1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [...]>
2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
4 <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
8 This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
9 it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
10 License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
11 version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
16 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
17 useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
18 warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
19 See the GNU General Public License for more details.
23 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
24 License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
25 Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
30 For more details see the file COPYING in the source
31 distribution of Linux.
37 <chapter id="Introduction">
38 <title>Introduction</title>
41 BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
42 small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
43 utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
44 grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
45 for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
46 fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
47 that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
48 like their GNU counterparts.
52 BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
53 mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
54 commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
55 your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
56 shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
61 <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
62 <sect1 id="How to use BusyBox">
67 BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
73 <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
78 <sect1 id="Invoking BusyBox">
80 When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
81 BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
97 will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
102 You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
103 command line. For example, entering
113 will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
118 <sect1 id="Common options">
120 Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
121 a terse runtime description of their behavior.
126 <chapter id="Commands">
127 <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
128 <sect1 id="Available BusyBox Commands">
129 <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
131 Currently defined functions include:
135 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date,
136 dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset,
137 fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt,
138 head, hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
139 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir,
140 mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc,
141 nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed,
142 setkeycodes, sfdisk, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail,
143 tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
144 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [
152 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
156 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
165 o Preserve original dates
169 v Verbosely list files processed
174 <sect1 id="basename">
175 <title>basename</title>
177 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
181 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
191 $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
193 $ basename /usr/local/bin/
195 $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
209 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
229 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
233 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
242 -R Change files and directories recursively
253 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
254 $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
256 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
265 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
269 Change file access permissions for the specified
270 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
271 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
272 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
273 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
277 WHO may be chosen from
282 u User who owns the file
283 g Users in the file's Group
284 o Other users not in the file's group
290 OPERATOR may be chosen from
296 - Remove a permission
297 = Assign a permission
302 PERMISSION may be chosen from
309 x Execute (or access for directories)
310 s Set user (or group) ID bit
311 t Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
316 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
317 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
329 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
346 -R Change files and directories recursively.
357 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
360 -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
363 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
371 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
375 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
384 -R Change files and directories recursively
395 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
396 $ chown root /tmp/foo
398 -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
399 $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
401 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
407 <title>chroot</title>
409 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
413 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
423 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
424 $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
427 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
439 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
459 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
464 or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
469 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
481 -p Preserve file attributes if possible
482 -R Copy directories recursively
491 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
495 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
504 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
505 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
506 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
507 -s Only output Lines if the include DELIM
508 -f N Print only these fields
519 $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
521 $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
531 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
536 or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
541 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
550 -R Output RFC-822 compliant date string
551 -s Set time described by STRING
552 -u Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
563 Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
572 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
576 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
577 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
578 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
583 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
584 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
601 $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
611 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
615 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
625 if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
626 of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
627 bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
628 count=N Copy only N input blocks
629 skip=N Skip N input blocks
630 seek=N Skip N output blocks
635 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
645 $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
652 <sect1 id="deallocvt">
653 <title>deallocvt</title>
660 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
672 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
682 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
683 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
684 /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
686 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
687 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
693 <title>dirname</title>
700 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
721 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
725 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
734 -c Clear the ring buffer after printing
735 -n LEVEL Set the console logging level to LEVEL
736 -s BUFSIZE Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
745 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
749 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
750 directory. Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
760 -l Count sizes many times if hard linked
761 -s Display only a total for each argument
773 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
794 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
804 $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
805 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
806 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
807 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
808 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
809 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
810 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
811 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
820 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
824 Print ARGs to stdout.
833 -n Suppress trailing newline
834 -e Enable interpretation of escaped characters
835 -E Disable interpretation of escaped characters
845 $ echo "Erik is cool"
847 $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
851 $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
865 Returns an exit code of FALSE (1).
881 <!-- This is where I have stopped formatting stuff -->
882 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fbset
885 <listitem><para></para>
888 Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
894 Show and modify frame buffer device settings
934 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
935 geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
936 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
938 rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
946 -------------------------------
951 </listitem></varlistentry>
952 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fdflush
955 <listitem><para></para>
958 Usage: fdflush device
964 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
970 -------------------------------
975 </listitem></varlistentry>
976 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>find
979 <listitem><para></para>
982 Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
988 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
989 directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
995 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1002 -follow Dereference symbolic links.
