docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
 140                 cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du,
 141                 dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
 142                 freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head,
 143                 hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
 144                 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod,
 145                 makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
 146                 more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps,
 147                 pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep,
 148                 sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet,
 149                 test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
 150                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes,
 151                 zcat, [
 152                 </para>
 153         </sect1>
 154
 155         <sect1 id="ar">
 156             <title>ar</title>
 157
 158                 <para>
 159                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 160                 </para>
 161
 162                 <para>
 163                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 164                 </para>
 165
 166                 <para>
 167                 Options:
 168                 </para>
 169
 170                 <para>
 171                 <screen>
 172                         o       Preserve original dates
 173                         p       Extract to stdout
 174                         t       List
 175                         x       Extract
 176                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 177                 </screen>
 178                 </para>
 179         </sect1>
 180
 181         <sect1 id="basename">
 182             <title>basename</title>
 183                 <para>
 184                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 185                 </para>
 186
 187                 <para>
 188                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 189                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 190                 </para>
 191
 192                 <para>
 193                 Example:
 194                 </para>
 195
 196                 <para>
 197                 <screen>
 198                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 199                         foo
 200                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 201                         bin
 202                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 203                         bar
 204                 </screen>
 205                 </para>
 206         </sect1>
 207
 208         <sect1 id="cat">
 209             <title>cat</title>
 210
 211                 <para>
 212                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 213                 </para>
 214
 215                 <para>
 216                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 217                 output.
 218                 </para>
 219
 220                 <para>
 221                 Example:
 222                 </para>
 223
 224                 <para>
 225                 <screen>
 226                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 227                         110716.72 17.67
 228                 </screen>
 229                 </para>
 230         </sect1>
 231
 232         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 233             <title>chgrp</title>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 237                 </para>
 238
 239                 <para>
 240                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 241                 </para>
 242
 243                 <para>
 244                 Options:
 245                 </para>
 246
 247                 <para>
 248                 <screen>
 249                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 250                 </screen>
 251                 </para>
 252
 253                 <para>
 254                 Example:
 255                 </para>
 256
 257                 <para>
 258                 <screen>
 259                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 260                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 261                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 262                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 263                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 264                 </screen>
 265                 </para>
 266         </sect1>
 267
 268         <sect1 id="chmod">
 269             <title>chmod</title>
 270
 271                 <para>
 272                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 273                 </para>
 274
 275                 <para>
 276                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 277                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 278                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 279                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 280                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 281                 </para>
 282
 283                 <para>
 284                 WHO may be chosen from
 285                 </para>
 286
 287                 <para>
 288                 <screen>
 289                         u       User who owns the file
 290                         g       Users in the file's Group
 291                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 292                         a       All users
 293                 </screen>
 294                 </para>
 295
 296                 <para>
 297                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 298                 </para>
 299
 300                 <para>
 301                 <screen>
 302                         +       Add a permission
 303                         -       Remove a permission
 304                         =       Assign a permission
 305                 </screen>
 306                 </para>
 307
 308                 <para>
 309                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 310                 </para>
 311
 312                 <para>
 313                 <screen>
 314                         r       Read
 315                         w       Write
 316                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 317                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 318                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 319                 </screen>
 320                 </para>
 321
 322                 <para>
 323                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 324                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 325                 </para>
 326
 327                 <para>
 328                 <screen>
 329                         4       Read
 330                         2       Write
 331                         1       Execute
 332                 </screen>
 333                 </para>
 334
 335                 <para>
 336                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 337                 </para>
 338
 339                 <para>
 340                 <screen>
 341                         4       Set user ID
 342                         2       Set group ID
 343                         1       Sticky bit
 344                 </screen>
 345                 </para>
 346
 347                 <para>
 348                 Options:
 349                 </para>
 350
 351                 <para>
 352                 <screen>
 353                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 354                 </screen>
 355                 </para>
 356
 357                 <para>
 358                 Example:
 359                 </para>
 360
 361                 <para>
 362                 <screen>
 363                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 364                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 365                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 366                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 367                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 368                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 369                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 370                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 371                 </screen>
 372                 </para>
 373         </sect1>
 374
 375         <sect1 id="chown">
 376             <title>chown</title>
 377                 <para>
 378                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 379                 </para>
 380
 381                 <para>
 382                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 383                 </para>
 384
 385                 <para>
 386                 Options:
 387                 </para>
 388
 389                 <para>
 390                 <screen>
 391                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 392                 </screen>
 393                 </para>
 394
 395                 <para>
 396                 Example:
 397                 </para>
 398
 399                 <para>
 400                 <screen>
 401                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 402                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 403                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 404                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 405                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 406                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 407                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 408                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 409                 </screen>
 410                 </para>
 411         </sect1>
 412
 413         <sect1 id="chroot">
 414             <title>chroot</title>
 415                 <para>
 416                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 417                 </para>
 418
 419                 <para>
 420                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 421                 </para>
 422
 423                 <para>
 424                 Example:
 425                 </para>
 426
 427                 <para>
 428                 <screen>
 429                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 430                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 431                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 432                         $ chroot /mnt
 433                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 434                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 435                 </screen>
 436                 </para>
 437         </sect1>
 438
 439         <sect1 id="chvt">
 440             <title>chvt</title>
 441                 <para>
 442                 Usage: chvt N
 443                 </para>
 444
 445                 <para>
 446                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="clear">
 451             <title>clear</title>
 452
 453                 <para>
 454                 Usage: clear
 455                 </para>
 456
 457                 <para>
 458                 Clear the screen.
 459                 </para>
 460         </sect1>
 461
 462         <sect1 id="cp">
 463             <title>cp</title>
 464
 465                 <para>
 466                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 467                 </para>
 468
 469                 <para>
 470                 <screen>
 471                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 472                 </screen>
 473                 </para>
 474
 475                 <para>
 476                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 477                 DIRECTORY.
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 Options:
 482                 </para>
 483
 484                 <para>
 485                 <screen>
 486                         -a      Same as -dpR
 487                         -d      Preserve links
 488                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 489                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 490                 </screen>
 491                 </para>
 492         </sect1>
 493
 494         <sect1 id="cut">
 495             <title>cut</title>
 496
 497                 <para>
 498                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 499                 </para>
 500
 501                 <para>
 502                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 503                 </para>
 504
 505                 <para>
 506                 Options:
 507                 </para>
 508
 509                 <para>
 510                 <screen>
 511                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 512                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 513                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 514                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 515                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 516                                 -n      Ignored
 517                 </screen>
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 Example:
 522                 </para>
 523
 524                 <para>
 525                 <screen>
 526                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 527                         Hello
 528                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 529                         world
 530                 </screen>
 531                 </para>
 532         </sect1>
 533
 534         <sect1 id="date">
 535             <title>date</title>
 536
 537                 <para>
 538                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 539                 </para>
 540
 541                 <para>
 542                 <screen>
 543                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 544                 </screen>
 545                 </para>
 546
 547                 <para>
 548                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 549                 </para>
 550
 551                 <para>
 552                 Options:
 553                 </para>
 554
 555                 <para>
 556                 <screen>
 557                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 558                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 559                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 560                 </screen>
 561                 </para>
 562
 563                 <para>
 564                 Example:
 565                 </para>
 566
 567                 <para>
 568                 <screen>
 569                         $ date
 570                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573         </sect1>
 574
 575         <sect1 id="dc">
 576             <title>dc</title>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 580                 </para>
 581
 582                 <para>
 583                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 584                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 585                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 586                 stdin.
 587                 </para>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 591                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 592                 </para>
 593
 594                 <para>
 595                 Example:
 596                 </para>
 597
 598                 <para>
 599                 <screen>
 600                         $ dc 2 2 +
 601                         4
 602                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 603                         16
 604                         $ dc 0 1 and
 605                         0
 606                         $ dc 0 1 or
 607                         1
 608                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 609                         64
 610                 </screen>
 611                 </para>
 612         </sect1>
 613
 614         <sect1 id="dd">
 615             <title>dd</title>
 616
 617                 <para>
 618                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 619                 </para>
 620
 621                 <para>
 622                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 623                 options.
