1 /* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
3 * Mini ps implementation(s) for busybox
5 * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 by Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
6 * Fix for SELinux Support:(c)2007 Hiroshi Shinji <shiroshi@my.email.ne.jp>
7 * (c)2007 Yuichi Nakamura <ynakam@hitachisoft.jp>
9 * Licensed under GPLv2, see file LICENSE in this source tree.
12 //config: bool "ps (11 kb)"
15 //config: ps gives a snapshot of the current processes.
17 //config:config FEATURE_PS_WIDE
18 //config: bool "Enable wide output (-w)"
20 //config: depends on (PS || MINIPS) && !DESKTOP
22 //config: Support argument 'w' for wide output.
23 //config: If given once, 132 chars are printed, and if given more
24 //config: than once, the length is unlimited.
26 //config:config FEATURE_PS_LONG
27 //config: bool "Enable long output (-l)"
29 //config: depends on (PS || MINIPS) && !DESKTOP
31 //config: Support argument 'l' for long output.
32 //config: Adds fields PPID, RSS, START, TIME & TTY
34 //config:config FEATURE_PS_TIME
35 //config: bool "Enable -o time and -o etime specifiers"
37 //config: depends on (PS || MINIPS) && DESKTOP
38 //config: select PLATFORM_LINUX
40 //config:config FEATURE_PS_UNUSUAL_SYSTEMS
41 //config: bool "Support Linux prior to 2.4.0 and non-ELF systems"
43 //config: depends on FEATURE_PS_TIME
45 //config: Include support for measuring HZ on old kernels and non-ELF systems
46 //config: (if you are on Linux 2.4.0+ and use ELF, you don't need this)
48 //config:config FEATURE_PS_ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS
49 //config: bool "Enable -o rgroup, -o ruser, -o nice specifiers"
51 //config: depends on (PS || MINIPS) && DESKTOP
53 // APPLET_NOEXEC:name main location suid_type help
54 //applet:IF_PS( APPLET_NOEXEC(ps, ps, BB_DIR_BIN, BB_SUID_DROP, ps))
55 //applet:IF_MINIPS(APPLET_NOEXEC(minips, ps, BB_DIR_BIN, BB_SUID_DROP, ps))
57 //kbuild:lib-$(CONFIG_PS) += ps.o
58 //kbuild:lib-$(CONFIG_MINIPS) += ps.o
60 //usage:#if ENABLE_DESKTOP
62 //usage:#define ps_trivial_usage
63 //usage: "[-o COL1,COL2=HEADER]" IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS(" [-T]")
64 //usage:#define ps_full_usage "\n\n"
65 //usage: "Show list of processes\n"
66 //usage: "\n -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display"
67 //usage: IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS(
68 //usage: "\n -T Show threads"
71 //usage:#else /* !ENABLE_DESKTOP */
73 //usage:#if !ENABLE_SELINUX && !ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_WIDE
74 //usage:#define USAGE_PS "\nThis version of ps accepts no options"
76 //usage:#define USAGE_PS ""
79 //usage:#define ps_trivial_usage
81 //usage:#define ps_full_usage "\n\n"
82 //usage: "Show list of processes\n"
85 //usage: "\n -Z Show selinux context"
87 //usage: IF_FEATURE_PS_WIDE(
88 //usage: "\n w Wide output"
90 //usage: IF_FEATURE_PS_LONG(
91 //usage: "\n l Long output"
93 //usage: IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS(
94 //usage: "\n T Show threads"
97 //usage:#endif /* ENABLE_DESKTOP */
99 //usage:#define ps_example_usage
101 //usage: " PID Uid Gid State Command\n"
102 //usage: " 1 root root S init\n"
103 //usage: " 2 root root S [kflushd]\n"
104 //usage: " 3 root root S [kupdate]\n"
105 //usage: " 4 root root S [kpiod]\n"
106 //usage: " 5 root root S [kswapd]\n"
107 //usage: " 742 andersen andersen S [bash]\n"
108 //usage: " 743 andersen andersen S -bash\n"
109 //usage: " 745 root root S [getty]\n"
110 //usage: " 2990 andersen andersen R ps\n"
113 #include "common_bufsiz.h"
115 # include <sys/sysinfo.h>
118 /* Absolute maximum on output line length */
119 enum { MAX_WIDTH = 2*1024 };
121 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME || ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG
122 static unsigned long get_uptime(void)
126 if (sysinfo(&info) < 0)
130 unsigned long uptime;
131 char buf[sizeof(uptime)*3 + 2];
132 /* /proc/uptime is "UPTIME_SEC.NN IDLE_SEC.NN\n"
133 * (where IDLE is cumulative over all CPUs)
135 if (open_read_close("/proc/uptime", buf, sizeof(buf)) <= 0)
136 bb_perror_msg_and_die("can't read '%s'", "/proc/uptime");
137 buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = '\0';
138 sscanf(buf, "%lu", &uptime);
142 if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) < 0)
151 * http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/ps.html
152 * specifies (for XSI-conformant systems) following default columns
153 * (l and f mark columns shown with -l and -f respectively):
154 * F l Flags (octal and additive) associated with the process (??)
