udhcpc: regularize the names of receiving functions,
[oweals/busybox.git] / networking / udhcp / dhcpc.c
1 /* vi: set sw=4 ts=4: */
2 /* dhcpc.c
3  *
4  * udhcp DHCP client
5  *
6  * Russ Dill <Russ.Dill@asu.edu> July 2001
7  *
8  * Licensed under the GPL v2 or later, see the file LICENSE in this tarball.
9  */
10
11 #include <syslog.h>
12
13 /* Override ENABLE_FEATURE_PIDFILE - ifupdown needs our pidfile to always exist */
14 #define WANT_PIDFILE 1
15 #include "common.h"
16 #include "dhcpd.h"
17 #include "dhcpc.h"
18 #include "options.h"
19
20
21 static int timeout; /* = 0. Must be signed */
22 static uint32_t requested_ip; /* = 0 */
23 static uint32_t server_addr;
24 static int sockfd = -1;
25
26 #define LISTEN_NONE 0
27 #define LISTEN_KERNEL 1
28 #define LISTEN_RAW 2
29 static smallint listen_mode;
30
31 static smallint state;
32
33 /* struct client_config_t client_config is in bb_common_bufsiz1 */
34
35
36 /* just a little helper */
37 static void change_listen_mode(int new_mode)
38 {
39         DEBUG("entering %s listen mode",
40                 new_mode ? (new_mode == 1 ? "kernel" : "raw") : "none");
41         if (sockfd >= 0) {
42                 close(sockfd);
43                 sockfd = -1;
44         }
45         listen_mode = new_mode;
46 }
47
48
49 /* perform a renew */
50 static void perform_renew(void)
51 {
52         bb_info_msg("Performing a DHCP renew");
53         switch (state) {
54         case BOUND:
55                 change_listen_mode(LISTEN_KERNEL);
56         case RENEWING:
57         case REBINDING:
58                 state = RENEW_REQUESTED;
59                 break;
60         case RENEW_REQUESTED: /* impatient are we? fine, square 1 */
61                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
62         case REQUESTING:
63         case RELEASED:
64                 change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
65                 state = INIT_SELECTING;
66                 break;
67         case INIT_SELECTING:
68                 break;
69         }
70 }
71
72
73 /* perform a release */
74 static void perform_release(void)
75 {
76         char buffer[sizeof("255.255.255.255")];
77         struct in_addr temp_addr;
78
79         /* send release packet */
80         if (state == BOUND || state == RENEWING || state == REBINDING) {
81                 temp_addr.s_addr = server_addr;
82                 strcpy(buffer, inet_ntoa(temp_addr));
83                 temp_addr.s_addr = requested_ip;
84                 bb_info_msg("Unicasting a release of %s to %s",
85                                 inet_ntoa(temp_addr), buffer);
86                 send_release(server_addr, requested_ip); /* unicast */
87                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
88         }
89         bb_info_msg("Entering released state");
90
91         change_listen_mode(LISTEN_NONE);
92         state = RELEASED;
93         timeout = INT_MAX;
94 }
95
96
97 static void client_background(void)
98 {
99 #if !BB_MMU
100         bb_error_msg("cannot background in uclinux (yet)");
101 /* ... mainly because udhcpc calls client_background()
102  * in _the _middle _of _udhcpc _run_, not at the start!