 624                 </para>
 625
 626                 <para>
 627                 Options:
 628                 </para>
 629
 630                 <para>
 631                 <screen>
 632                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 633                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 634                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 635                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 636                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 637                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 638                 </screen>
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 643                 or M (x1024^2).
 644                 </para>
 645
 646                 <para>
 647                 Example:
 648                 </para>
 649
 650                 <para>
 651                 <screen>
 652                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 653                         4+0 records in
 654                         4+0 records out
 655                 </screen>
 656                 </para>
 657         </sect1>
 658
 659         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 660             <title>deallocvt</title>
 661
 662                 <para>
 663                 Usage: deallocvt N
 664                 </para>
 665
 666                 <para>
 667                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 668                 </para>
 669         </sect1>
 670
 671         <sect1 id="df">
 672             <title>df</title>
 673
 674                 <para>
 675                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 676                 </para>
 677
 678                 <para>
 679                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 680                 </para>
 681
 682                 <para>
 683                 Example:
 684                 </para>
 685
 686                 <para>
 687                 <screen>
 688                         $ df
 689                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 690                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 691                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 692                         $ df /dev/sda3
 693                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 694                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 695                 </screen>
 696                 </para>
 697         </sect1>
 698
 699         <sect1 id="dirname">
 700             <title>dirname</title>
 701
 702                 <para>
 703                 Usage: dirname NAME
 704                 </para>
 705
 706                 <para>
 707                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 708                 </para>
 709
 710                 <para>
 711                 Example:
 712                 </para>
 713
 714                 <para>
 715                 <screen>
 716                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 717                         /tmp
 718                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 719                         /tmp
 720                 </screen>
 721                 </para>
 722         </sect1>
 723
 724         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 725             <title>dmesg</title>
 726
 727                 <para>
 728                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 729                 </para>
 730
 731                 <para>
 732                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 733                 </para>
 734
 735                 <para>
 736                 Options:
 737                 </para>
 738
 739                 <para>
 740                 <screen>
 741                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 742                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 743                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 744                 </screen>
 745                 </para>
 746         </sect1>
 747
 748         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 749             <title>dos2unix</title>
 750
 751                 <para>
 752                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 753                 </para>
 754
 755                 <para>
 756                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 757                 </para>
 758
 759         </sect1>
 760
 761         <sect1 id="du">
 762             <title>du</title>
 763
 764                 <para>
 765                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 766                 </para>
 767
 768                 <para>
 769                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 770                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
 771                 1024 bytes).
 772                 </para>
 773
 774                 <para>
 775                 Options:
 776                 </para>
 777
 778                 <para>
 779                 <screen>
 780                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 781                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 782                 </screen>
 783                 </para>
 784
 785                 <para>
 786                 Example:
 787                 </para>
 788
 789                 <para>
 790                 <screen>
 791                         $ du
 792                         16      ./CVS
 793                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 794                         80      ./kernel-patches
 795                         12      ./tests/CVS
 796                         36      ./tests
 797                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 798                         16      ./scripts
 799                         12      ./docs/CVS
 800                         104     ./docs
 801                         2417    .
 802                 </screen>
 803                 </para>
 804         </sect1>
 805
 806         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 807             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 808
 809                 <para>
 810                 Usage: dumpkmap
 811                 </para>
 812
 813                 <para>
 814                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard input.
 815                 </para>
 816
 817                 <para>
 818                 Example:
 819                 </para>
 820
 821                 <para>
 822                 <screen>
 823                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 824                 </screen>
 825                 </para>
 826         </sect1>
 827
 828         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 829             <title>dutmp</title>
 830
 831                 <para>
 832                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 833                 </para>
 834
 835                 <para>
 836                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 837                 stdin to stdout.
 838                 </para>
 839
 840                 <para>
 841                 Example:
 842                 </para>
 843
 844                 <para>
 845                 <screen>
 846                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 847                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 848                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 849                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 850                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 851                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 852                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 853                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 854                 </screen>
 855                 </para>
 856         </sect1>
 857
 858         <sect1 id="echo">
 859             <title>echo</title>
 860
 861                 <para>
 862                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 863                 </para>
 864
 865                 <para>
 866                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 867                 </para>
 868
 869                 <para>
 870                 Options:
 871                 </para>
 872
 873                 <para>
 874                 <screen>
 875                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 876                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 877                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 878                 </screen>
 879                 </para>
 880
 881                 <para>
 882                 Example:
 883                 </para>
 884
 885                 <para>
 886                 <screen>
 887                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 888                         Erik is cool
 889                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 890                         Erik
 891                         is
 892                         cool
 893                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 894                         Erik\nis\ncool
 895                 </screen>
 896                 </para>
 897         </sect1>
 898
 899         <sect1 id="expr">
 900             <title>expr</title>
 901
 902                 <para>
 903                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 904                 </para>
 905
 906                 <para>
 907                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 908                 </para>
 909
 910                 <para>
 911                 EXPRESSION may be:
 912                 </para>
 913
 914                 <para>
 915                 <screen>
 916                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 917                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 918                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 919                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 920                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 921                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 922                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 923                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 924                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 925                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 926                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 927                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 928                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 929                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 930                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 931                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 932                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 933                         length STRING               length of STRING
 934                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 935                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 936                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 937                 </screen>
 938                 </para>
 939
 940                 <para>
 941                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 942                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 943                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 944                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 945                 of characters matched or 0.
 946                 </para>
 947
 948         </sect1>
 949
 950
 951         <sect1 id="false">
 952             <title>false</title>
 953
 954                 <para>
 955                 Usage: false
 956                 </para>
 957
 958                 <para>
 959                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
 960                 </para>
 961
 962                 <para>
 963                 Example:
 964                 </para>
 965
 966                 <para>
 967                 <screen>
 968                         $ false
 969                         $ echo $?
 970                         1
 971                 </screen>
 972                 </para>
 973         </sect1>
 974
 975         <sect1 id="fbset">
 976             <title>fbset</title>
 977
 978                 <para>
 979                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
 980                 </para>
 981
 982                 <para>
 983                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
 984                 </para>
 985
 986                 <para>
 987                 Options:
 988                 </para>
 989
 990                 <para>
 991                 <screen>
 992                         -h                                              Display option summary
 993                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
 994                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
 995                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
 996                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
 997                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
 998                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
 999                 </screen>
1000                 </para>
1001
1002                 <para>
1003                 Example:
1004                 </para>
1005
1006                 <para>
1007                 <screen>
1008                         $ fbset
1009                         mode "1024x768-76"
1010                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1011                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1012                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1013                                         accel false
1014                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1015                         endmode
1016                 </screen>
1017                 </para>
1018         </sect1>
1019
1020         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1021             <title>fdflush</title>
1022
1023                 <para>
1024                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1025                 </para>
1026
1027                 <para>
1028                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1029                 </para>
1030         </sect1>
1031
1032         <sect1 id="find">
1033             <title>find</title>
1034
1035                 <para>
1036                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1037                 </para>
1038
1039                 <para>
1040                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1041                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1042                 '-print'.
