docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
 140                 cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du,
 141                 dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
 142                 freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head,
 143                 hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
 144                 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod,
 145                 makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
 146                 more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps,
 147                 pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep,
 148                 sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet,
 149                 test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
 150                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes,
 151                 zcat, [
 152                 </para>
 153         </sect1>
 154
 155         <sect1 id="ar">
 156             <title>ar</title>
 157
 158                 <para>
 159                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 160                 </para>
 161
 162                 <para>
 163                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 164                 </para>
 165
 166                 <para>
 167                 Options:
 168                 </para>
 169
 170                 <para>
 171                 <screen>
 172                         o       Preserve original dates
 173                         p       Extract to stdout
 174                         t       List
 175                         x       Extract
 176                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 177                 </screen>
 178                 </para>
 179         </sect1>
 180
 181         <sect1 id="basename">
 182             <title>basename</title>
 183                 <para>
 184                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 185                 </para>
 186
 187                 <para>
 188                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 189                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 190                 </para>
 191
 192                 <para>
 193                 Example:
 194                 </para>
 195
 196                 <para>
 197                 <screen>
 198                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 199                         foo
 200                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 201                         bin
 202                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 203                         bar
 204                 </screen>
 205                 </para>
 206         </sect1>
 207
 208         <sect1 id="cat">
 209             <title>cat</title>
 210
 211                 <para>
 212                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 213                 </para>
 214
 215                 <para>
 216                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 217                 output.
 218                 </para>
 219
 220                 <para>
 221                 Example:
 222                 </para>
 223
 224                 <para>
 225                 <screen>
 226                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 227                         110716.72 17.67
 228                 </screen>
 229                 </para>
 230         </sect1>
 231
 232         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 233             <title>chgrp</title>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 237                 </para>
 238
 239                 <para>
 240                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 241                 </para>
 242
 243                 <para>
 244                 Options:
 245                 </para>
 246
 247                 <para>
 248                 <screen>
 249                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 250                 </screen>
 251                 </para>
 252
 253                 <para>
 254                 Example:
 255                 </para>
 256
 257                 <para>
 258                 <screen>
 259                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 260                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 261                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 262                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 263                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 264                 </screen>
 265                 </para>
 266         </sect1>
 267
 268         <sect1 id="chmod">
 269             <title>chmod</title>
 270
 271                 <para>
 272                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 273                 </para>
 274
 275                 <para>
 276                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 277                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 278                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 279                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 280                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 281                 </para>
 282
 283                 <para>
 284                 WHO may be chosen from
 285                 </para>
 286
 287                 <para>
 288                 <screen>
 289                         u       User who owns the file
 290                         g       Users in the file's Group
 291                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 292                         a       All users
 293                 </screen>
 294                 </para>
 295
 296                 <para>
 297                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 298                 </para>
 299
 300                 <para>
 301                 <screen>
 302                         +       Add a permission
 303                         -       Remove a permission
 304                         =       Assign a permission
 305                 </screen>
 306                 </para>
 307
 308                 <para>
 309                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 310                 </para>
 311
 312                 <para>
 313                 <screen>
 314                         r       Read
 315                         w       Write
 316                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 317                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 318                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 319                 </screen>
 320                 </para>
 321
 322                 <para>
 323                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 324                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 325                 </para>
 326
 327                 <para>
 328                 <screen>
 329                         4       Read
 330                         2       Write
 331                         1       Execute
 332                 </screen>
 333                 </para>
 334
 335                 <para>
 336                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 337                 </para>
 338
 339                 <para>
 340                 <screen>
 341                         4       Set user ID
 342                         2       Set group ID
 343                         1       Sticky bit
 344                 </screen>
 345                 </para>
 346
 347                 <para>
 348                 Options:
 349                 </para>
 350
 351                 <para>
 352                 <screen>
 353                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 354                 </screen>
 355                 </para>
 356
 357                 <para>
 358                 Example:
 359                 </para>
 360
 361                 <para>
 362                 <screen>
 363                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 364                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 365                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 366                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 367                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 368                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 369                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 370                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 371                 </screen>
 372                 </para>
 373         </sect1>
 374
 375         <sect1 id="chown">
 376             <title>chown</title>
 377                 <para>
 378                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 379                 </para>
 380
 381                 <para>
 382                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 383                 </para>
 384
 385                 <para>
 386                 Options:
 387                 </para>
 388
 389                 <para>
 390                 <screen>
 391                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 392                 </screen>
 393                 </para>
 394
 395                 <para>
 396                 Example:
 397                 </para>
 398
 399                 <para>
 400                 <screen>
 401                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 402                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 403                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 404                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 405                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 406                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 407                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 408                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 409                 </screen>
 410                 </para>
 411         </sect1>
 412
 413         <sect1 id="chroot">
 414             <title>chroot</title>
 415                 <para>
 416                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 417                 </para>
 418
 419                 <para>
 420                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 421                 </para>
 422
 423                 <para>
 424                 Example:
 425                 </para>
 426
 427                 <para>
 428                 <screen>
 429                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 430                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 431                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 432                         $ chroot /mnt
 433                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 434                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 435                 </screen>
 436                 </para>
 437         </sect1>
 438
 439         <sect1 id="chvt">
 440             <title>chvt</title>
 441                 <para>
 442                 Usage: chvt N
 443                 </para>
 444
 445                 <para>
 446                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="clear">