103  * If that will be properly disabled for NOMMU, client_background()
104  * will work on NOMMU too */
105 #else
106         bb_daemonize(0);
107         logmode &= ~LOGMODE_STDIO;
108         /* rewrite pidfile, as our pid is different now */
109         write_pidfile(client_config.pidfile);
110 #endif
111         /* Do not fork again. */
112         client_config.foreground = 1;
113         client_config.background_if_no_lease = 0;
114 }
115
116
117 static uint8_t* alloc_dhcp_option(int code, const char *str, int extra)
118 {
119         uint8_t *storage;
120         int len = strlen(str);
121         if (len > 255) len = 255;
122         storage = xzalloc(len + extra + OPT_DATA);
123         storage[OPT_CODE] = code;
124         storage[OPT_LEN] = len + extra;
125         memcpy(storage + extra + OPT_DATA, str, len);
126         return storage;
127 }
128
129
130 int udhcpc_main(int argc, char **argv) MAIN_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE;
131 int udhcpc_main(int argc ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, char **argv)
132 {
133         uint8_t *temp, *message;
134         char *str_c, *str_V, *str_h, *str_F, *str_r;
135         USE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT(char *str_P;)
136         llist_t *list_O = NULL;
137 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING
138         char *str_W;
139 #endif
140         int tryagain_timeout = 20;
141         int discover_timeout = 3;
142         int discover_retries = 3;
143         uint32_t xid = 0;
144         uint32_t lease_seconds = 0; /* can be given as 32-bit quantity */
145         int packet_num;
146         unsigned already_waited_sec;
147         unsigned opt;
148         int max_fd;
149         int retval;
150         struct timeval tv;
151         struct dhcpMessage packet;
152         fd_set rfds;
153
154         enum {
155                 OPT_c = 1 << 0,
156                 OPT_C = 1 << 1,
157                 OPT_V = 1 << 2,
158                 OPT_f = 1 << 3,
159                 OPT_b = 1 << 4,
160                 OPT_H = 1 << 5,
161                 OPT_h = 1 << 6,
162                 OPT_F = 1 << 7,
163                 OPT_i = 1 << 8,
164                 OPT_n = 1 << 9,
165                 OPT_p = 1 << 10,
166                 OPT_q = 1 << 11,
167                 OPT_R = 1 << 12,
168                 OPT_r = 1 << 13,
169                 OPT_s = 1 << 14,
170                 OPT_T = 1 << 15,
171                 OPT_t = 1 << 16,
172                 OPT_v = 1 << 17,
173                 OPT_S = 1 << 18,
174                 OPT_A = 1 << 19,
175 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING
176                 OPT_a = 1 << 20,
177                 OPT_W = 1 << 21,
178 #endif
179                 OPT_P = 1 << 22,
180                 OPT_o = 1 << 23,
181         };
182 #if ENABLE_GETOPT_LONG
183         static const char udhcpc_longopts[] ALIGN1 =
184                 "clientid\0"       Required_argument "c"
185                 "clientid-none\0"  No_argument       "C"
186                 "vendorclass\0"    Required_argument "V"
187                 "foreground\0"     No_argument       "f"
188                 "background\0"     No_argument       "b"
189                 "hostname\0"       Required_argument "H"
190                 "fqdn\0"           Required_argument "F"
191                 "interface\0"      Required_argument "i"
192                 "now\0"            No_argument       "n"
193                 "pidfile\0"        Required_argument "p"
194                 "quit\0"           No_argument       "q"
195                 "release\0"        No_argument       "R"
196                 "request\0"        Required_argument "r"
197                 "script\0"         Required_argument "s"
198                 "timeout\0"        Required_argument "T"
199                 "version\0"        No_argument       "v"
200                 "retries\0"        Required_argument "t"
201                 "tryagain\0"       Required_argument "A"
202                 "syslog\0"         No_argument       "S"
203 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING
204                 "arping\0"         No_argument       "a"
205 #endif
206                 "request-option\0" Required_argument "O"
207 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT
208                 "client-port\0"    Required_argument "P"
209 #endif
210                 "no-default-options\0" No_argument   "o"
211                 ;
212 #endif
213         /* Default options. */
214 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT
215         SERVER_PORT = 67;
216         CLIENT_PORT = 68;
217 #endif
218         client_config.interface = "eth0";
219         client_config.script = DEFAULT_SCRIPT;
220
221         /* Parse command line */
222         /* Cc: mutually exclusive; O: list; -T,-t,-A take numeric param */
223         opt_complementary = "c--C:C--c:O::T+:t+:A+";
224 #if ENABLE_GETOPT_LONG
225         applet_long_options = udhcpc_longopts;
226 #endif
227         opt = getopt32(argv, "c:CV:fbH:h:F:i:np:qRr:s:T:t:vSA:"
228                 USE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING("aW:")
229                 USE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT("P:")
