src/fs/fs_test_lib.c

   1 /*
   2      This file is part of GNUnet.
   3      (C) 2010 Christian Grothoff (and other contributing authors)
   4
   5      GNUnet is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   6      it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
   7      by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your
   8      option) any later version.
   9
  10      GNUnet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  11      WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12      MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  13      General Public License for more details.
  14
  15      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16      along with GNUnet; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
  17      Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
  18      Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
  19 */
  20
  21 /**
  22  * @file fs/fs_test_lib.c
  23  * @brief library routines for testing FS publishing and downloading
  24  *        with multiple peers; this code is limited to flat files
  25  *        and no keywords (those functions can be tested with
  26  *        single-peer setups; this is for testing routing).
  27  * @author Christian Grothoff
  28  */
  29 #include "platform.h"
  30 #include "fs_test_lib.h"
  31 #include "gnunet_testing_lib.h"
  32
  33 #define CONNECT_ATTEMPTS 4
  34
  35 /**
  36  * Handle for a daemon started for testing FS.
  37  */
  38 struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon
  39 {
  40
  41   /**
  42    * Handle to the file sharing context using this daemon.
  43    */
  44   struct GNUNET_FS_Handle *fs;
  45
  46   /**
  47    * Handle to the daemon via testing.
  48    */
  49   struct GNUNET_TESTING_Daemon *daemon;
  50
  51   /**
  52    * Note that 'group' will be the same value for all of the
  53    * daemons started jointly.
  54    */
  55   struct GNUNET_TESTING_PeerGroup *group;
  56
  57   /**
  58    * Configuration for accessing this peer.
  59    */
  60   struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg;
  61
  62   /**
  63    * ID of this peer.
  64    */
  65   struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity id;
  66
  67   /**
  68    * Scheduler to use (for publish_cont).
  69    */
  70   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *publish_sched;
  71
  72   /**
  73    * Function to call when upload is done.
  74    */
  75   GNUNET_FS_TEST_UriContinuation publish_cont;
  76
  77   /**
  78    * Closure for publish_cont.
  79    */
  80   void *publish_cont_cls;
  81
  82   /**
  83    * Task to abort publishing (timeout).
  84    */
  85   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskIdentifier publish_timeout_task;
  86
  87   /**
  88    * Seed for file generation.
  89    */
  90   uint32_t publish_seed;
  91
  92   /**
  93    * Context for current publishing operation.
  94    */
  95   struct GNUNET_FS_PublishContext *publish_context;
  96
  97   /**
  98    * Result URI.
  99    */
 100   struct GNUNET_FS_Uri *publish_uri;
 101
 102   /**
 103    * Scheduler to use (for download_cont).
 104    */
 105   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *download_sched;
 106
 107   /**
 108    * Function to call when download is done.
 109    */
 110   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task download_cont;
 111
 112   /**
 113    * Closure for download_cont.
 114    */
 115   void *download_cont_cls;
 116
 117   /**
 118    * Seed for download verification.
 119    */
 120   uint32_t download_seed;
 121
 122   /**
 123    * Task to abort downloading (timeout).
 124    */
 125   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskIdentifier download_timeout_task;
 126
 127   /**
 128    * Context for current download operation.
 129    */
 130   struct GNUNET_FS_DownloadContext *download_context;
 131
 132   /**
 133    * Verbosity level of the current operation.