1043                 </para>
1044
1045                 <para>
1046                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1047                 </para>
1048
1049                 <para>
1050                 <screen>
1051                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1052                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1053                         -print          Print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout
1054                 </screen>
1055                 </para>
1056
1057                 <para>
1058                 Example:
1059                 </para>
1060
1061                 <para>
1062                 <screen>
1063                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1064                         /etc/passwd
1065                 </screen>
1066                 </para>
1067         </sect1>
1068
1069         <sect1 id="free">
1070             <title>free</title>
1071
1072                 <para>
1073                 Usage: free
1074                 </para>
1075
1076                 <para>
1077                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1078                 </para>
1079
1080                 <para>
1081                 Example:
1082                 </para>
1083
1084                 <para>
1085                 <screen>
1086                         $ free
1087                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1088                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1089                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1090                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1091                 </screen>
1092                 </para>
1093         </sect1>
1094
1095         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1096             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1097
1098                 <para>
1099                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1100                 </para>
1101
1102                 <para>
1103                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1104                 </para>
1105
1106                 <para>
1107                 Example:
1108                 </para>
1109
1110                 <para>
1111                 <screen>
1112                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1113                 </screen>
1114                 </para>
1115         </sect1>
1116
1117         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1118             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1119
1120                 <para>
1121                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1122                 </para>
1123
1124                 <para>
1125                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1126                 DEVICE.
1127                 </para>
1128
1129                 <para>
1130                 Options:
1131                 </para>
1132
1133                 <para>
1134                 <screen>
1135                         -l      List all filenames
1136                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1137                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1138                         -v      Verbose
1139                         -s      Output super-block information
1140                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1141                         -f      Force file system check.
1142                 </screen>
1143                 </para>
1144         </sect1>
1145
1146         <sect1 id="getopt">
1147             <title>getopt</title>
1148
1149                 <para>
1150                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1151                 </para>
1152
1153                 <para>
1154                 Parse command options
1155                 </para>
1156
1157                 <para>
1158                 <screen>
1159                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1160                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1161                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1162                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1163                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1164                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1165                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1166                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1167                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1168                 </screen>
1169                 </para>
1170
1171
1172                 <para>
1173                 Example:
1174                 </para>
1175
1176                 <para>
1177                 <screen>
1178                         $ cat getopt.test
1179                         #!/bin/sh
1180                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1181                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1182                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1183                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1184                         while true ; do
1185                           case $1 in
1186                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1187                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1188                             -c|--c-long)
1189                               case "$2" in
1190                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1191                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1192                               esac ;;
1193                             --) shift ; break ;;
1194                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1195                           esac
1196                         done
1197                 </screen>
1198                 </para>
1199         </sect1>
1200
1201         <sect1 id="grep">
1202             <title>grep</title>
1203
1204                 <para>
1205                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1206                 </para>
1207
1208                 <para>
1209                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1210                 </para>
1211
1212                 <para>
1213                 Options:
1214                 </para>
1215
1216                 <para>
1217                 <screen>
1218                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1219                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1220                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1221                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1222                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1223                 </screen>
1224                 </para>
1225
1226                 <para>
1227                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1228                 </para>
1229
1230                 <para>
1231                 Example:
1232                 </para>
1233
1234                 <para>
1235                 <screen>
1236                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1237                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1238                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1239                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1240                 </screen>
1241                 </para>
1242         </sect1>
1243
1244         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1245             <title>gunzip</title>
1246
1247                 <para>
1248                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1249                 </para>
1250
1251                 <para>
1252                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1253                 </para>
1254
1255                 <para>
1256                 Options:
1257                 </para>
1258
1259                 <para>
1260                 <screen>
1261                         -c      Write output to standard output
1262                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1263                 </screen>
1264                 </para>
1265
1266                 <para>
1267                 Example:
1268                 </para>
1269
1270                 <para>
1271                 <screen>
1272                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1273                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1274                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1275                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1276                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1277                 </screen>
1278                 </para>
1279         </sect1>
1280
1281         <sect1 id="gzip">
1282             <title>gzip</title>
1283
1284                 <para>
1285                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1286                 </para>
1287
1288                 <para>
1289                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1290                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1291                 </para>
1292
1293                 <para>
1294                 Options:
1295                 </para>
1296
1297                 <para>
1298                 <screen>
1299                         -c      Write output to standard output
1300                 </screen>
1301                 </para>
1302
1303                 <para>
1304                 Example:
1305                 </para>
1306
1307                 <para>
1308                 <screen>
1309                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1310                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1311                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1312                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1313                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1314                 </screen>
1315                 </para>
1316         </sect1>
1317
1318         <sect1 id="halt">
1319             <title>halt</title>
1320
1321                 <para>
1322                 Usage: halt
1323                 </para>
1324
1325                 <para>
1326                 Halt the system.
1327                 </para>
1328         </sect1>
1329
1330         <sect1 id="head">
1331             <title>head</title>
1332
1333                 <para>
1334                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1335                 </para>
1336
1337                 <para>
1338                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1339                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1340                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1341                 read standard input.
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Options:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1351                 </screen>
1352                 </para>
1353
1354                 <para>
1355                 Example:
1356                 </para>
1357
1358                 <para>
1359                 <screen>
1360                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1361                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1362                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1363                 </screen>
1364                 </para>
1365         </sect1>
1366
1367         <sect1 id="hostid">
1368             <title>hostid</title>
1369
1370                 <para>
1371                 Usage: hostid
1372                 </para>
1373
1374                 <para>
1375                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1376                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1377                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1378                 </para>
1379         </sect1>
1380
1381         <sect1 id="hostname">
1382             <title>hostname</title>
1383
1384                 <para>
1385                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1386                 </para>
1387
1388                 <para>
1389                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1390                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1391                 host name will be set.
1392                 </para>
1393
1394                 <para>
1395                 Options:
1396                 </para>
1397
1398                 <para>
1399                 <screen>
1400                         -s      Short
1401                         -i      Addresses for the hostname
1402                         -d      DNS domain name
1403                         -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1404                 </screen>
1405                 </para>
1406
1407                 <para>
1408                 Example:
1409                 </para>
1410
1411                 <para>
1412                 <screen>
1413                         $ hostname
1414                         slag
1415                 </screen>
1416                 </para>
1417         </sect1>
1418
1419         <sect1 id="id">
1420             <title>id</title>
1421
1422                 <para>
1423                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1424                 </para>
1425
1426                 <para>
1427                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1428                 </para>
1429
1430                 <para>
1431                 Options:
1432                 </para>
1433
1434                 <para>
1435                 <screen>
1436                         -g      Print only the group ID
1437                         -u      Print only the user ID
1438                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1439                 </screen>
1440                 </para>
1441
1442                 <para>
1443                 Example:
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 <screen>
1448                         $ id
1449                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1450                 </screen>
1451                 </para>
1452         </sect1>
1453
1454         <sect1 id="init">
1455             <title>init</title>
1456
1457                 <para>
1458                 Usage: init
1459                 </para>
1460
1461                 <para>
1462                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1463                 </para>
1464
1465                 <para>
1466                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1467                 kernel.
1468                 </para>
1469
1470                 <para>
1471                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1472                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1473                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1474                 sysvinit.
1475                 </para>
1476
1477                 <para>
1478                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1479                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1480                 </para>
1481
1482                 <para>
1483                 <screen>
1484                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1485                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1486                 </screen>
1487                 </para>
1488
1489                 <para>
1490                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1491                 console, it will also run:
1492                 </para>
1493
1494                 <para>
1495                 <screen>
1496                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1497                 </screen>
1498                 </para>
1499
1500                 <para>
1501                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1502                 entry format is as follows:
1503                 </para>
1504
1505                 <para>
1506                 <screen>
1507                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1508                 </screen>
1509                 </para>
1510
1511                 <sect2>
1512                     <title>id</title>
1513                         <para>
1514                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional
1515                         meaning for BusyBox init!  The id field is used
1516                         by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1517                         for the specified process to run on.  The
1518                         contents of this field are appended to "/dev/"
1519                         and used as-is.  There is no need for this field
1520                         to be unique, although if it isn't you may have
1521                         strange results.  If this field is left blank,
1522                         it is completely ignored.  Also note that if
1523                         BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use,
1524                         then all entries containing non-empty id fields
1525                         will _not_ be run.  BusyBox init does nothing
1526                         with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1527                         </para>
1528                 </sect2>
1529
1530                 <sect2>
1531                     <title>runlevels</title>
1532
1533                         <para>
1534                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1535                         </para>
1536                 </sect2>
1537
1538                 <sect2>
1539                     <title>action</title>
1540
1541                         <para>
1542                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn,
1543                         askfirst, wait, once, and ctrlaltdel.