1003 -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
1004 -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
1018 $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1026 -------------------------------
1031 </listitem></varlistentry>
1032 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>free
1035 <listitem><para></para>
1044 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1058 total used free shared buffers
1059 Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
1060 Swap: 128516 8404 120112
1061 Total: 386144 257128 129016
1068 -------------------------------
1073 </listitem></varlistentry>
1074 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>freeramdisk
1077 <listitem><para></para>
1080 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1086 Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
1099 $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1106 -------------------------------
1111 </listitem></varlistentry>
1112 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fsck.minix
1115 <listitem><para></para>
1118 Usage: fsck.minix [<emphasis>-larvsmf</emphasis>] /dev/name
1124 Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
1137 -l Lists all filenames
1138 -r Perform interactive repairs
1139 -a Perform automatic repairs
1141 -s Outputs super-block information
1142 -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1143 -f Force file system check.
1150 -------------------------------
1155 </listitem></varlistentry>
1156 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>grep
1159 <listitem><para></para>
1162 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1168 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
1181 -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
1182 -i ignore case distinctions
1183 -n print line number with output lines
1184 -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1185 -v select non-matching lines
1192 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1205 $ grep root /etc/passwd
1206 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1207 $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1208 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1215 -------------------------------
1220 </listitem></varlistentry>
1221 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>gunzip
1224 <listitem><para></para>
1227 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1233 Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
1246 -c Write output to standard output
1247 -t Test compressed file integrity
1261 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1262 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1263 $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1264 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1265 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1272 -------------------------------
1277 </listitem></varlistentry>
1278 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>gzip
1281 <listitem><para></para>
1284 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1290 Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
1291 input. Implies <emphasis>-c</emphasis>.
1304 -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
1318 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1319 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1320 $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1321 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1322 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1329 -------------------------------
1334 </listitem></varlistentry>
1335 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>halt
1338 <listitem><para></para>
1347 This command halts the system.
1353 -------------------------------
1358 </listitem></varlistentry>
1359 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>head
1362 <listitem><para></para>
1365 Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
1371 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
1372 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
1373 when FILE is -, read standard input.
1386 -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1400 $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1401 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1402 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1409 -------------------------------
1414 </listitem></varlistentry>
1415 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostid
1418 <listitem><para></para>
1427 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
1428 identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
1434 -------------------------------
1439 </listitem></varlistentry>
1440 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostname
1443 <listitem><para></para>
1446 Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <emphasis>-F</emphasis> file}
1452 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
1453 file with the <emphasis>-F</emphasis> parameter), the host name will be set.
1467 -i Addresses for the hostname
1469 -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1491 -------------------------------
1496 </listitem></varlistentry>
1497 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>id
1500 <listitem><para></para>
1503 Print information for USERNAME or the current user
1516 -g prints only the group ID
1517 -u prints only the user ID
1518 -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1533 uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1540 -------------------------------
1545 </listitem></varlistentry>
1546 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>init
1549 <listitem><para></para>
1558 Init is the parent of all processes.
1564 This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
1570 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
1571 /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
1572 runlevels, use sysvinit.
1578 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
1579 has the following default behavior:
1586 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1594 if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
1602 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1609 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
1617 <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
1633 WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1634 The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
1635 the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
1636 appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
1637 be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
1638 field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
1639 BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
1640 containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
1641 nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1657 The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1673 Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1674 once, and ctrlaltdel.
1682 askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
1683 process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
1684 console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
1685 the specified process.
1693 Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
1694 an error message, and then go along with its business.
1710 Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
1717 Example /etc/inittab file:
1724 # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1726 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1734 # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1736 # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1738 # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
1739 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1747 # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1749 tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
1750 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1758 # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1760 #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1761 #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1763 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1764 #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1772 # Stuff to do before rebooting
1773 ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
1774 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
1781 -------------------------------
1786 </listitem></varlistentry>
1787 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>insmod
1790 <listitem><para></para>
1793 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1799 Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
1812 -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1813 -k Make module autoclean-able.