230                 "O:o"
231                 , &str_c, &str_V, &str_h, &str_h, &str_F
232                 , &client_config.interface, &client_config.pidfile, &str_r
233                 , &client_config.script
234                 , &discover_timeout, &discover_retries, &tryagain_timeout
235                 USE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING(, &str_W)
236                 USE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT(, &str_P)
237                 , &list_O
238                 );
239
240         if (opt & OPT_c)
241                 client_config.clientid = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_CLIENT_ID, str_c, 0);
242         //if (opt & OPT_C)
243         if (opt & OPT_V)
244                 client_config.vendorclass = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_VENDOR, str_V, 0);
245         if (opt & OPT_f)
246                 client_config.foreground = 1;
247         if (opt & OPT_b)
248                 client_config.background_if_no_lease = 1;
249         if (opt & (OPT_h|OPT_H))
250                 client_config.hostname = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_HOST_NAME, str_h, 0);
251         if (opt & OPT_F) {
252                 client_config.fqdn = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_FQDN, str_F, 3);
253                 /* Flags: 0000NEOS
254                 S: 1 => Client requests Server to update A RR in DNS as well as PTR
255                 O: 1 => Server indicates to client that DNS has been updated regardless
256                 E: 1 => Name data is DNS format, i.e. <4>host<6>domain<4>com<0> not "host.domain.com"
257                 N: 1 => Client requests Server to not update DNS
258                 */
259                 client_config.fqdn[OPT_DATA + 0] = 0x1;
260                 /* client_config.fqdn[OPT_DATA + 1] = 0; - redundant */
261                 /* client_config.fqdn[OPT_DATA + 2] = 0; - redundant */
262         }
263         // if (opt & OPT_i) client_config.interface = ...
264         if (opt & OPT_n)
265                 client_config.abort_if_no_lease = 1;
266         // if (opt & OPT_p) client_config.pidfile = ...
267         if (opt & OPT_q)
268                 client_config.quit_after_lease = 1;
269         if (opt & OPT_R)
270                 client_config.release_on_quit = 1;
271         if (opt & OPT_r)
272                 requested_ip = inet_addr(str_r);
273         // if (opt & OPT_s) client_config.script = ...
274         // if (opt & OPT_T) discover_timeout = xatoi_u(str_T);
275         // if (opt & OPT_t) discover_retries = xatoi_u(str_t);
276         // if (opt & OPT_A) tryagain_timeout = xatoi_u(str_A);
277         if (opt & OPT_v) {
278                 puts("version "BB_VER);
279                 return 0;
280         }
281         if (opt & OPT_S) {
282                 openlog(applet_name, LOG_PID, LOG_LOCAL0);
283                 logmode |= LOGMODE_SYSLOG;
284         }
285 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCP_PORT
286         if (opt & OPT_P) {
287                 CLIENT_PORT = xatou16(str_P);
288                 SERVER_PORT = CLIENT_PORT - 1;
289         }
290 #endif
291         if (opt & OPT_o)
292                 client_config.no_default_options = 1;
293         while (list_O) {
294                 int n = index_in_strings(dhcp_option_strings, list_O->data);
295                 if (n < 0)
296                         bb_error_msg_and_die("unknown option '%s'", list_O->data);
297                 n = dhcp_options[n].code;
298                 client_config.opt_mask[n >> 3] |= 1 << (n & 7);
299                 list_O = list_O->link;
300         }
301
302         if (read_interface(client_config.interface, &client_config.ifindex,
303                            NULL, client_config.arp))
304                 return 1;
305
306         /* Make sure fd 0,1,2 are open */
307         bb_sanitize_stdio();
308         /* Equivalent of doing a fflush after every \n */
309         setlinebuf(stdout);
310
311         /* Create pidfile */
312         write_pidfile(client_config.pidfile);
313         /* if (!..) bb_perror_msg("cannot create pidfile %s", pidfile); */
314
315         /* Goes to stdout and possibly syslog */
316         bb_info_msg("%s (v"BB_VER") started", applet_name);
317
318         /* if not set, and not suppressed, setup the default client ID */
319         if (!client_config.clientid && !(opt & OPT_C)) {
320                 client_config.clientid = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_CLIENT_ID, "", 7);
321                 client_config.clientid[OPT_DATA] = 1;
322                 memcpy(client_config.clientid + OPT_DATA+1, client_config.arp, 6);
323         }
324
325         if (!client_config.vendorclass)
326                 client_config.vendorclass = alloc_dhcp_option(DHCP_VENDOR, "udhcp "BB_VER, 0);
327
328         /* setup the signal pipe */
329         udhcp_sp_setup();
330
331         state = INIT_SELECTING;
332         udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
333         change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
334         packet_num = 0;
335         already_waited_sec = 0;
336
337         /* Main event loop. select() waits on signal pipe and possibly
338          * on sockfd.