1544                         </para>
1545
1546                         <para>
1547                         askfirst acts just like respawn, but before
1548                         running the specified process it displays the
1549                         line "Please press Enter to activate this
1550                         console." and then waits for the user to press
1551                         enter before starting the specified process.
1552                         </para>
1553
1554                         <para>
1555                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will
1556                         cause init to emit an error message, and then go
1557                         along with its business.
1558                         </para>
1559                 </sect2>
1560
1561                 <sect2>
1562                     <title>process</title>
1563
1564                         <para>
1565                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1566                         command line.
1567                         </para>
1568                 </sect2>
1569
1570                 <sect2>
1571                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1572
1573                 <para>
1574                 <screen>
1575                         # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1576                         #
1577                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1578
1579                         # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1580                         #
1581                         # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1582                         ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1583                         # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1584                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1585                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1586                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1587
1588                         # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1589                         #
1590                         tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1591                         tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1592
1593                         # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1594                         #
1595                         #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1596                         #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1597                         #
1598                         # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1599                         #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1600
1601                         # Stuff to do before rebooting
1602                         ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1603                         ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1604                 </screen>
1605                 </para>
1606                 </sect2>
1607         </sect1>
1608
1609         <sect1 id="insmod">
1610             <title>insmod</title>
1611
1612                 <para>
1613                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1614                 </para>
1615
1616                 <para>
1617                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1618                 </para>
1619
1620                 <para>
1621                 Options:
1622                 </para>
1623
1624                 <para>
1625                 <screen>
1626                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1627                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1628                         -v      Verbose output
1629                         -x      Do not export externs
1630                 </screen>
1631                 </para>
1632         </sect1>
1633
1634         <sect1 id="kill">
1635             <title>kill</title>
1636
1637                 <para>
1638                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1639                 </para>
1640
1641                 <para>
1642                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1643                 PID(s).
1644                 </para>
1645
1646                 <para>
1647                 Options:
1648                 </para>
1649
1650                 <para>
1651                 <screen>
1652                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1653                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1654                 </screen>
1655                 </para>
1656
1657                 <para>
1658                 Example:
1659                 </para>
1660
1661                 <para>
1662                 <screen>
1663                         $ ps | grep apache
1664                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1665                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1666                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1667                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1668                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1669                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1670                         $ kill 252
1671                 </screen>
1672                 </para>
1673         </sect1>
1674
1675         <sect1 id="killall">
1676             <title>killall</title>
1677
1678                 <para>
1679                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1680                 </para>
1681
1682                 <para>
1683                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1684                 NAME(s).
1685                 </para>
1686
1687                 <para>
1688                 Options:
1689                 </para>
1690
1691                 <para>
1692                 <screen>
1693                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1694                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1695                 </screen>
1696                 </para>
1697
1698                 <para>
1699                 Example:
1700                 </para>
1701
1702                 <para>
1703                 <screen>
1704                         $ killall apache
1705                 </screen>
1706                 </para>
1707         </sect1>
1708
1709         <sect1 id="length">
1710             <title>length</title>
1711
1712                 <para>
1713                 Usage: length STRING
1714                 </para>
1715
1716                 <para>
1717                 Print the length of STRING.
1718                 </para>
1719
1720                 <para>
1721                 Example:
1722                 </para>
1723
1724                 <para>
1725                 <screen>
1726                         $ length "Hello"
1727                         5
1728                 </screen>
1729                 </para>
1730         </sect1>
1731
1732         <sect1 id="ln">
1733             <title>ln</title>
1734
1735                 <para>
1736                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1737                 </para>
1738
1739                 <para>
1740                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1741                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1742                 arguments are non-options.
1743                 </para>
1744
1745                 <para>
1746                 Options:
1747                 </para>
1748
1749                 <para>
1750                 <screen>
1751                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1752                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1753                 </screen>
1754                 </para>
1755
1756                 <para>
1757                 Example:
1758                 </para>
1759
1760                 <para>
1761                 <screen>
1762                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1763                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1764                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1765                 </screen>
1766                 </para>
1767         </sect1>
1768
1769         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1770             <title>loadacm</title>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 Usage: loadacm
1774                 </para>
1775
1776                 <para>
1777                 Load an acm from stdin.
1778                 </para>
1779
1780                 <para>
1781                 Example:
1782                 </para>
1783
1784                 <para>
1785                 <screen>
1786                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1787                 </screen>
1788                 </para>
1789         </sect1>
1790
1791         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1792             <title>loadfont</title>
1793
1794                 <para>
1795                 Usage: loadfont
1796                 </para>
1797
1798                 <para>
1799                 Load a console font from stdin.
1800                 </para>
1801
1802                 <para>
1803                 Example:
1804                 </para>
1805
1806                 <para>
1807                 <screen>
1808                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1809                 </screen>
1810                 </para>
1811         </sect1>
1812
1813         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1814             <title>loadkmap</title>
1815
1816                 <para>
1817                 Usage: loadkmap
1818                 </para>
1819
1820                 <para>
1821                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1822                 </para>
1823
1824                 <para>
1825                 Example:
1826                 </para>
1827
1828                 <para>
1829                 <screen>
1830                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1831                 </screen>
1832                 </para>
1833         </sect1>
1834
1835         <sect1 id="logger">
1836             <title>logger</title>
1837
1838                 <para>
1839                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1840                 </para>
1841
1842                 <para>
1843                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is '-', log
1844                 stdin.
1845                 </para>
1846
1847                 <para>
1848                 Options:
1849                 </para>
1850
1851                 <para>
1852                 <screen>
1853                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1854                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1855                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1856                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1857                 </screen>
1858                 </para>
1859
1860                 <para>
1861                 Example:
1862                 </para>
1863
1864                 <para>
1865                 <screen>
1866                         $ logger "hello"
1867                 </screen>
1868                 </para>
1869         </sect1>
1870
1871         <sect1 id="logname">
1872             <title>logname</title>
1873
1874                 <para>
1875                 Usage: logname
1876                 </para>
1877
1878                 <para>
1879                 Print the name of the current user.
1880                 </para>
1881
1882                 <para>
1883                 Example:
1884                 </para>
1885
1886                 <para>
1887                 <screen>
1888                         $ logname
1889                         root
1890                 </screen>
1891                 </para>
1892         </sect1>
1893
1894         <sect1 id="ls">
1895             <title>ls</title>
1896
1897                 <para>
1898                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1899                 </para>
1900
1901                 <para>
1902
1903                 </para>
1904
1905                 <para>
1906                 Options:
1907                 </para>
1908
1909                 <para>
1910                 <screen>
1911                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1912                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1913                                 modification of file status information)
1914                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
1915                         -e      List both full date and full time
1916                         -l      Use a long listing format
1917                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1918                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1919                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
1920                                 access of the file)
1921                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
1922                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
1923                         -C      List entries by columns
1924                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1925                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
1926                 </screen>
1927                 </para>
1928
1929                 <para>
1930                 Example:
1931                 </para>
1932
1933                 <para>
1934                 <screen>
1935                 </screen>
1936                 </para>
1937         </sect1>
1938
1939         <sect1 id="lsmod">
1940             <title>lsmod</title>
1941
1942                 <para>
1943                 Usage: lsmod
1944                 </para>
1945
1946                 <para>
1947                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
1948                 </para>
1949         </sect1>
1950
1951         <sect1 id="makedevs">
1952             <title>makedevs</title>
1953
1954                 <para>
1955                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
1956                 </para>
1957
1958                 <para>
1959                 Create a range of block or character special files.
1960                 </para>
1961
1962                 <para>
1963                 TYPE may be:
1964                 </para>
1965
1966                 <para>
1967                 <screen>
1968                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
1969                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
1970                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
1971                 </screen>
1972                 </para>
1973
1974                 <para>
1975                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
1976                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
1977                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
1978                 argument, the base device is created as well.