1815 -x do not export externs
1822 -------------------------------
1827 </listitem></varlistentry>
1828 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>kill
1831 <listitem><para></para>
1834 Usage: kill [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-id [process-id ...]
1840 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1841 <literal>process(es).</literal>
1854 -l List all signal names and numbers.
1869 252 root root S [apache]
1870 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1871 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1872 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1873 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1874 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1882 -------------------------------
1887 </listitem></varlistentry>
1888 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>killall
1891 <listitem><para></para>
1894 Usage: killall [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-name [process-name ...]
1900 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1901 <literal>process(es).</literal>
1914 -l List all signal names and numbers.
1935 -------------------------------
1940 </listitem></varlistentry>
1941 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>length
1944 <listitem><para></para>
1947 Usage: length STRING
1953 Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
1974 -------------------------------
1979 </listitem></varlistentry>
1980 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ln
1983 <listitem><para></para>
1986 Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
1992 Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may
1993 use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2006 -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
2007 -f remove existing destination files
2021 $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
2023 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
2030 -------------------------------
2035 </listitem></varlistentry>
2036 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadacm
2039 <listitem><para></para>
2048 Loads an acm from standard input.
2061 $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
2068 -------------------------------
2073 </listitem></varlistentry>
2074 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadfont
2077 <listitem><para></para>
2086 Loads a console font from standard input.
2099 $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
2106 -------------------------------
2111 </listitem></varlistentry>
2112 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadkmap
2115 <listitem><para></para>
2124 Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
2137 $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
2144 -------------------------------
2149 </listitem></varlistentry>
2150 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>logger
2153 <listitem><para></para>
2156 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
2162 Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
2175 -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
2176 -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
2177 -p Enter the message with the specified priority.
2178 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
2199 -------------------------------
2204 </listitem></varlistentry>
2205 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>logname
2208 <listitem><para></para>
2217 Print the name of the current user.
2238 -------------------------------
2243 </listitem></varlistentry>
2244 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ls
2247 <listitem><para></para>
2250 Usage: ls [<emphasis>-1acdelnpuxACFR</emphasis>] [filenames...]
2263 -a do not hide entries starting with .
2264 -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
2265 modification of file status information)
2266 -d list directory entries instead of contents
2267 -e list both full date and full time
2268 -l use a long listing format
2269 -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
2270 -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
2271 -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
2273 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
2274 -A do not list implied . and ..
2275 -C list entries by columns
2276 -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
2277 -R list subdirectories recursively
2284 -------------------------------
2289 </listitem></varlistentry>
2290 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>lsmod
2293 <listitem><para></para>
2302 Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
2308 -------------------------------
2313 </listitem></varlistentry>
2314 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>makedevs
2317 <listitem><para></para>
2320 Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2326 Creates a range of block or character special files
2339 b: Make a block (buffered) device.
2340 c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
2341 p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
2348 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
2349 LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
2350 is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
2363 $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2364 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2365 $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2366 [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2373 -------------------------------
2378 </listitem></varlistentry>
2379 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum
2382 <listitem><para></para>
2385 Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]
2391 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2404 -b read files in binary mode
2405 -c check MD5 sums against given list
2406 -t read files in text mode (default)
2414 The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
2421 -s don't output anything, status code shows success
2422 -w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2437 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
2439 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
2448 -------------------------------
2453 </listitem></varlistentry>
2454 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkdir
2457 <listitem><para></para>
2460 Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
2466 Create the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they do not already exist
2479 -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2480 -p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2496 /tmp/foo: File exists
2497 $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2498 /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2499 $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2506 -------------------------------
2511 </listitem></varlistentry>
2512 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfifo
2515 <listitem><para></para>
2518 Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
2524 Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
2537 -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2544 -------------------------------
2549 </listitem></varlistentry>
2550 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfs.minix
2553 <listitem><para></para>
2556 Usage: mkfs.minix [<emphasis>-c</emphasis> | <emphasis>-l</emphasis> filename] [<emphasis>-nXX</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-iXX</emphasis>] /dev/name [blocks]
2562 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2575 -c Check the device for bad blocks
2576 -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
2577 -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2578 -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2579 -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2586 -------------------------------
2591 </listitem></varlistentry>
2592 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mknod
2595 <listitem><para></para>
2598 Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2604 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2617 -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2624 TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
2625 (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
2639 $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2640 $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2647 -------------------------------
2652 </listitem></varlistentry>
2653 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkswap
2656 <listitem><para></para>
2659 Usage: mkswap [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-v0</emphasis>|<emphasis>-v1</emphasis>] device [block-count]
2665 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2678 -c Check for read-ability.