155 * S l The state of the process
156 * UID f,l The user ID; the login name is printed with -f
158 * PPID f,l The parent process
159 * C f,l Processor utilization
160 * PRI l The priority of the process; higher numbers mean lower priority
162 * ADDR l The address of the process
163 * SZ l The size in blocks of the core image of the process
164 * WCHAN l The event for which the process is waiting or sleeping
165 * STIME f Starting time of the process
166 * TTY The controlling terminal for the process
167 * TIME The cumulative execution time for the process
168 * CMD The command name; the full command line is shown with -f
174 void (*f)(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps);
184 unsigned terminal_width;
185 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
186 # if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_UNUSUAL_SYSTEMS || !defined(__linux__)
189 unsigned long seconds_since_boot;
192 #define G (*(struct globals*)bb_common_bufsiz1)
194 #define out_cnt (G.out_cnt )
195 #define print_header (G.print_header )
196 #define need_flags (G.need_flags )
197 #define buffer (G.buffer )
198 #define terminal_width (G.terminal_width )
199 #define INIT_G() do { setup_common_bufsiz(); } while (0)
201 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
202 # if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_UNUSUAL_SYSTEMS || !defined(__linux__)
203 # define get_kernel_HZ() (G.kernel_HZ)
205 /* non-ancient Linux standardized on 100 for "times" freq */
206 # define get_kernel_HZ() ((unsigned)100)
210 /* Print value to buf, max size+1 chars (including trailing '\0') */
212 static void func_user(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
215 safe_strncpy(buf, get_cached_username(ps->uid), size+1);
217 /* "compatible" version, but it's larger */
218 /* procps 2.18 shows numeric UID if name overflows the field */
219 /* TODO: get_cached_username() returns numeric string if
220 * user has no passwd record, we will display it
221 * left-justified here; too long usernames are shown
222 * as _right-justified_ IDs. Is it worth fixing? */
223 const char *user = get_cached_username(ps->uid);
224 if (strlen(user) <= size)
225 safe_strncpy(buf, user, size+1);
227 sprintf(buf, "%*u", size, (unsigned)ps->uid);
231 static void func_group(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
233 safe_strncpy(buf, get_cached_groupname(ps->gid), size+1);
236 static void func_comm(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
238 safe_strncpy(buf, ps->comm, size+1);
241 static void func_state(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
243 safe_strncpy(buf, ps->state, size+1);
246 static void func_args(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
248 read_cmdline(buf, size+1, ps->pid, ps->comm);
251 static void func_pid(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
253 sprintf(buf, "%*u", size, ps->pid);
256 static void func_ppid(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
258 sprintf(buf, "%*u", size, ps->ppid);
261 static void func_pgid(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
263 sprintf(buf, "%*u", size, ps->pgid);
266 static void func_sid(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
268 sprintf(buf, "%*u", size, ps->sid);
271 static void put_lu(char *buf, int size, unsigned long u)
275 /* see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera */
276 smart_ulltoa4(u, buf4, " mgtpezy")[0] = '\0';
277 sprintf(buf, "%.*s", size, buf4);
280 static void func_vsz(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
282 put_lu(buf, size, ps->vsz);
285 static void func_rss(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
287 put_lu(buf, size, ps->rss);
290 static void func_tty(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
294 if (ps->tty_major) /* tty field of "0" means "no tty" */
295 snprintf(buf, size+1, "%u,%u", ps->tty_major, ps->tty_minor);
298 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS
299 static void func_rgroup(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
301 safe_strncpy(buf, get_cached_groupname(ps->rgid), size+1);
303 static void func_ruser(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
305 safe_strncpy(buf, get_cached_username(ps->ruid), size+1);
307 static void func_nice(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
309 sprintf(buf, "%*d", size, ps->niceness);
313 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
314 static void format_time(char *buf, int size, unsigned long tt)
318 /* Used to show "14453:50" if tt is large. Ugly.
319 * procps-ng 3.3.10 uses "[[dd-]hh:]mm:ss" format.