 134    */
 135   int verbose;
 136
 137
 138 };
 139
 140
 141 static void
 142 report_uri (void *cls,
 143             const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
 144 {
 145   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 146   GNUNET_FS_TEST_UriContinuation cont;
 147   struct GNUNET_FS_Uri *uri;
 148
 149   GNUNET_FS_publish_stop (daemon->publish_context);
 150   daemon->publish_context = NULL;
 151   daemon->publish_sched = NULL;
 152   cont = daemon->publish_cont;
 153   daemon->publish_cont = NULL;
 154   uri = daemon->publish_uri;
 155   cont (daemon->publish_cont_cls,
 156         uri);
 157   GNUNET_FS_uri_destroy (uri);
 158 }
 159
 160
 161 static void
 162 report_success (void *cls,
 163                 const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
 164 {
 165   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 166
 167   GNUNET_FS_download_stop (daemon->download_context, GNUNET_YES);
 168   daemon->download_context = NULL;
 169   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (daemon->download_sched,
 170                                      daemon->download_cont,
 171                                      daemon->download_cont_cls,
 172                                      GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE);
 173   daemon->download_cont = NULL;
 174   daemon->download_sched = NULL;
 175 }
 176
 177 static void*
 178 progress_cb (void *cls,
 179              const struct GNUNET_FS_ProgressInfo *info)
 180 {
 181   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 182
 183   switch (info->status)
 184     {
 185     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_PUBLISH_COMPLETED:
 186       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (daemon->publish_sched,
 187                                daemon->publish_timeout_task);
 188       daemon->publish_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_NO_TASK;
 189       daemon->publish_uri = GNUNET_FS_uri_dup (info->value.publish.specifics.completed.chk_uri);
 190       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (daemon->publish_sched,
 191                                          &report_uri,
 192                                          daemon,
 193                                          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE);
 194       break;
 195     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_PUBLISH_PROGRESS:
 196       if (daemon->verbose)
 197         GNUNET_log (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_INFO,
 198                     "Publishing at %llu/%llu bytes\n",
 199                     (unsigned long long) info->value.publish.completed,
 200                     (unsigned long long) info->value.publish.size);
 201       break;
 202     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_DOWNLOAD_PROGRESS:
 203       if (daemon->verbose)
 204         GNUNET_log (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_INFO,
 205                     "Download at %llu/%llu bytes\n",
 206                     (unsigned long long) info->value.download.completed,
 207                     (unsigned long long) info->value.download.size);
 208       break;
 209     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETED:
 210       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (daemon->download_sched,
 211                                daemon->download_timeout_task);
 212       daemon->download_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_NO_TASK;
 213       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (daemon->download_sched,
 214                                          &report_success,
 215                                          daemon,
 216                                          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE);
 217       break;
 218     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_DOWNLOAD_ACTIVE:
 219     case GNUNET_FS_STATUS_DOWNLOAD_INACTIVE:
 220       break;
 221       /* FIXME: monitor data correctness during download progress */
 222       /* FIXME: do performance reports given sufficient verbosity */
 223       /* FIXME: advance timeout task to "immediate" on error */
 224     default:
 225       break;
 226     }
 227   return NULL;
 228 }
 229
 230
 231
 232 struct StartContext
 233 {
 234   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched;
 235   struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout;
 236   unsigned int total;
 237   unsigned int have;
 238   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon **daemons;
 239   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task cont;
 240   void *cont_cls;
 241   struct GNUNET_TESTING_PeerGroup *group;
 242   struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg;
 243   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskIdentifier timeout_task;
 244 };
 245
 246
 247 static void
 248 notify_running (void *cls,
 249                 const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *id,
 250                 const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg,
 251                 struct GNUNET_TESTING_Daemon *d,
 252                 const char *emsg)
 253 {
 254   struct StartContext *sctx = cls;
 255   unsigned int i;
 256
 257   if (emsg != NULL)
 258     {
 259       GNUNET_log (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_ERROR,
 260                   _("Failed to start daemon: %s\n"),
 261                   emsg);
 262       return;
 263     }
 264   GNUNET_assert (sctx->have < sctx->total);
 265   sctx->daemons[sctx->have]->cfg = GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_dup (cfg);
 266   sctx->daemons[sctx->have]->group = sctx->group;
 267   sctx->daemons[sctx->have]->daemon = d;
 268   sctx->daemons[sctx->have]->id = *id;
 269   sctx->have++;
 270   if (sctx->have == sctx->total)
 271     {
 272       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (sctx->sched,
 273                                          sctx->cont,
 274                                          sctx->cont_cls,
 275                                          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE);
 276       GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_destroy (sctx->cfg);
 277       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_cancel (sctx->sched,
 278                                sctx->timeout_task);
 279       for (i=0;i<sctx->total;i++)
 280         sctx->daemons[i]->fs = GNUNET_FS_start (sctx->sched,
 281                                                 sctx->daemons[i]->cfg,
 282                                                 "<tester>",
 283                                                 &progress_cb,
 284                                                 sctx->daemons[i],
 285                                                 GNUNET_FS_FLAGS_NONE,
 286                                                 GNUNET_FS_OPTIONS_END);
 287       GNUNET_free (sctx);
 288     }
 289 }
 290
 291
 292 static void
 293 start_timeout (void *cls,
 294                const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
 295 {
 296   struct StartContext *sctx = cls;
 297   unsigned int i;
 298
 299   GNUNET_TESTING_daemons_stop (sctx->group, GNUNET_TIME_relative_multiply(GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_SECONDS, 30));
 300   for (i=0;i<sctx->total;i++)
 301     {
 302       if (i < sctx->have)
 303         GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_destroy (sctx->daemons[i]->cfg);
 304       GNUNET_free (sctx->daemons[i]);
 305     }
 306   GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_destroy (sctx->cfg);
 307   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (sctx->sched,
 308                                      sctx->cont,
 309                                      sctx->cont_cls,
 310                                      GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT);
 311   GNUNET_free (sctx);
 312 }
 313
 314
 315 /**
 316  * Start daemons for testing.