2679 -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2680 -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
2681 block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2688 -------------------------------
2693 </listitem></varlistentry>
2694 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mktemp
2697 <listitem><para></para>
2700 Usage: mktemp [<emphasis>-q</emphasis>] TEMPLATE
2706 Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
2707 name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2720 $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2722 $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2723 -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2730 -------------------------------
2735 </listitem></varlistentry>
2736 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>more
2739 <listitem><para></para>
2742 Usage: more [file ...]
2748 More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
2768 -------------------------------
2773 </listitem></varlistentry>
2774 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mount
2777 <listitem><para></para>
2780 Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<emphasis>-o</emphasis> options,more-options]
2793 -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
2794 -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
2795 -r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
2796 -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
2797 -w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
2804 Options for use with the ``<emphasis>-o</emphasis>'' flag:
2811 async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
2812 atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
2813 dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
2814 exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
2815 loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
2816 suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
2817 remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
2818 ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
2819 There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
2820 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2835 /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2836 proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2837 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2838 $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2839 $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2846 -------------------------------
2851 </listitem></varlistentry>
2852 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mt
2855 <listitem><para></para>
2858 Usage: mt [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> device] opcode value
2864 Control magnetic tape drive operation
2870 -------------------------------
2875 </listitem></varlistentry>
2876 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mv
2879 <listitem><para></para>
2882 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2889 or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2896 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to DIRECTORY.
2909 $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2916 -------------------------------
2921 </listitem></varlistentry>
2922 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>nc
2925 <listitem><para></para>
2928 Usage: nc [IP] [port]
2934 Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
2947 $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2948 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2950 214-Commands supported:
2951 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2952 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2954 221 foobar closing connection
2961 -------------------------------
2966 </listitem></varlistentry>
2967 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>nslookup
2970 <listitem><para></para>
2973 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2979 Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
2992 $ nslookup localhost
3010 -------------------------------
3015 </listitem></varlistentry>
3016 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ping
3019 <listitem><para></para>
3022 Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
3028 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
3041 -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
3042 -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
3043 -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
3054 PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
3055 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
3063 --- debian ping statistics ---
3064 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
3065 round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
3072 -------------------------------
3077 </listitem></varlistentry>
3078 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>poweroff
3081 <listitem><para></para>
3084 Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
3091 -------------------------------
3096 </listitem></varlistentry>
3097 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>printf
3100 <listitem><para></para>
3103 Usage: printf format [argument...]
3109 Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
3123 $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
3131 -------------------------------
3136 </listitem></varlistentry>
3137 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ps
3140 <listitem><para></para>
3149 Report process status
3155 This version of ps accepts no options.
3169 PID Uid Gid State Command
3171 2 root root S [kflushd]
3172 3 root root S [kupdate]
3173 4 root root S [kpiod]
3174 5 root root S [kswapd]
3175 742 andersen andersen S [bash]
3176 743 andersen andersen S -bash
3177 745 root root S [getty]