 451             <title>clear</title>
 452
 453                 <para>
 454                 Usage: clear
 455                 </para>
 456
 457                 <para>
 458                 Clear the screen.
 459                 </para>
 460         </sect1>
 461
 462         <sect1 id="cp">
 463             <title>cp</title>
 464
 465                 <para>
 466                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 467                 </para>
 468
 469                 <para>
 470                 <screen>
 471                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 472                 </screen>
 473                 </para>
 474
 475                 <para>
 476                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 477                 DIRECTORY.
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 Options:
 482                 </para>
 483
 484                 <para>
 485                 <screen>
 486                         -a      Same as -dpR
 487                         -d      Preserve links
 488                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 489                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 490                 </screen>
 491                 </para>
 492         </sect1>
 493
 494         <sect1 id="cut">
 495             <title>cut</title>
 496
 497                 <para>
 498                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 499                 </para>
 500
 501                 <para>
 502                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 503                 </para>
 504
 505                 <para>
 506                 Options:
 507                 </para>
 508
 509                 <para>
 510                 <screen>
 511                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 512                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 513                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 514                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 515                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 516                                 -n      Ignored
 517                 </screen>
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 Example:
 522                 </para>
 523
 524                 <para>
 525                 <screen>
 526                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 527                         Hello
 528                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 529                         world
 530                 </screen>
 531                 </para>
 532         </sect1>
 533
 534         <sect1 id="date">
 535             <title>date</title>
 536
 537                 <para>
 538                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 539                 </para>
 540
 541                 <para>
 542                 <screen>
 543                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 544                 </screen>
 545                 </para>
 546
 547                 <para>
 548                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 549                 </para>
 550
 551                 <para>
 552                 Options:
 553                 </para>
 554
 555                 <para>
 556                 <screen>
 557                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 558                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 559                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 560                 </screen>
 561                 </para>
 562
 563                 <para>
 564                 Example:
 565                 </para>
 566
 567                 <para>
 568                 <screen>
 569                         $ date
 570                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573         </sect1>
 574
 575         <sect1 id="dc">
 576             <title>dc</title>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 580                 </para>
 581
 582                 <para>
 583                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 584                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 585                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 586                 stdin.
 587                 </para>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 591                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 592                 </para>
 593
 594                 <para>
 595                 Example:
 596                 </para>
 597
 598                 <para>
 599                 <screen>
 600                         $ dc 2 2 +
 601                         4
 602                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 603                         16
 604                         $ dc 0 1 and
 605                         0
 606                         $ dc 0 1 or
 607                         1
 608                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 609                         64
 610                 </screen>
 611                 </para>
 612         </sect1>
 613
 614         <sect1 id="dd">
 615             <title>dd</title>
 616
 617                 <para>
 618                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 619                 </para>
 620
 621                 <para>
 622                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 623                 options.
 624                 </para>
 625
 626                 <para>
 627                 Options:
 628                 </para>
 629
 630                 <para>
 631                 <screen>
 632                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 633                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 634                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 635                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 636                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 637                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 638                 </screen>
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 643                 or M (x1024^2).