320 * TODO: switch to that?
323 /* Formatting for 5-char TIME column.
324 * NB: "size" is not always 5: ELAPSED is wider (7),
325 * not taking advantage of that (yet?).
330 snprintf(buf, size+1, "%2u:%02u", (unsigned)tt, ff);
336 snprintf(buf, size+1, "%2uh%02u", (unsigned)tt, ff);
342 snprintf(buf, size+1, "%2ud%02u", (unsigned)tt, ff);
345 snprintf(buf, size+1, "%4lud", tt);
347 static void func_etime(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
349 /* elapsed time [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss; here only mm:ss */
352 mm = ps->start_time / get_kernel_HZ();
353 mm = G.seconds_since_boot - mm;
354 format_time(buf, size, mm);
356 static void func_time(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
358 /* cumulative time [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss; here only mm:ss */
361 mm = (ps->utime + ps->stime) / get_kernel_HZ();
362 format_time(buf, size, mm);
367 static void func_label(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
369 safe_strncpy(buf, ps->context ? ps->context : "unknown", size+1);
374 static void func_pcpu(char *buf, int size, const procps_status_t *ps)
379 static const ps_out_t out_spec[] = {
380 /* Mandated by http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/ps.html: */
381 { 8 , "user" ,"USER" ,func_user ,PSSCAN_UIDGID },
382 { 8 , "group" ,"GROUP" ,func_group ,PSSCAN_UIDGID },
383 { 16 , "comm" ,"COMMAND",func_comm ,PSSCAN_COMM },
384 { MAX_WIDTH , "args" ,"COMMAND",func_args ,PSSCAN_COMM },
385 { 5 , "pid" ,"PID" ,func_pid ,PSSCAN_PID },
386 { 5 , "ppid" ,"PPID" ,func_ppid ,PSSCAN_PPID },
387 { 5 , "pgid" ,"PGID" ,func_pgid ,PSSCAN_PGID },
388 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
389 { sizeof("ELAPSED")-1, "etime" ,"ELAPSED",func_etime ,PSSCAN_START_TIME },
391 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS
392 { 5 , "nice" ,"NI" ,func_nice ,PSSCAN_NICE },
393 { 8 , "rgroup","RGROUP" ,func_rgroup,PSSCAN_RUIDGID },
394 { 8 , "ruser" ,"RUSER" ,func_ruser ,PSSCAN_RUIDGID },
395 // { 5 , "pcpu" ,"%CPU" ,func_pcpu ,PSSCAN_ },
397 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
398 { 5 , "time" ,"TIME" ,func_time ,PSSCAN_STIME | PSSCAN_UTIME },
400 { 6 , "tty" ,"TT" ,func_tty ,PSSCAN_TTY },
401 { 4 , "vsz" ,"VSZ" ,func_vsz ,PSSCAN_VSZ },
402 /* Not mandated, but useful: */
403 { 5 , "sid" ,"SID" ,func_sid ,PSSCAN_SID },
404 { 4 , "stat" ,"STAT" ,func_state ,PSSCAN_STATE },
405 { 4 , "rss" ,"RSS" ,func_rss ,PSSCAN_RSS },
407 { 35 , "label" ,"LABEL" ,func_label ,PSSCAN_CONTEXT },
411 static ps_out_t* new_out_t(void)
413 out = xrealloc_vector(out, 2, out_cnt);
414 return &out[out_cnt++];
417 static const ps_out_t* find_out_spec(const char *name)
420 char buf[ARRAY_SIZE(out_spec)*7 + 1];
423 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(out_spec); i++) {
424 if (strncmp(name, out_spec[i].name6, 6) == 0)
426 p += sprintf(p, "%.6s,", out_spec[i].name6);
429 bb_error_msg_and_die("bad -o argument '%s', supported arguments: %s", name, buf);
432 static void parse_o(char* opt)
435 // POSIX: "-o is blank- or comma-separated list" (FIXME)
438 comma = strchr(opt, ',');
439 equal = strchr(opt, '=');
440 if (comma && (!equal || equal > comma)) {
442 *new_out_t() = *find_out_spec(opt);
449 // opt points to last spec in comma separated list.
450 // This one can have =HEADER part.
454 *new = *find_out_spec(opt);
457 new->header = equal + 1;
458 // POSIX: the field widths shall be ... at least as wide as
459 // the header text (default or overridden value).