 317  *
 318  * @param sched scheduler to use
 319  * @param template_cfg_file configuration template to use
 320  * @param timeout if this operation cannot be completed within the
 321  *                given period, call the continuation with an error code
 322  * @param total number of daemons to start
 323  * @param daemons array of 'total' entries to be initialized
 324  *                (array must already be allocated, will be filled)
 325  * @param cont function to call when done
 326  * @param cont_cls closure for cont
 327  */
 328 void
 329 GNUNET_FS_TEST_daemons_start (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched,
 330                               const char *template_cfg_file,
 331                               struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout,
 332                               unsigned int total,
 333                               struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon **daemons,
 334                               GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task cont,
 335                               void *cont_cls)
 336 {
 337   struct StartContext *sctx;
 338   unsigned int i;
 339
 340   GNUNET_assert (total > 0);
 341   sctx = GNUNET_malloc (sizeof (struct StartContext));
 342   sctx->sched = sched;
 343   sctx->daemons = daemons;
 344   sctx->total = total;
 345   sctx->cont = cont;
 346   sctx->cont_cls = cont_cls;
 347   sctx->cfg = GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_create ();
 348   if (GNUNET_OK !=
 349       GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_load (sctx->cfg,
 350                                  template_cfg_file))
 351     {
 352       GNUNET_break (0);
 353       GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_destroy (sctx->cfg);
 354       GNUNET_free (sctx);
 355       GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (sched,
 356                                          cont,
 357                                          cont_cls,
 358                                          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT);
 359       return;
 360     }
 361   for (i=0;i<total;i++)
 362     daemons[i] = GNUNET_malloc (sizeof (struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon));
 363   sctx->group = GNUNET_TESTING_daemons_start (sched,
 364                                               sctx->cfg,
 365                                               total,
 366                                               timeout,
 367                                               NULL,
 368                                               NULL,
 369                                               &notify_running,
 370                                               sctx,
 371                                               NULL, NULL,
 372                                               NULL);
 373   sctx->timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed (sched,
 374                                                      timeout,
 375                                                      &start_timeout,
 376                                                      sctx);
 377 }
 378
 379
 380 struct ConnectContext
 381 {
 382   struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched;
 383   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task cont;
 384   void *cont_cls;
 385 };
 386
 387
 388 static void
 389 notify_connection (void *cls,
 390                    const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *first,
 391                    const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *second,
 392                    const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *first_cfg,
 393                    const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *second_cfg,
 394                    struct GNUNET_TESTING_Daemon *first_daemon,
 395                    struct GNUNET_TESTING_Daemon *second_daemon,
 396                    const char *emsg)
 397 {
 398   struct ConnectContext *cc = cls;
 399
 400   if (emsg != NULL)
 401     GNUNET_log (GNUNET_ERROR_TYPE_WARNING,
 402                 _("Failed to connect peers: %s\n"),
 403                 emsg);
 404   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (cc->sched,
 405                                      cc->cont,
 406                                      cc->cont_cls,
 407                                      (emsg != NULL)
 408                                      ? GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT
 409                                      : GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_PREREQ_DONE);
 410   GNUNET_free (cc);
 411 }
 412
 413
 414 /**
 415  * Connect two daemons for testing.