1979                 </para>
1980
1981                 <para>
1982                 Example:
1983                 </para>
1984
1985                 <para>
1986                 <screen>
1987                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
1988                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
1989                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
1990                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
1991                 </screen>
1992                 </para>
1993         </sect1>
1994
1995         <sect1 id="md5sum">
1996             <title>md5sum</title>
1997
1998                 <para>
1999                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2000                 </para>
2001
2002                 <para>
2003                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2004                 </para>
2005
2006                 <para>
2007                 Options:
2008                 </para>
2009
2010                 <para>
2011                 <screen>
2012                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2013                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2014                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2015                         -g      Read a string
2016                 </screen>
2017                 </para>
2018
2019                 <para>
2020                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2021                 checksums:
2022                 </para>
2023
2024                 <para>
2025                 <screen>
2026                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2027                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2028                 </screen>
2029                 </para>
2030
2031                 <para>
2032                 Example:
2033                 </para>
2034
2035                 <para>
2036                 <screen>
2037                         $ md5sum busybox
2038                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2039                         $ md5sum -c
2040                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2041                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2042                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2043                         ^D
2044                 </screen>
2045                 </para>
2046         </sect1>
2047
2048         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2049             <title>mkdir</title>
2050
2051                 <para>
2052                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2053                 </para>
2054
2055                 <para>
2056                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2057                 </para>
2058
2059                 <para>
2060                 Options:
2061                 </para>
2062
2063                 <para>
2064                 <screen>
2065                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2066                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2067                 </screen>
2068                 </para>
2069
2070                 <para>
2071                 Example:
2072                 </para>
2073
2074                 <para>
2075                 <screen>
2076                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2077                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2078                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2079                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2080                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2081                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2082                 </screen>
2083                 </para>
2084         </sect1>
2085
2086         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2087             <title>mkfifo</title>
2088
2089                 <para>
2090                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2091                 </para>
2092
2093                 <para>
2094                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2095                 </para>
2096
2097                 <para>
2098                 Options:
2099                 </para>
2100
2101                 <para>
2102                 <screen>
2103                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2104                 </screen>
2105                 </para>
2106         </sect1>
2107
2108         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2109             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2110
2111                 <para>
2112                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2113                 </para>
2114
2115                 <para>
2116                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2117                 </para>
2118
2119                 <para>
2120                 Options:
2121                 </para>
2122
2123                 <para>
2124                 <screen>
2125                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2126                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2127                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2128                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2129                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2130                 </screen>
2131                 </para>
2132         </sect1>
2133
2134         <sect1 id="mknod">
2135             <title>mknod</title>
2136
2137                 <para>
2138                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2139                 </para>
2140
2141                 <para>
2142                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2143                 </para>
2144
2145                 <para>
2146                 Options:
2147                 </para>
2148
2149                 <para>
2150                 <screen>
2151                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2152                 </screen>
2153                 </para>
2154
2155                 <para>
2156                 TYPE may be:
2157                 </para>
2158
2159                 <para>
2160                 <screen>
2161                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2162                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2163                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2164                 </screen>
2165                 </para>
2166
2167                 <para>
2168                 Example:
2169                 </para>
2170
2171                 <para>
2172                 <screen>
2173                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2174                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2175                 </screen>
2176                 </para>
2177         </sect1>
2178
2179         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2180             <title>mkswap</title>
2181
2182                 <para>
2183                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2184                 </para>
2185
2186                 <para>
2187                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2188                 </para>
2189
2190                 <para>
2191                 Options:
2192                 </para>
2193
2194                 <para>
2195                 <screen>
2196                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2197                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2198                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2199                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2200                 </screen>
2201                 </para>
2202         </sect1>
2203
2204         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2205             <title>mktemp</title>
2206
2207                 <para>
2208                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2209                 </para>
2210
2211                 <para>
2212                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2213                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.
2214                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2215                 </para>
2216
2217                 <para>
2218                 Example:
2219                 </para>
2220
2221                 <para>
2222                 <screen>
2223                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2224                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2225                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2226                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2227                 </screen>
2228                 </para>
2229         </sect1>
2230
2231         <sect1 id="more">
2232             <title>more</title>
2233
2234                 <para>
2235                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2236                 </para>
2237
2238                 <para>
2239                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2240                 </para>
2241
2242                 <para>
2243                 Example:
2244                 </para>
2245
2246                 <para>
2247                 <screen>
2248                         $ dmesg | more
2249                 </screen>
2250                 </para>
2251         </sect1>
2252
2253         <sect1 id="mount">
2254             <title>mount</title>
2255
2256                 <para>
2257                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2258                 </para>
2259
2260                 <para>
2261                 <screen>
2262                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2263                 </screen>
2264                 </para>
2265
2266                 <para>
2267                 Mount filesystems.
2268                 </para>
2269
2270                 <para>
2271                 Options:
2272                 </para>
2273
2274                 <para>
2275                 <screen>
2276                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2277                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2278                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2279                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2280                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2281                 </screen>
2282                 </para>
2283
2284                 <para>
2285                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2286                 </para>
2287
2288                 <para>
2289                 <screen>
2290                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2291                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2292                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2293                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2294                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2295                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2296                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2297                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2298                 </screen>
2299                 </para>
2300
2301                 <para>
2302                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2303                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2304                 </para>
2305
2306                 <para>
2307                 Example:
2308                 </para>
2309
2310                 <para>
2311                 <screen>
2312                         $ mount
2313                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2314                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2315                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2316                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2317                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2318                 </screen>
2319                 </para>
2320         </sect1>
2321
2322         <sect1 id="mt">
2323             <title>mt</title>
2324
2325                 <para>
2326                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2327                 </para>
2328
2329                 <para>
2330                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2331                 </para>
2332
2333                 <para>
2334                 Options:
2335                 </para>
2336
2337                 <para>
2338                 <screen>
2339                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2340                 </screen>
2341                 </para>
2342         </sect1>
2343
2344         <sect1 id="mv">
2345             <title>mv</title>
2346
2347                 <para>
2348                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2349                 </para>
2350
2351                 <para>
2352                 <screen>
2353                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2354                 </screen>
2355                 </para>
2356
2357                 <para>
2358                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2359                 </para>
2360
2361                 <para>
2362                 Example:
2363                 </para>
2364
2365                 <para>
2366                 <screen>
2367                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2368                 </screen>
2369                 </para>
2370         </sect1>
2371
2372         <sect1 id="nc">
2373             <title>nc</title>
2374
2375                 <para>
2376                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2377                 </para>
2378
2379                 <para>
2380                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT.
2381                 </para>
2382
2383                 <para>
2384                 Example:
2385                 </para>
2386
2387                 <para>
2388                 <screen>
2389                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2390                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2391                         help
2392                         214-Commands supported:
2393                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2394                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2395                         quit
2396                         221 foobar closing connection
2397                 </screen>
2398                 </para>
2399         </sect1>
2400
2401         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2402             <title>nslookup</title>
2403
2404                 <para>
2405                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2406                 </para>
2407
2408                 <para>
2409                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2410                 HOST.
2411                 </para>
2412
2413                 <para>
2414                 Example:
2415                 </para>
2416
2417                 <para>
2418                 <screen>
2419                         $ nslookup localhost
2420                         Server:     default
2421                         Address:    default
2422
2423                         Name:       debian
2424                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2425                 </screen>
2426                 </para>
2427         </sect1>
2428
2429         <sect1 id="ping">
2430             <title>ping</title>
2431
2432                 <para>
2433                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2434                 </para>
2435
2436                 <para>
2437                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2438                 </para>
2439
2440                 <para>
2441                 Options:
2442                 </para>
2443
2444                 <para>
2445                 <screen>
2446                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2447                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2448                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2449                 </screen>
2450                 </para>
2451
2452                 <para>
2453                 Example:
2454                 </para>
2455
2456                 <para>
2457                 <screen>
2458                         $ ping localhost
2459                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2460                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2461
2462                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2463                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2464                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2465                 </screen>
2466                 </para>
2467         </sect1>
2468
2469         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2470             <title>poweroff</title>
2471
2472                 <para>
2473                 Usage: poweroff
2474                 </para>
2475
2476                 <para>
2477                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2478                 off power upon halting.