460 // If the header text is null, such as -o user=,
461 // the field width shall be at least as wide as the
462 // default header text
463 if (new->header[0]) {
464 new->width = strlen(new->header);
471 static void alloc_line_buffer(void)
475 for (i = 0; i < out_cnt; i++) {
476 need_flags |= out[i].ps_flags;
477 if (out[i].header[0]) {
480 width += out[i].width + 1; /* "FIELD " */
481 if ((int)(width - terminal_width) > 0) {
482 /* The rest does not fit on the screen */
483 //out[i].width -= (width - terminal_width - 1);
489 if (!is_selinux_enabled())
490 need_flags &= ~PSSCAN_CONTEXT;
492 buffer = xmalloc(width + 1); /* for trailing \0 */
495 static void format_header(void)
508 if (++i == out_cnt) /* do not pad last field */
510 p += sprintf(p, "%-*s ", op->width, op->header);
512 strcpy(p, op->header);
514 printf("%.*s\n", terminal_width, buffer);
517 static void format_process(const procps_status_t *ps)
522 if (out_cnt) while (1) {
523 out[i].f(p, out[i].width, ps);
524 // POSIX: Any field need not be meaningful in all
525 // implementations. In such a case a hyphen ( '-' )
526 // should be output in place of the field value.
533 len = out[i].width - len + 1;
534 if (++i == out_cnt) /* do not pad last field */
536 p += sprintf(p, "%*s", len, "");
538 printf("%.*s\n", terminal_width, buffer);
542 # define SELINUX_O_PREFIX "label,"
543 # define DEFAULT_O_STR (SELINUX_O_PREFIX "pid,user" IF_FEATURE_PS_TIME(",time") ",args")
545 # define DEFAULT_O_STR ("pid,user" IF_FEATURE_PS_TIME(",time") ",args")
548 int ps_main(int argc, char **argv) MAIN_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE;
549 int ps_main(int argc UNUSED_PARAM, char **argv)
552 llist_t* opt_o = NULL;
553 char default_o[sizeof(DEFAULT_O_STR)];
554 #if ENABLE_SELINUX || ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS
566 OPT_T = (1 << 8) * ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS,
570 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_TIME
571 G.seconds_since_boot = get_uptime();
572 # if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_UNUSUAL_SYSTEMS || !defined(__linux__)
573 G.kernel_HZ = bb_clk_tck(); /* this is sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) */
578 // -a Write information for all processes associated with terminals
579 // Implementations may omit session leaders from this list
580 // -A Write information for all processes
581 // -d Write information for all processes, except session leaders
582 // -e Write information for all processes (equivalent to -A)
583 // -f Generate a full listing
584 // -l Generate a long listing
585 // -o col1,col2,col3=header
586 // Select which columns to display
587 /* We allow (and ignore) most of the above. FIXME.
588 * -T is picked for threads (POSIX hasn't standardized it).
589 * procps v3.2.7 supports -T and shows tids as SPID column,
590 * it also supports -L where it shows tids as LWP column.
592 #if ENABLE_SELINUX || ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS
595 getopt32(argv, "Zo:*aAdefl"IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS("T"), &opt_o);
599 parse_o(llist_pop(&opt_o));
602 /* Below: parse_o() needs char*, NOT const char*,
603 * can't pass it constant string. Need to make a copy first.
606 if (!(opt & OPT_Z) || !is_selinux_enabled()) {
607 /* no -Z or no SELinux: do not show LABEL */
608 strcpy(default_o, DEFAULT_O_STR + sizeof(SELINUX_O_PREFIX)-1);
612 strcpy(default_o, DEFAULT_O_STR);
616 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS
618 need_flags |= PSSCAN_TASKS;
621 /* Was INT_MAX, but some libc's go belly up with printf("%.*s")
622 * and such large widths */
623 terminal_width = MAX_WIDTH;
625 terminal_width = get_terminal_width(0);
626 if (--terminal_width > MAX_WIDTH)
627 terminal_width = MAX_WIDTH;
633 while ((p = procps_scan(p, need_flags)) != NULL) {
641 #else /* !ENABLE_DESKTOP */
644 int ps_main(int argc, char **argv) MAIN_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE;
645 int ps_main(int argc UNUSED_PARAM, char **argv UNUSED_PARAM)
648 int psscan_flags = PSSCAN_PID | PSSCAN_UIDGID