339          * "continue" statements in code below jump to the top of the loop.
340          */
341         for (;;) {
342                 unsigned timestamp_before_wait;
343
344                 if (listen_mode != LISTEN_NONE && sockfd < 0) {
345                         if (listen_mode == LISTEN_KERNEL)
346                                 sockfd = listen_socket(/*INADDR_ANY,*/ CLIENT_PORT, client_config.interface);
347                         else
348                                 sockfd = raw_socket(client_config.ifindex);
349                 }
350                 max_fd = udhcp_sp_fd_set(&rfds, sockfd);
351
352                 tv.tv_sec = timeout - already_waited_sec;
353                 tv.tv_usec = 0;
354                 retval = 0; /* If we already timed out, fall through, else... */
355                 if (tv.tv_sec > 0) {
356                         timestamp_before_wait = (unsigned)monotonic_sec();
357                         DEBUG("Waiting on select...");
358                         retval = select(max_fd + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
359                         if (retval < 0) {
360                                 /* EINTR? A signal was caught, don't panic */
361                                 if (errno == EINTR)
362                                         continue;
363                                 /* Else: an error occured, panic! */
364                                 bb_perror_msg_and_die("select");
365                         }
366                 }
367
368                 /* If timeout dropped to zero, time to become active:
369                  * resend discover/renew/whatever
370                  */
371                 if (retval == 0) {
372                         /* We will restart wait afresh in any case */
373                         already_waited_sec = 0;
374
375                         switch (state) {
376                         case INIT_SELECTING:
377                                 if (packet_num < discover_retries) {
378                                         if (packet_num == 0)
379                                                 xid = random_xid();
380
381                                         send_discover(xid, requested_ip); /* broadcast */
382
383                                         timeout = discover_timeout;
384                                         packet_num++;
385                                         continue;
386                                 }
387                                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "leasefail");
388                                 if (client_config.background_if_no_lease) {
389                                         bb_info_msg("No lease, forking to background");
390                                         client_background();
391                                 } else if (client_config.abort_if_no_lease) {
392                                         bb_info_msg("No lease, failing");
393                                         retval = 1;
394                                         goto ret;
395                                 }
396                                 /* wait before trying again */
397                                 timeout = tryagain_timeout;
398                                 packet_num = 0;
399                                 continue;
400                         case RENEW_REQUESTED:
401                         case REQUESTING:
402                                 if (packet_num < discover_retries) {
403                                         /* send request packet */
404                                         if (state == RENEW_REQUESTED) /* unicast */
405                                                 send_renew(xid, server_addr, requested_ip);
406                                         else /* broadcast */
407                                                 send_selecting(xid, server_addr, requested_ip);
408
409                                         timeout = discover_timeout;
410                                         packet_num++;
411                                         continue;
412                                 }
413                                 /* timed out, go back to init state */
414                                 if (state == RENEW_REQUESTED)
415                                         udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
416                                 change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
417                                 state = INIT_SELECTING;
418                                 timeout = 0;
419                                 packet_num = 0;
420                                 continue;
421                         case BOUND:
422                                 /* Half of the lease passed, time to enter renewing state */
423                                 change_listen_mode(LISTEN_KERNEL);
424                                 DEBUG("Entering renew state");
425                                 state = RENEWING;
426                                 /* fall right through */
427                         case RENEWING:
428                                 if (timeout > 60) {
429                                         /* send a request packet */
430                                         send_renew(xid, server_addr, requested_ip); /* unicast */
431                                         timeout >>= 1;
432                                         continue;
433                                 }
434                                 /* Timed out, enter rebinding state */
435                                 DEBUG("Entering rebinding state");
436                                 state = REBINDING;
437                                 /* fall right through */
438                         case REBINDING:
439                                 /* Lease is *really* about to run out,
440                                  * try to find DHCP server using broadcast */
441                                 if (timeout > 0) {