2479                 </para>
2480         </sect1>
2481
2482         <sect1 id="printf">
2483             <title>printf</title>
2484
2485                 <para>
2486                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2487                 </para>
2488
2489                 <para>
2490                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2491                 the C printf command.
2492                 </para>
2493
2494                 <para>
2495                 Example:
2496                 </para>
2497
2498                 <para>
2499                 <screen>
2500                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2501                         Val=5
2502                 </screen>
2503                 </para>
2504         </sect1>
2505
2506         <sect1 id="ps">
2507             <title>ps</title>
2508
2509                 <para>
2510                 Usage: ps
2511                 </para>
2512
2513                 <para>
2514                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2515                 options.
2516                 </para>
2517
2518                 <para>
2519                 Options:
2520                 </para>
2521
2522                 <para>
2523                 <screen>
2524                 </screen>
2525                 </para>
2526
2527                 <para>
2528                 Example:
2529                 </para>
2530
2531                 <para>
2532                 <screen>
2533                         $ ps
2534                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2535                             1 root     root     S init
2536                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2537                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2538                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2539                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2540                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2541                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2542                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2543                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2544                 </screen>
2545                 </para>
2546         </sect1>
2547
2548         <sect1 id="pwd">
2549             <title>pwd</title>
2550
2551                 <para>
2552                 Usage: pwd
2553                 </para>
2554
2555                 <para>
2556                 Print the full filename of the current working
2557                 directory.
2558                 </para>
2559
2560                 <para>
2561                 Example:
2562                 </para>
2563
2564                 <para>
2565                 <screen>
2566                         $ pwd
2567                         /root
2568                 </screen>
2569                 </para>
2570         </sect1>
2571
2572         <sect1 id="rdate">
2573             <title>rdate</title>
2574
2575                 <para>
2576                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2577                 </para>
2578
2579                 <para>
2580                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2581                 </para>
2582
2583                 <para>
2584                 Options:
2585                 </para>
2586
2587                 <para>
2588                 <screen>
2589                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2590                         -p      Print the date and time.
2591                 </screen>
2592                 </para>
2593         </sect1>
2594
2595         <sect1 id="reboot">
2596             <title>reboot</title>
2597
2598                 <para>
2599                 Usage: reboot
2600                 </para>
2601
2602                 <para>
2603                 Reboot the system.
2604                 </para>
2605         </sect1>
2606
2607         <sect1 id="renice">
2608             <title>renice</title>
2609
2610                 <para>
2611                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2612                 </para>
2613
2614                 <para>
2615                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2616                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2617                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2618                 </para>
2619         </sect1>
2620
2621         <sect1 id="reset">
2622             <title>reset</title>
2623
2624                 <para>
2625                 Usage: reset
2626                 </para>
2627
2628                 <para>
2629                 Resets the screen.
2630                 </para>
2631         </sect1>
2632
2633         <sect1 id="rm">
2634             <title>rm</title>
2635
2636                 <para>
2637                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2638                 </para>
2639
2640                 <para>
2641                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2642                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2643                 </para>
2644
2645                 <para>
2646                 Options:
2647                 </para>
2648
2649                 <para>
2650                 <screen>
2651                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2652                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2653                 </screen>
2654                 </para>
2655
2656                 <para>
2657                 Example:
2658                 </para>
2659
2660                 <para>
2661                 <screen>
2662                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2663                 </screen>
2664                 </para>
2665         </sect1>
2666
2667         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2668             <title>rmdir</title>
2669
2670                 <para>
2671                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2672                 </para>
2673
2674                 <para>
2675                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2676                 </para>
2677
2678                 <para>
2679                 Example:
2680                 </para>
2681
2682                 <para>
2683                 <screen>
2684                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2685                 </screen>
2686                 </para>
2687         </sect1>
2688
2689         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2690             <title>rmmod</title>
2691
2692                 <para>
2693                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2694                 </para>
2695
2696                 <para>
2697                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2698                 </para>
2699
2700                 <para>
2701                 Options:
2702                 </para>
2703
2704                 <para>
2705                 <screen>
2706                         -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules
2707                 </screen>
2708                 </para>
2709
2710                 <para>
2711                 Example:
2712                 </para>
2713
2714                 <para>
2715                 <screen>
2716                         $ rmmod tulip
2717                 </screen>
2718                 </para>
2719         </sect1>
2720
2721         <sect1 id="sed">
2722             <title>sed</title>
2723
2724                 <para>
2725                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2726                 </para>
2727
2728                 <para>
2729                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2730                 </para>
2731
2732                 <para>
2733                 <screen>
2734                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2735                 </screen>
2736                 </para>
2737
2738                 <para>
2739                 ADDR can be:
2740                 </para>
2741
2742                 <para>
2743                 <screen>
2744                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2745                         $         Match last line
2746                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2747                 </screen>
2748                 </para>
2749
2750                 <para>
2751                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2752                 </para>
2753
2754                 <para>
2755                 COMMAND can be:
2756                 </para>
2757
2758                 <para>
2759                 <screen>
2760                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2761                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2762                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2763                         aTEXT
2764                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2765                 </screen>
2766                 </para>
2767
2768                 <para>
2769                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2770                 </para>
2771
2772                 <para>
2773                 Options:
2774                 </para>
2775
2776                 <para>
2777                 <screen>
2778                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2779                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2780                 </screen>
2781                 </para>
2782
2783                 <para>
2784                 Example:
2785                 </para>
2786
2787                 <para>
2788                 <screen>
2789                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2790                         bar
2791                 </screen>
2792                 </para>
2793         </sect1>
2794
2795         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2796             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2797
2798                 <para>
2799                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2800                 </para>
2801
2802                 <para>
2803                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2804                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2805                 </para>
2806
2807                 <para>
2808                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2809                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2810                 </para>
2811
2812                 <para>
2813                 Example:
2814                 </para>
2815
2816                 <para>
2817                 <screen>
2818                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2819                 </screen>
2820                 </para>
2821         </sect1>
2822
2823
2824         <sect1 id="sh">
2825             <title>sh</title>
2826
2827                 <para>
2828                 Usage: sh
2829                 </para>
2830
2831                 <para>
2832                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2833                 </para>
2834
2835                 <para>
2836                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2837                 </para>
2838
2839                 <para>
2840                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2841                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2842                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2843                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2844                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2845                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2846                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2847                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2848                 </para>