649 | PSSCAN_STATE | PSSCAN_VSZ | PSSCAN_COMM;
650 unsigned terminal_width IF_NOT_FEATURE_PS_WIDE(= 79);
652 OPT_Z = (1 << 0) * ENABLE_SELINUX,
653 OPT_T = (1 << ENABLE_SELINUX) * ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS,
654 OPT_l = (1 << ENABLE_SELINUX) * (1 << ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS) * ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG,
656 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG
657 time_t now = now; /* for compiler */
658 unsigned long uptime = uptime;
660 /* If we support any options, parse argv */
661 #if ENABLE_SELINUX || ENABLE_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS || ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_WIDE || ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG
663 # if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_WIDE
664 /* -w is a bit complicated */
666 make_all_argv_opts(argv);
667 opts = getopt32(argv, "^"
668 IF_SELINUX("Z")IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS("T")IF_FEATURE_PS_LONG("l")"w"
672 /* if w is given once, GNU ps sets the width to 132,
673 * if w is given more than once, it is "unlimited"
676 terminal_width = (w_count == 1) ? 132 : MAX_WIDTH;
678 terminal_width = get_terminal_width(0);
680 if (--terminal_width > MAX_WIDTH)
681 terminal_width = MAX_WIDTH;
684 /* -w is not supported, only -Z and/or -T */
685 make_all_argv_opts(argv);
686 opts = getopt32(argv, IF_SELINUX("Z")IF_FEATURE_SHOW_THREADS("T")IF_FEATURE_PS_LONG("l"));
690 if ((opts & OPT_Z) && is_selinux_enabled()) {
691 psscan_flags = PSSCAN_PID | PSSCAN_CONTEXT
692 | PSSCAN_STATE | PSSCAN_COMM;
693 puts(" PID CONTEXT STAT COMMAND");
697 psscan_flags = PSSCAN_STATE | PSSCAN_UIDGID | PSSCAN_PID | PSSCAN_PPID
698 | PSSCAN_TTY | PSSCAN_STIME | PSSCAN_UTIME | PSSCAN_COMM
699 | PSSCAN_VSZ | PSSCAN_RSS;
700 /* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/ps.html
706 * -PRI The priority of the process; higher numbers mean lower priority
708 * -ADDR The address of the process (?)
709 * SZ The size in blocks of the core image
710 * -WCHAN The event for which the process is waiting or sleeping
712 * TIME The cumulative execution time
714 * We don't show fields marked with '-'.
715 * We show VSZ and RSS instead of SZ.
716 * We also show STIME (standard says that -f shows it, -l doesn't).
718 puts("S UID PID PPID VSZ RSS TTY STIME TIME CMD");
719 # if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG
721 uptime = get_uptime();
725 puts(" PID USER VSZ STAT COMMAND");
728 psscan_flags |= PSSCAN_TASKS;
733 while ((p = procps_scan(p, psscan_flags)) != NULL) {
736 if (psscan_flags & PSSCAN_CONTEXT) {
737 len = printf("%5u %-32.32s %s ",
739 p->context ? p->context : "unknown",
745 smart_ulltoa5(p->vsz, buf6, " mgtpezy")[0] = '\0';
746 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_PS_LONG
748 char bufr[6], stime_str[6];
749 char tty[2 * sizeof(int)*3 + 2];
751 unsigned sut = (p->stime + p->utime) / 100;
752 unsigned elapsed = uptime - (p->start_time / 100);
753 time_t start = now - elapsed;
754 struct tm *tm = localtime(&start);
756 smart_ulltoa5(p->rss, bufr, " mgtpezy")[0] = '\0';
758 if (p->tty_major == 136)
759 /* It should be pts/N, not ptsN, but N > 9
760 * will overflow field width...
762 endp = stpcpy(tty, "pts");
764 if (p->tty_major == 4) {
765 endp = stpcpy(tty, "tty");
766 if (p->tty_minor >= 64) {
772 endp = tty + sprintf(tty, "%d:", p->tty_major);
773 strcpy(endp, utoa(p->tty_minor));
775 strftime(stime_str, 6, (elapsed >= (24 * 60 * 60)) ? "%b%d" : "%H:%M", tm);
777 // S UID PID PPID VSZ RSS TTY STIME TIME CMD
778 len = printf("%c %5u %5u %5u %5s %5s %-5s %s %02u:%02u:%02u ",
779 p->state[0], p->uid, p->pid, p->ppid, buf6, bufr, tty,
780 stime_str, sut / 3600, (sut % 3600) / 60, sut % 60);
784 const char *user = get_cached_username(p->uid);
785 len = printf("%5u %-8.8s %s %s ",
786 p->pid, user, buf6, p->state);
791 int sz = terminal_width - len;
794 read_cmdline(buf, sz, p->pid, p->comm);
799 if (ENABLE_FEATURE_CLEAN_UP)
800 clear_username_cache();
804 #endif /* !ENABLE_DESKTOP */