
507 ram_end - alloc_addr_c - 0x10000);
508 ut_asserteq(d, alloc_addr_c + 0x10000);
509 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, ram_size,
512 /* allocating anything else should fail */
513 e = lmb_alloc(&lmb, 1, 1);
515 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, ram_size,
518 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, d, ram_end - alloc_addr_c - 0x10000);
521 /* allocate at 3 points in free range */
523 d = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram_end - 4, 4);
524 ut_asserteq(d, ram_end - 4);
525 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, ram, 0x18010000,
527 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, d, 4);
529 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, 0x18010000,
532 d = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram_end - 128, 4);
533 ut_asserteq(d, ram_end - 128);
534 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, ram, 0x18010000,
536 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, d, 4);
538 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, 0x18010000,
541 d = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, alloc_addr_c + 0x10000, 4);
542 ut_asserteq(d, alloc_addr_c + 0x10000);
543 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, 0x18010004,
545 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, d, 4);
547 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram, 0x18010000,
550 /* allocate at the bottom */
551 ret = lmb_free(&lmb, a, alloc_addr_a - ram);
553 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 1, ram + 0x8000000, 0x10010000,
555 d = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram, 4);
557 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 2, d, 4,
558 ram + 0x8000000, 0x10010000, 0, 0);
560 /* check that allocating outside memory fails */
562 ret = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram_end, 1);
566 ret = lmb_alloc_addr(&lmb, ram - 1, 1);
573 static int lib_test_lmb_alloc_addr(struct unit_test_state *uts)
577 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
578 ret = test_alloc_addr(uts, 0x40000000);
582 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
583 return test_alloc_addr(uts, 0xE0000000);
586 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_alloc_addr, DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
588 /* Simulate 512 MiB RAM, reserve 3 blocks, check addresses in between */
589 static int test_get_unreserved_size(struct unit_test_state *uts,
590 const phys_addr_t ram)
592 const phys_size_t ram_size = 0x20000000;
593 const phys_addr_t ram_end = ram + ram_size;
594 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_a = ram + 0x8000000;
595 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_b = ram + 0x8000000 * 2;
596 const phys_size_t alloc_addr_c = ram + 0x8000000 * 3;
601 /* check for overflow */
602 ut_assert(ram_end == 0 || ram_end > ram);
606 ret = lmb_add(&lmb, ram, ram_size);
609 /* reserve 3 blocks */
610 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_a, 0x10000);
612 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_b, 0x10000);
614 ret = lmb_reserve(&lmb, alloc_addr_c, 0x10000);
616 ASSERT_LMB(&lmb, ram, ram_size, 3, alloc_addr_a, 0x10000,
617 alloc_addr_b, 0x10000, alloc_addr_c, 0x10000);
619 /* check addresses in between blocks */
620 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, ram);
621 ut_asserteq(s, alloc_addr_a - ram);
622 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, ram + 0x10000);
623 ut_asserteq(s, alloc_addr_a - ram - 0x10000);
624 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_a - 4);
627 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_a + 0x10000);
628 ut_asserteq(s, alloc_addr_b - alloc_addr_a - 0x10000);
629 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_a + 0x20000);
630 ut_asserteq(s, alloc_addr_b - alloc_addr_a - 0x20000);
631 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_b - 4);
634 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_c + 0x10000);
635 ut_asserteq(s, ram_end - alloc_addr_c - 0x10000);
636 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, alloc_addr_c + 0x20000);
637 ut_asserteq(s, ram_end - alloc_addr_c - 0x20000);
638 s = lmb_get_free_size(&lmb, ram_end - 4);
644 static int lib_test_lmb_get_free_size(struct unit_test_state *uts)
648 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1GiB */
649 ret = test_get_unreserved_size(uts, 0x40000000);
653 /* simulate 512 MiB RAM beginning at 1.5GiB */
654 return test_get_unreserved_size(uts, 0xE0000000);
657 DM_TEST(lib_test_lmb_get_free_size,
658 DM_TESTF_SCAN_PDATA | DM_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);