2849         </sect1>
2850
2851         <sect1 id="sleep">
2852             <title>sleep</title>
2853
2854                 <para>
2855                 Usage: sleep N
2856                 </para>
2857
2858                 <para>
2859                 Pause for N seconds.
2860                 </para>
2861
2862                 <para>
2863                 Example:
2864                 </para>
2865
2866                 <para>
2867                 <screen>
2868                         $ sleep 2
2869                         [2 second delay results]
2870                 </screen>
2871                 </para>
2872         </sect1>
2873
2874         <sect1 id="sort">
2875             <title>sort</title>
2876
2877                 <para>
2878                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2879                 </para>
2880
2881                 <para>
2882                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
2883                 </para>
2884
2885                 <para>
2886                 Options:
2887                 </para>
2888
2889                 <para>
2890                 <screen>
2891                         -n      Compare numerically
2892                         -r      Reverse after sorting
2893                 </screen>
2894                 </para>
2895
2896                 <para>
2897                 Example:
2898                 </para>
2899
2900                 <para>
2901                 <screen>
2902                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
2903                         a
2904                         b
2905                         c
2906                         d
2907                         e
2908                         f
2909                 </screen>
2910                 </para>
2911         </sect1>
2912
2913         <sect1 id="swapoff">
2914             <title>swapoff</title>
2915
2916                 <para>
2917                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2918                 </para>
2919
2920                 <para>
2921                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
2922                 </para>
2923
2924                 <para>
2925                 Options:
2926                 </para>
2927
2928                 <para>
2929                 <screen>
2930                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
2931                 </screen>
2932                 </para>
2933         </sect1>
2934
2935         <sect1 id="swapon">
2936             <title>swapon</title>
2937
2938                 <para>
2939                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2940                 </para>
2941
2942                 <para>
2943                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
2944                 </para>
2945
2946                 <para>
2947                 Options:
2948                 </para>
2949
2950                 <para>
2951                 <screen>
2952                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
2953                 </screen>
2954                 </para>
2955         </sect1>
2956
2957         <sect1 id="sync">
2958             <title>sync</title>
2959
2960                 <para>
2961                 Usage: sync
2962                 </para>
2963
2964                 <para>
2965                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
2966                 </para>
2967         </sect1>
2968
2969         <sect1 id="syslogd">
2970             <title>syslogd</title>
2971
2972                 <para>
2973                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
2974                 </para>
2975
2976                 <para>
2977                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
2978                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
2979                 /etc/syslog.conf.
2980                 </para>
2981
2982                 <para>
2983                 Options:
2984                 </para>
2985
2986                 <para>
2987                 <screen>
2988                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
2989                         -n      Run as a foreground process
2990                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
2991                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
2992                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log messages to HOST on PORT (default=514) over UDP.
2993                 </screen>
2994                 </para>
2995
2996                 <para>
2997                 Example:
2998                 </para>
2999
3000                 <para>
3001                 <screen>
3002                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3003                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3004                 </screen>
3005                 </para>
3006         </sect1>
3007
3008         <sect1 id="tail">
3009             <title>tail</title>
3010
3011                 <para>
3012                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3013                 </para>
3014
3015                 <para>
3016                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3017                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3018                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3019                 read stdin.
3020                 </para>
3021
3022                 <para>
3023                 Options:
3024                 </para>
3025
3026                 <para>
3027                 <screen>
3028                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3029                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3030                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3031                 </screen>
3032                 </para>
3033
3034                 <para>
3035                 Example:
3036                 </para>
3037
3038                 <para>
3039                 <screen>
3040                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3041                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3042                 </screen>
3043                 </para>
3044         </sect1>
3045
3046         <sect1 id="tar">
3047             <title>tar</title>
3048
3049                 <para>
3050                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3051                 </para>
3052
3053                 <para>
3054
3055                 </para>
3056
3057                 <para>
3058                 MODE may be chosen from
3059                 </para>
3060
3061                 <para>
3062                 <screen>
3063                         c       Create
3064                         x       Extract
3065                         t       List
3066                 </screen>
3067                 </para>
3068
3069                 <para>
3070                 Options:
3071                 </para>
3072
3073                 <para>
3074                 <screen>
3075                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3076                         O                               Extract to stdout
3077                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3078                         v                               List files processed
3079                 </screen>
3080                 </para>
3081
3082                 <para>
3083                 Example:
3084                 </para>
3085
3086                 <para>
3087                 <screen>
3088                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3089                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3090                 </screen>
3091                 </para>
3092         </sect1>
3093
3094         <sect1 id="tee">
3095             <title>tee</title>
3096
3097                 <para>
3098                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3099                 </para>
3100
3101                 <para>
3102                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3103                 </para>
3104
3105                 <para>
3106                 Options:
3107                 </para>
3108
3109                 <para>
3110                 <screen>
3111                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3112                 </screen>
3113                 </para>
3114
3115                 <para>
3116                 Example:
3117                 </para>
3118
3119                 <para>
3120                 <screen>
3121                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3122                         Hello
3123                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3124                         Hello
3125                 </screen>
3126                 </para>
3127         </sect1>
3128
3129         <sect1 id="telnet">
3130             <title>telnet</title>
3131
3132                 <para>
3133                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3134                 </para>
3135
3136                 <para>
3137                 Establish interactive communication with another
3138                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3139                 </para>
3140         </sect1>
3141
3142         <sect1 id="test">
3143             <title>test, [</title>
3144
3145                 <para>
3146                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3147                 </para>
3148
3149                 <para>
3150                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3151                 </para>
3152
3153                 <para>
3154                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3155                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3156                 </para>
3157
3158                 <para>
3159                 Example:
3160                 </para>
3161
3162                 <para>
3163                 <screen>
3164                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3165                         $ echo $?
3166                         1
3167                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3168                         $ echo $?
3169                         0
3170                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3171                         $ echo $?
3172                         0
3173                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3174                         $ echo $?
3175                         1
3176                 </screen>
3177                 </para>
3178         </sect1>
3179
3180         <sect1 id="touch">
3181             <title>touch</title>
3182
3183                 <para>
3184                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3185                 </para>
3186
3187                 <para>
3188                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3189                 </para>
3190
3191                 <para>
3192                 Options:
3193                 </para>
3194
3195                 <para>
3196                 <screen>
3197                         -c      Do not create files
3198                 </screen>
3199                 </para>
3200
3201                 <para>
3202                 Example:
3203                 </para>
3204
3205                 <para>
3206                 <screen>
3207                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3208                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3209                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3210                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3211                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3212                 </screen>
3213                 </para>
3214         </sect1>
3215
3216         <sect1 id="tr">
3217             <title>tr</title>
3218
3219                 <para>
3220                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3221                 </para>
3222
3223                 <para>
3224                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3225                 writing to stdout.
3226                 </para>
3227
3228                 <para>
3229                 Options:
3230                 </para>
3231
3232                 <para>
3233                 <screen>
3234                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3235                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3236                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3237                 </screen>
3238                 </para>
3239
3240                 <para>
3241                 Example:
3242                 </para>
3243
3244                 <para>
3245                 <screen>
3246                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3247                         hello world
3248                 </screen>
3249                 </para>
3250         </sect1>
3251
3252         <sect1 id="true">
3253             <title>true</title>
3254
3255                 <para>
3256                 Usage: true
3257                 </para>
3258
3259                 <para>
3260                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3261                 </para>
3262
3263                 <para>
3264                 Example:
3265                 </para>
3266
3267                 <para>
3268                 <screen>
3269                         $ true
3270                         $ echo $?
3271                         0
3272                 </screen>
3273                 </para>
3274         </sect1>
3275
3276         <sect1 id="tty">
3277             <title>tty</title>
3278
3279                 <para>
3280                 Usage: tty
3281                 </para>
3282
3283                 <para>
3284                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3285                 </para>
3286
3287                 <para>
3288                 Options:
3289                 </para>
3290
3291                 <para>
3292                 <screen>
3293                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3294                 </screen>
3295                 </para>
3296
3297                 <para>
3298                 Example:
3299                 </para>
3300
3301                 <para>
3302                 <screen>
3303                         $ tty
3304                         /dev/tty2
3305                 </screen>
3306                 </para>
3307         </sect1>
3308
3309         <sect1 id="umount">
3310             <title>umount</title>
3311
3312                 <para>
3313                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3314                 </para>
3315
3316                 <para>
3317
3318                 </para>
3319
3320                 <para>
3321                 Options:
3322                 </para>
3323
3324                 <para>
3325                 <screen>
3326                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3327                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3328                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
3329                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3330                 </screen>
3331                 </para>
3332
3333                 <para>
3334                 Example:
3335                 </para>
3336
3337                 <para>
3338                 <screen>
3339                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3340                 </screen>
3341                 </para>
3342         </sect1>
3343
3344         <sect1 id="uname">
3345             <title>uname</title>
3346
3347                 <para>
3348                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3349                 </para>
3350
3351                 <para>
3352                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3353                 as -s.