442                                         /* send a request packet */
443                                         send_renew(xid, 0, requested_ip); /* broadcast */
444                                         timeout >>= 1;
445                                         continue;
446                                 }
447                                 /* Timed out, enter init state */
448                                 bb_info_msg("Lease lost, entering init state");
449                                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
450                                 change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
451                                 state = INIT_SELECTING;
452                                 /*timeout = 0; - already is */
453                                 packet_num = 0;
454                                 continue;
455                         /* case RELEASED: */
456                         }
457                         /* yah, I know, *you* say it would never happen */
458                         timeout = INT_MAX;
459                         continue; /* back to main loop */
460                 }
461
462                 /* select() didn't timeout, something did happen. */
463                 /* Is is a packet? */
464                 if (listen_mode != LISTEN_NONE && FD_ISSET(sockfd, &rfds)) {
465                         int len;
466                         /* A packet is ready, read it */
467
468                         if (listen_mode == LISTEN_KERNEL)
469                                 len = udhcp_recv_kernel_packet(&packet, sockfd);
470                         else
471                                 len = udhcp_recv_raw_packet(&packet, sockfd);
472                         if (len == -1) { /* error is severe, reopen socket */
473                                 DEBUG("error on read, %s, reopening socket", strerror(errno));
474                                 sleep(discover_timeout); /* 3 seconds by default */
475                                 change_listen_mode(listen_mode); /* just close and reopen */
476                         }
477                         /* If this packet will turn out to be unrelated/bogus,
478                          * we will go back and wait for next one.
479                          * Be sure timeout is properly decreased. */
480                         already_waited_sec += (unsigned)monotonic_sec() - timestamp_before_wait;
481                         if (len < 0)
482                                 continue;
483
484                         if (packet.xid != xid) {
485                                 DEBUG("Ignoring XID %x (our xid is %x)",
486                                         (unsigned)packet.xid, (unsigned)xid);
487                                 continue;
488                         }
489
490                         /* Ignore packets that aren't for us */
491                         if (memcmp(packet.chaddr, client_config.arp, 6)) {
492                                 DEBUG("Packet does not have our chaddr - ignoring");
493                                 continue;
494                         }
495
496                         message = get_option(&packet, DHCP_MESSAGE_TYPE);
497                         if (message == NULL) {
498                                 bb_error_msg("cannot get message type from packet - ignoring");
499                                 continue;
500                         }
501
502                         switch (state) {
503                         case INIT_SELECTING:
504                                 /* Must be a DHCPOFFER to one of our xid's */
505                                 if (*message == DHCPOFFER) {
506                         /* TODO: why we don't just fetch server's IP from IP header? */
507                                         temp = get_option(&packet, DHCP_SERVER_ID);
508                                         if (!temp) {
509                                                 bb_error_msg("no server ID in message");
510                                                 continue;
511                                                 /* still selecting - this server looks bad */
512                                         }
513                                         /* can be misaligned, thus memcpy */
514                                         memcpy(&server_addr, temp, 4);
515                                         xid = packet.xid;
516                                         requested_ip = packet.yiaddr;
517
518                                         /* enter requesting state */
519                                         state = REQUESTING;
520                                         timeout = 0;
521                                         packet_num = 0;
522                                         already_waited_sec = 0;
523                                 }
524                                 continue;
525                         case RENEW_REQUESTED:
526                         case REQUESTING:
527                         case RENEWING:
528                         case REBINDING:
529                                 if (*message == DHCPACK) {
530                                         temp = get_option(&packet, DHCP_LEASE_TIME);
531                                         if (!temp) {
532                                                 bb_error_msg("no lease time with ACK, using 1 hour lease");
533                                                 lease_seconds = 60 * 60;
534                                         } else {
535                                                 /* can be misaligned, thus memcpy */
536                                                 memcpy(&lease_seconds, temp, 4);
537                                                 lease_seconds = ntohl(lease_seconds);
538                                                 lease_seconds &= 0x0fffffff; /* paranoia: must not be negative */
539                                         }
540 #if ENABLE_FEATURE_UDHCPC_ARPING