 416  *
 417  * @param sched scheduler to use
 418  * @param daemon1 first daemon to connect
 419  * @param daemon2 second first daemon to connect
 420  * @param timeout if this operation cannot be completed within the
 421  *                given period, call the continuation with an error code
 422  * @param cont function to call when done
 423  * @param cont_cls closure for cont
 424  */
 425 void
 426 GNUNET_FS_TEST_daemons_connect (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched,
 427                                 struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon1,
 428                                 struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon2,
 429                                 struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout,
 430                                 GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task cont,
 431                                 void *cont_cls)
 432 {
 433   struct ConnectContext *ncc;
 434
 435   ncc = GNUNET_malloc (sizeof (struct ConnectContext));
 436   ncc->sched = sched;
 437   ncc->cont = cont;
 438   ncc->cont_cls = cont_cls;
 439   GNUNET_TESTING_daemons_connect (daemon1->daemon,
 440                                   daemon2->daemon,
 441                                   timeout,
 442                                   CONNECT_ATTEMPTS,
 443                                   &notify_connection,
 444                                   ncc);
 445 }
 446
 447
 448 /**
 449  * Obtain peer group used for testing.
 450  *
 451  * @param daemons array with the daemons (must contain at least one)
 452  * @return peer group
 453  */
 454 struct GNUNET_TESTING_PeerGroup *
 455 GNUNET_FS_TEST_get_group (struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon **daemons)
 456 {
 457   return daemons[0]->group;
 458 }
 459
 460
 461 /**
 462  * Stop daemons used for testing.
 463  *
 464  * @param sched scheduler to use
 465  * @param total number of daemons to stop
 466  * @param daemons array with the daemons (values will be clobbered)
 467  */
 468 void
 469 GNUNET_FS_TEST_daemons_stop (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched,
 470                              unsigned int total,
 471                              struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon **daemons)
 472 {
 473   unsigned int i;
 474   struct GNUNET_TESTING_PeerGroup *pg;
 475
 476   GNUNET_assert (total > 0);
 477   pg = daemons[0]->group;
 478   for (i=0;i<total;i++)
 479     {
 480       GNUNET_FS_stop (daemons[i]->fs);
 481       GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_destroy (daemons[i]->cfg);
 482       GNUNET_free (daemons[i]);
 483       daemons[i] = NULL;
 484     }
 485   GNUNET_TESTING_daemons_stop (pg, GNUNET_TIME_relative_multiply(GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_SECONDS, 30));
 486 }
 487
 488
 489 static void
 490 publish_timeout (void *cls,
 491                  const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
 492 {
 493   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 494   GNUNET_FS_TEST_UriContinuation cont;
 495
 496   cont = daemon->publish_cont;
 497   daemon->publish_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_NO_TASK;
 498   daemon->publish_cont = NULL;
 499   GNUNET_FS_publish_stop (daemon->publish_context);
 500   daemon->publish_context = NULL;
 501   cont (daemon->publish_cont_cls,
 502         NULL);
 503 }
 504
 505
 506 static size_t
 507 file_generator (void *cls,
 508                 uint64_t offset,
 509                 size_t max,
 510                 void *buf,
 511                 char **emsg)
 512 {
 513   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 514   uint64_t pos;
 515   uint8_t *cbuf = buf;
 516   int mod;
 517
 518   for (pos=0;pos<max;pos++)
 519     {
 520       mod = (255 - (offset / 1024 / 32));
 521       if (mod == 0)
 522         mod = 1;
 523       cbuf[pos] = (uint8_t) ((offset * daemon->publish_seed) % mod);
 524     }
 525   return max;
 526 }
 527
 528
 529
 530 /**
 531  * Publish a file at the given daemon.