3178 2990 andersen andersen R ps
3185 -------------------------------
3190 </listitem></varlistentry>
3191 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>pwd
3194 <listitem><para></para>
3197 Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
3218 -------------------------------
3223 </listitem></varlistentry>
3224 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>reboot
3227 <listitem><para></para>
3230 Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
3236 -------------------------------
3241 </listitem></varlistentry>
3242 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rm
3245 <listitem><para></para>
3248 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
3254 Remove (unlink) the <literal>FILE(s).</literal> You may use '--' to
3255 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
3268 -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
3269 -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
3290 -------------------------------
3295 </listitem></varlistentry>
3296 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmdir
3299 <listitem><para></para>
3302 Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
3308 Remove the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they are empty.
3328 -------------------------------
3333 </listitem></varlistentry>
3334 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmmod
3337 <listitem><para></para>
3340 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
3346 Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
3359 -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
3380 -------------------------------
3385 </listitem></varlistentry>
3386 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sed
3389 <listitem><para></para>
3392 Usage: sed [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] <emphasis>-e</emphasis> script [file...]
3398 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
3413 where address ADDR can be:
3414 NUMBER Match specified line number
3416 /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
3417 (! inverts the meaning of the match)
3426 s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
3427 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
3428 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
3437 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
3451 -e add the script to the commands to be executed
3452 -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
3459 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
3472 $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
3480 -------------------------------
3485 </listitem></varlistentry>
3486 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>setkeycodes
3489 <listitem><para></para>
3492 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
3498 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
3499 keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
3505 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
3519 # setkeycodes e030 127
3526 -------------------------------
3531 </listitem></varlistentry>
3532 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sfdisk
3535 <listitem><para></para>
3538 Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
3544 device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
3557 -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
3558 -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
3559 -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
3560 -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
3561 -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
3562 -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
3563 -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
3564 -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
3565 -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
3566 -N# : change only the partition with number #
3567 -n : do not actually write to disk
3568 -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
3569 -I file : restore these sectors again
3570 -v [or --version]: print version
3571 -? [or --help]: print this message
3585 -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
3586 -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
3594 or expect descriptors for them on input
3595 -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
3596 -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
3597 You can override the detected geometry using:
3598 -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
3599 -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
3600 -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
3607 You can disable all consistency checking with:
3614 -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
3621 -------------------------------
3626 </listitem></varlistentry>
3627 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sh
3630 <listitem><para></para>
3639 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
3645 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
3651 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
3652 redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
3653 and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
3654 (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
3655 ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
3656 very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
3662 -------------------------------
3667 </listitem></varlistentry>
3668 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sleep
3671 <listitem><para></para>
3680 Pause for N seconds.
3694 [2 second delay results]
3701 -------------------------------
3706 </listitem></varlistentry>
3707 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sort
3710 <listitem><para></para>
3713 Usage: sort [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-r</emphasis>] [FILE]...
3719 Sorts lines of text in the specified files
3732 $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
3745 -------------------------------
3750 </listitem></varlistentry>
3751 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapoff
3754 <listitem><para></para>
3757 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
3763 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3776 -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
3783 -------------------------------
3788 </listitem></varlistentry>
3789 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapon
3792 <listitem><para></para>
3795 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
3801 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3814 -a Start swapping on all swap devices
3821 -------------------------------
3826 </listitem></varlistentry>
3827 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sync
3830 <listitem><para></para>
3839 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
3845 -------------------------------
3850 </listitem></varlistentry>
3851 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>syslogd
3854 <listitem><para></para>
3857 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3863 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
3864 version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
3877 -m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3878 -n Run as a foreground process
3879 -K Do not start up the klogd process
3880 -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3887 -------------------------------
3892 </listitem></varlistentry>
3893 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tail
3896 <listitem><para></para>
3899 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3905 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
3906 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
3907 when FILE is -, read standard input.
3920 -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
3921 -f Output data as the file grows. This version
3922 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3936 $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3944 -------------------------------
3949 </listitem></varlistentry>
3950 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tar
3953 <listitem><para></para>
3956 Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<emphasis>--exclude</emphasis> File] [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> tarFile] [FILE] ...
3962 Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
3963 tar treats hard links as separate files.
3969 Main operation mode:
3992 f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
3994 --exclude file to exclude
4008 v verbosely list files processed
4022 $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
4023 $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
4030 -------------------------------
4035 </listitem></varlistentry>
4036 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tee
4039 <listitem><para></para>
4042 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
4048 Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
4061 -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
4075 $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
4084 -------------------------------
4089 </listitem></varlistentry>
4090 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>telnet
4093 <listitem><para></para>
4096 Usage: telnet host [port]
4102 Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer
4103 over a network using the TELNET protocol.
4109 -------------------------------
4114 </listitem></varlistentry>
4115 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>test, [
4118 <listitem><para></para>
4121 Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
4127 Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
4128 the value of EXPRESSION.