541                                         if (opt & OPT_a) {
542                                                 if (!arpping(packet.yiaddr,
543                                                             (uint32_t) 0,
544                                                             client_config.arp,
545                                                             client_config.interface)
546                                                 ) {
547                                                         bb_info_msg("offered address is in use "
548                                                                 "(got ARP reply), declining");
549                                                         send_decline(xid, server_addr, packet.yiaddr);
550
551                                                         if (state != REQUESTING)
552                                                                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
553                                                         change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
554                                                         state = INIT_SELECTING;
555                                                         requested_ip = 0;
556                                                         timeout = tryagain_timeout;
557                                                         packet_num = 0;
558                                                         already_waited_sec = 0;
559                                                         continue; /* back to main loop */
560                                                 }
561                                         }
562 #endif
563                                         /* enter bound state */
564                                         timeout = lease_seconds / 2;
565                                         {
566                                                 struct in_addr temp_addr;
567                                                 temp_addr.s_addr = packet.yiaddr;
568                                                 bb_info_msg("Lease of %s obtained, lease time %u",
569                                                         inet_ntoa(temp_addr), (unsigned)lease_seconds);
570                                         }
571                                         requested_ip = packet.yiaddr;
572                                         udhcp_run_script(&packet,
573                                                    ((state == RENEWING || state == REBINDING) ? "renew" : "bound"));
574
575                                         state = BOUND;
576                                         change_listen_mode(LISTEN_NONE);
577                                         if (client_config.quit_after_lease) {
578                                                 if (client_config.release_on_quit)
579                                                         perform_release();
580                                                 goto ret0;
581                                         }
582                                         if (!client_config.foreground)
583                                                 client_background();
584
585                                         already_waited_sec = 0;
586                                         continue; /* back to main loop */
587                                 }
588                                 if (*message == DHCPNAK) {
589                                         /* return to init state */
590                                         bb_info_msg("Received DHCP NAK");
591                                         udhcp_run_script(&packet, "nak");
592                                         if (state != REQUESTING)
593                                                 udhcp_run_script(NULL, "deconfig");
594                                         change_listen_mode(LISTEN_RAW);
595                                         sleep(3); /* avoid excessive network traffic */
596                                         state = INIT_SELECTING;
597                                         requested_ip = 0;
598                                         timeout = 0;
599                                         packet_num = 0;
600                                         already_waited_sec = 0;
601                                 }
602                                 continue;
603                         /* case BOUND, RELEASED: - ignore all packets */
604                         }
605                         continue; /* back to main loop */
606                 }
607
608                 /* select() didn't timeout, something did happen.
609                  * But it wasn't a packet. It's a signal pipe then. */
610                 {
611                         int signo = udhcp_sp_read(&rfds);
612                         switch (signo) {
613                         case SIGUSR1:
614                                 perform_renew();
615                                 /* start things over */
616                                 packet_num = 0;
617                                 /* Kill any timeouts because the user wants this to hurry along */
618                                 timeout = 0;
619                                 break;
620                         case SIGUSR2:
621                                 perform_release();
622                                 break;
623                         case SIGTERM:
624                                 bb_info_msg("Received SIGTERM");
625                                 if (client_config.release_on_quit)
626                                         perform_release();
627                                 goto ret0;
628                         }
629                 }
630         } /* for (;;) - main loop ends */
631
632  ret0:
633         retval = 0;
634  ret:
635         /*if (client_config.pidfile) - remove_pidfile has its own check */
636                 remove_pidfile(client_config.pidfile);
637         return retval;
638 }