 532  *
 533  * @param sched scheduler to use
 534  * @param daemon where to publish
 535  * @param timeout if this operation cannot be completed within the
 536  *                given period, call the continuation with an error code
 537  * @param anonymity option for publication
 538  * @param do_index GNUNET_YES for index, GNUNET_NO for insertion,
 539  *                GNUNET_SYSERR for simulation
 540  * @param size size of the file to publish
 541  * @param seed seed to use for file generation
 542  * @param verbose how verbose to be in reporting
 543  * @param cont function to call when done
 544  * @param cont_cls closure for cont
 545  */
 546 void
 547 GNUNET_FS_TEST_publish (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched,
 548                         struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon,
 549                         struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout,
 550                         uint32_t anonymity,
 551                         int do_index,
 552                         uint64_t size,
 553                         uint32_t seed,
 554                         unsigned int verbose,
 555                         GNUNET_FS_TEST_UriContinuation cont,
 556                         void *cont_cls)
 557 {
 558   GNUNET_assert (daemon->publish_cont == NULL);
 559   struct GNUNET_FS_FileInformation *fi;
 560
 561   daemon->publish_cont = cont;
 562   daemon->publish_cont_cls = cont_cls;
 563   daemon->publish_seed = seed;
 564   daemon->verbose = verbose;
 565   daemon->publish_sched = sched;
 566   fi = GNUNET_FS_file_information_create_from_reader (daemon->fs,
 567                                                       daemon,
 568                                                       size,
 569                                                       &file_generator,
 570                                                       daemon,
 571                                                       NULL,
 572                                                       NULL,
 573                                                       do_index,
 574                                                       anonymity,
 575                                                       42 /* priority */,
 576                                                       GNUNET_TIME_relative_to_absolute (GNUNET_TIME_UNIT_HOURS));
 577   daemon->publish_context = GNUNET_FS_publish_start (daemon->fs,
 578                                                      fi,
 579                                                      NULL, NULL, NULL,
 580                                                      GNUNET_FS_PUBLISH_OPTION_NONE);
 581   daemon->publish_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed (sched,
 582                                                                timeout,
 583                                                                &publish_timeout,
 584                                                                daemon);
 585 }
 586
 587
 588 static void
 589 download_timeout (void *cls,
 590                   const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
 591 {
 592   struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon = cls;
 593
 594   daemon->download_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_NO_TASK;
 595   GNUNET_FS_download_stop (daemon->download_context, GNUNET_YES);
 596   daemon->download_context = NULL;
 597   GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_continuation (daemon->download_sched,
 598                                      daemon->download_cont,
 599                                      daemon->download_cont_cls,
 600                                      GNUNET_SCHEDULER_REASON_TIMEOUT);
 601   daemon->download_cont = NULL;
 602   daemon->download_sched = NULL;
 603 }
 604
 605
 606 /**
 607  * Perform test download.
 608  *
 609  * @param sched scheduler to use
 610  * @param daemon which peer to download from
 611  * @param timeout if this operation cannot be completed within the
 612  *                given period, call the continuation with an error code
 613  * @param anonymity option for download
 614  * @param seed used for file validation
 615  * @param uri URI of file to download (CHK/LOC only)
 616  * @param verbose how verbose to be in reporting
 617  * @param cont function to call when done
 618  * @param cont_cls closure for cont
 619  */
 620 void
 621 GNUNET_FS_TEST_download (struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Handle *sched,
 622                          struct GNUNET_FS_TestDaemon *daemon,
 623                          struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout,
 624                          uint32_t anonymity,
 625                          uint32_t seed,
 626                          const struct GNUNET_FS_Uri *uri,
 627                          unsigned int verbose,
 628                          GNUNET_SCHEDULER_Task cont,
 629                          void *cont_cls)
 630 {
 631   uint64_t size;
 632
 633   GNUNET_assert (daemon->download_cont == NULL);
 634   size = GNUNET_FS_uri_chk_get_file_size (uri);
 635   daemon->verbose = verbose;
 636   daemon->download_sched = sched;
 637   daemon->download_cont = cont;
 638   daemon->download_cont_cls = cont_cls;
 639   daemon->download_seed = seed;
 640   daemon->download_context = GNUNET_FS_download_start (daemon->fs,
 641                                                        uri,
 642                                                        NULL, NULL,
 643                                                        NULL,
 644                                                        0,
 645                                                        size,
 646                                                        anonymity,
 647                                                        GNUNET_FS_DOWNLOAD_OPTION_NONE,
 648                                                        NULL,
 649                                                        NULL);
 650   daemon->download_timeout_task = GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_delayed (sched,
 651                                                                 timeout,
 652                                                                 &download_timeout,
 653                                                                 daemon);
 654 }
 655
 656 /* end of test_fs_lib.c */