4159 -------------------------------
4164 </listitem></varlistentry>
4165 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>touch
4168 <listitem><para></para>
4171 Usage: touch [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] file [file ...]
4177 Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
4191 /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
4194 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
4201 -------------------------------
4206 </listitem></varlistentry>
4207 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tr
4210 <listitem><para></para>
4213 Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
4219 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
4233 -c take complement of STRING1
4234 -d delete input characters coded STRING1
4235 -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
4249 $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
4257 -------------------------------
4262 </listitem></varlistentry>
4263 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>true
4266 <listitem><para></para>
4269 Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
4291 -------------------------------
4296 </listitem></varlistentry>
4297 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tty
4300 <listitem><para></para>
4309 Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
4322 -s print nothing, only return an exit status
4344 -------------------------------
4349 </listitem></varlistentry>
4350 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>umount
4353 <listitem><para></para>
4356 Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
4369 -a: Unmount all file systems
4370 -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
4371 -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
4372 -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
4393 -------------------------------
4398 </listitem></varlistentry>
4399 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uname
4402 <listitem><para></para>
4405 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
4411 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <emphasis>-s</emphasis>.
4424 -a print all information
4425 -m the machine (hardware) type
4426 -n print the machine's network node hostname
4427 -r print the operating system release
4428 -s print the operating system name
4429 -p print the host processor type
4430 -v print the operating system version
4445 Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
4452 -------------------------------
4457 </listitem></varlistentry>
4458 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uniq
4461 <listitem><para></para>
4464 Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
4470 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
4471 input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
4484 $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
4494 -------------------------------
4499 </listitem></varlistentry>
4500 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>update
4503 <listitem><para></para>
4506 Usage: update [options]
4512 Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
4525 -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
4526 -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
4527 -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
4534 -------------------------------
4539 </listitem></varlistentry>
4540 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uptime
4543 <listitem><para></para>
4552 Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
4566 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
4573 -------------------------------
4578 </listitem></varlistentry>
4579 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>usleep
4582 <listitem><para></para>
4591 Pauses for N microseconds.
4605 [pauses for 1 second]
4612 -------------------------------
4617 </listitem></varlistentry>
4618 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uudecode
4621 <listitem><para></para>
4624 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
4630 Uudecode a uuencoded file
4643 -o FILE direct output to FILE
4657 $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
4659 -rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox
4666 -------------------------------
4671 </listitem></varlistentry>
4672 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uuencode
4675 <listitem><para></para>
4678 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE
4697 -m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
4711 $ uuencode busybox busybox
4713 M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&
4715 $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
4723 -------------------------------
4728 </listitem></varlistentry>
4729 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>wc
4732 <listitem><para></para>
4735 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
4741 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
4742 than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
4755 -c print the byte counts
4756 -l print the newline counts
4757 -L print the length of the longest line
4758 -w print the word counts
4773 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
4780 -------------------------------
4785 </listitem></varlistentry>
4786 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>which
4789 <listitem><para></para>
4792 Usage: which [COMMAND ...]
4819 -------------------------------
4824 </listitem></varlistentry>
4825 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>whoami
4828 <listitem><para></para>
4837 Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
4858 -------------------------------
4863 </listitem></varlistentry>
4864 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>yes
4867 <listitem><para></para>
4870 Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
4876 Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <literal>STRING(s),</literal>
4883 -------------------------------
4888 </listitem></varlistentry>
4889 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>zcat
4892 <listitem><para></para>
4895 This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <emphasis>-c</emphasis>'', where it decompresses the file in question and send the output to
4902 -------------------------------
4907 </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
4911 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-6"><title>LIBC NSS
4914 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
4920 GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
4921 the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
4922 system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
4923 Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
4924 make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
4925 for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
4926 libraries installed.
4932 If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
4933 authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
4934 need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
4935 enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
4936 want the full GNU utilities.
4943 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-7"><title>SEE ALSO
4946 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
4952 <literal>textutils(1),</literal> <literal>shellutils(1),</literal> etc...
4959 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-8"><title>MAINTAINER
4962 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
4968 Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com>
4975 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-9"><title>AUTHORS
4978 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
4984 The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
4991 Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>
4997 John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com>
5003 Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
5009 Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
5015 Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
5021 Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
5027 John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
5033 Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au>
5039 Bruce Perens <bruce@perens.com>
5045 Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
5051 Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
5057 Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
5063 Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
5073 </book> <!-- End of the book -->