3354                 </para>
3355
3356                 <para>
3357                 Options:
3358                 </para>
3359
3360                 <para>
3361                 <screen>
3362                         -a      Print all information
3363                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3364                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3365                         -r      Print the operating system release
3366                         -s      Print the operating system name
3367                         -p      Print the host processor type
3368                         -v      Print the operating system version
3369                 </screen>
3370                 </para>
3371
3372                 <para>
3373                 Example:
3374                 </para>
3375
3376                 <para>
3377                 <screen>
3378                         $ uname -a
3379                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3380                 </screen>
3381                 </para>
3382         </sect1>
3383
3384         <sect1 id="uniq">
3385             <title>uniq</title>
3386
3387                 <para>
3388                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3389                 </para>
3390
3391                 <para>
3392                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3393                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3394                 </para>
3395
3396                 <para>
3397                 Example:
3398                 </para>
3399
3400                 <para>
3401                 <screen>
3402                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3403                         a
3404                         b
3405                         c
3406                 </screen>
3407                 </para>
3408         </sect1>
3409
3410         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3411             <title>unix2dos</title>
3412
3413                 <para>
3414                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3415                 </para>
3416
3417                 <para>
3418                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3419                 </para>
3420
3421         </sect1>
3422
3423         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3424             <titleunrpmuniq</title>
3425
3426                 <para>
3427                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3428                 </para>
3429
3430                 <para>
3431                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3432                 </para>
3433
3434         </sect1>
3435
3436         <sect1 id="update">
3437             <title>update</title>
3438
3439                 <para>
3440                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3441                 </para>
3442
3443                 <para>
3444                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3445                 </para>
3446
3447                 <para>
3448                 Options:
3449                 </para>
3450
3451                 <para>
3452                 <screen>
3453                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3454                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3455                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3456                 </screen>
3457                 </para>
3458         </sect1>
3459
3460         <sect1 id="uptime">
3461             <title>uptime</title>
3462
3463                 <para>
3464                 Usage: uptime
3465                 </para>
3466
3467                 <para>
3468                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3469                 </para>
3470
3471                 <para>
3472                 Example:
3473                 </para>
3474
3475                 <para>
3476                 <screen>
3477                         $ uptime
3478                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3479                 </screen>
3480                 </para>
3481         </sect1>
3482
3483         <sect1 id="usleep">
3484             <title>usleep</title>
3485
3486                 <para>
3487                 Usage: usleep N
3488                 </para>
3489
3490                 <para>
3491                 Pause for N microseconds.
3492                 </para>
3493
3494                 <para>
3495                 Example:
3496                 </para>
3497
3498                 <para>
3499                 <screen>
3500                         $ usleep 1000000
3501                         [pauses for 1 second]
3502                 </screen>
3503                 </para>
3504         </sect1>
3505
3506         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3507             <title>uudecode</title>
3508
3509                 <para>
3510                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3511                 </para>
3512
3513                 <para>
3514                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3515                 </para>
3516
3517                 <para>
3518                 Options:
3519                 </para>
3520
3521                 <para>
3522                 <screen>
3523                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3524                 </screen>
3525                 </para>
3526
3527                 <para>
3528                 Example:
3529                 </para>
3530
3531                 <para>
3532                 <screen>
3533                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3534                         $ ls -l busybox
3535                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3536                 </screen>
3537                 </para>
3538         </sect1>
3539
3540         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3541             <title>uuencode</title>
3542
3543                 <para>
3544                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3545                 </para>
3546
3547                 <para>
3548                 Uuencode a file.
3549                 </para>
3550
3551                 <para>
3552                 Options:
3553                 </para>
3554
3555                 <para>
3556                 <screen>
3557                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3558                 </screen>
3559                 </para>
3560
3561                 <para>
3562                 Example:
3563                 </para>
3564
3565                 <para>
3566                 <screen>
3567                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3568                         begin 755 busybox
3569                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3570                         .....
3571                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3572                         $
3573                 </screen>
3574                 </para>
3575         </sect1>
3576
3577         <sect1 id="wc">
3578             <title>wc</title>
3579
3580                 <para>
3581                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3582                 </para>
3583
3584                 <para>
3585                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3586                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3587                 FILE, read stdin.
3588                 </para>
3589
3590                 <para>
3591                 Options:
3592                 </para>
3593
3594                 <para>
3595                 <screen>
3596                         -c      Print the byte counts
3597                         -l      Print the newline counts
3598                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3599                         -w      Print the word counts
3600                 </screen>
3601                 </para>
3602
3603                 <para>
3604                 Example:
3605                 </para>
3606
3607                 <para>
3608                 <screen>
3609                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3610                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3611                 </screen>
3612                 </para>
3613         </sect1>
3614
3615         <sect1 id="which">
3616             <title>which</title>
3617
3618                 <para>
3619                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3620                 </para>
3621
3622                 <para>
3623                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3624                 </para>
3625
3626                 <para>
3627                 Example:
3628                 </para>
3629
3630                 <para>
3631                 <screen>
3632                         $ which login
3633                         /bin/login
3634                 </screen>
3635                 </para>
3636         </sect1>
3637
3638         <sect1 id="whoami">
3639             <title>whoami</title>
3640
3641                 <para>
3642                 Usage: whoami
3643                 </para>
3644
3645                 <para>
3646                 Print the user name associated with the current
3647                 effective user id.
3648                 </para>
3649
3650                 <para>
3651                 Example:
3652                 </para>
3653
3654                 <para>
3655                 <screen>
3656                         $ whoami
3657                         andersen
3658                 </screen>
3659                 </para>
3660         </sect1>
3661
3662         <sect1 id="yes">
3663             <title>yes</title>
3664
3665                 <para>
3666                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3667                 </para>
3668
3669                 <para>
3670                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3671                 or `y'.
3672                 </para>
3673         </sect1>
3674
3675         <sect1 id="zcat">
3676             <title>zcat</title>
3677
3678                 <para>
3679                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3680                 </para>
3681
3682                 <para>
3683                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3684                 </para>
3685
3686                 <para>
3687                 Options:
3688                 </para>
3689
3690                 <para>
3691                 <screen>
3692                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3693                 </screen>
3694                 </para>
3695
3696                 <para>
3697                 Example:
3698                 </para>
3699
3700                 <para>
3701                 <screen>
3702                 </screen>
3703                 </para>
3704         </sect1>
3705   </chapter>
3706
3707   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3708     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3709
3710         <para>
3711         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3712         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3713         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3714         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3715         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3716         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3717         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3718         libraries installed.
3719         </para>
3720
3721         <para>
3722         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3723         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3724         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3725         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3726         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3727         </para>
3728   </chapter>
3729
3730   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3731     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3732
3733         <para>
3734         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3735         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3736         etc...
3737         </para>
3738   </chapter>
3739
3740   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3741     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3742
3743         <para>
3744         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt; &lt;andersen@lineo.com&gt;
3745         </para>
3746   </chapter>
3747
3748   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3749     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3750
3751         <para>
3752         The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether
3753         they know it or not.
3754         </para>
3755
3756         <para>
3757         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt;
3758         </para>
3759
3760         <para>
3761         John Beppu &lt;beppu@lineo.com&gt;
3762         </para>
3763
3764         <para>
3765         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3766         </para>
3767
3768         <para>
3769         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3770         </para>
3771
3772         <para>
3773         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3774         </para>
3775
3776         <para>
3777         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3778         </para>
3779
3780         <para>
3781         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3782         </para>
3783
3784         <para>
3785         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3786         </para>
3787
3788         <para>
3789         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3790         </para>
3791
3792         <para>
3793         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3794         </para>
3795
3796         <para>
3797         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3798         </para>
3799
3800         <para>
3801         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@lineo.com&gt;
3802         </para>
3803
3804         <para>
3805         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
3806         </para>
3807
3808         <para>
3809         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
3810         </para>
3811   </chapter>
3812 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->