 644                 </para>
 645
 646                 <para>
 647                 Example:
 648                 </para>
 649
 650                 <para>
 651                 <screen>
 652                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 653                         4+0 records in
 654                         4+0 records out
 655                 </screen>
 656                 </para>
 657         </sect1>
 658
 659         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 660             <title>deallocvt</title>
 661
 662                 <para>
 663                 Usage: deallocvt N
 664                 </para>
 665
 666                 <para>
 667                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 668                 </para>
 669         </sect1>
 670
 671         <sect1 id="df">
 672             <title>df</title>
 673
 674                 <para>
 675                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 676                 </para>
 677
 678                 <para>
 679                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 680                 </para>
 681
 682                 <para>
 683                 Example:
 684                 </para>
 685
 686                 <para>
 687                 <screen>
 688                         $ df
 689                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 690                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 691                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 692                         $ df /dev/sda3
 693                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 694                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 695                 </screen>
 696                 </para>
 697         </sect1>
 698
 699         <sect1 id="dirname">
 700             <title>dirname</title>
 701
 702                 <para>
 703                 Usage: dirname NAME
 704                 </para>
 705
 706                 <para>
 707                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 708                 </para>
 709
 710                 <para>
 711                 Example:
 712                 </para>
 713
 714                 <para>
 715                 <screen>
 716                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 717                         /tmp
 718                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 719                         /tmp
 720                 </screen>
 721                 </para>
 722         </sect1>
 723
 724         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 725             <title>dmesg</title>
 726
 727                 <para>
 728                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 729                 </para>
 730
 731                 <para>
 732                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 733                 </para>
 734
 735                 <para>
 736                 Options:
 737                 </para>
 738
 739                 <para>
 740                 <screen>
 741                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 742                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 743                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 744                 </screen>
 745                 </para>
 746         </sect1>
 747
 748         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 749             <title>dos2unix</title>
 750
 751                 <para>
 752                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 753                 </para>
 754
 755                 <para>
 756                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 757                 </para>
 758
 759         </sect1>
 760
 761         <sect1 id="du">
 762             <title>du</title>
 763
 764                 <para>
 765                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 766                 </para>
 767
 768                 <para>
 769                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 770                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
 771                 1024 bytes).
 772                 </para>
 773
 774                 <para>
 775                 Options:
 776                 </para>
 777
 778                 <para>
 779                 <screen>
 780                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 781                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 782                 </screen>
 783                 </para>
 784
 785                 <para>
 786                 Example:
 787                 </para>
 788
 789                 <para>
 790                 <screen>
 791                         $ du
 792                         16      ./CVS
 793                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 794                         80      ./kernel-patches
 795                         12      ./tests/CVS
 796                         36      ./tests
 797                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 798                         16      ./scripts
 799                         12      ./docs/CVS
 800                         104     ./docs
 801                         2417    .
 802                 </screen>
 803                 </para>
 804         </sect1>
 805
 806         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 807             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 808
 809                 <para>
 810                 Usage: dumpkmap
 811                 </para>
 812
 813                 <para>
 814                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard input.
 815                 </para>
 816
 817                 <para>
 818                 Example:
 819                 </para>
 820
 821                 <para>
 822                 <screen>
 823                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 824                 </screen>
 825                 </para>
 826         </sect1>
 827
 828         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 829             <title>dutmp</title>
 830
 831                 <para>
 832                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 833                 </para>
 834
 835                 <para>
 836                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 837                 stdin to stdout.
 838                 </para>
 839
 840                 <para>
 841                 Example:
 842                 </para>
 843
 844                 <para>
 845                 <screen>
 846                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 847                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 848                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 849                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 850                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 851                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 852                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 853                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 854                 </screen>
 855                 </para>
 856         </sect1>
 857
 858         <sect1 id="echo">
 859             <title>echo</title>
 860
 861                 <para>
 862                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 863                 </para>
 864
 865                 <para>
 866                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 867                 </para>
 868
 869                 <para>
 870                 Options:
 871                 </para>
 872
 873                 <para>
 874                 <screen>
 875                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 876                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 877                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 878                 </screen>
 879                 </para>
 880
 881                 <para>
 882                 Example:
 883                 </para>
 884
 885                 <para>
 886                 <screen>
 887                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 888                         Erik is cool
 889                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 890                         Erik
 891                         is
 892                         cool
 893                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 894                         Erik\nis\ncool
 895                 </screen>
 896                 </para>
 897         </sect1>
 898
 899         <sect1 id="expr">
 900             <title>expr</title>
 901
 902                 <para>
 903                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 904                 </para>
 905
 906                 <para>
 907                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 908                 </para>
 909
 910                 <para>
 911                 EXPRESSION may be:
 912                 </para>
 913
 914                 <para>
 915                 <screen>
 916                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 917                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 918                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 919                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 920                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 921                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 922                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 923                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 924                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 925                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 926                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 927                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 928                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 929                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 930                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 931                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 932                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 933                         length STRING               length of STRING
 934                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 935                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 936                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 937                 </screen>
 938                 </para>
 939
 940                 <para>
 941                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 942                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 943                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 944                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 945                 of characters matched or 0.
 946                 </para>
 947
 948         </sect1>
 949
 950
 951         <sect1 id="false">
 952             <title>false</title>
 953
 954                 <para>
 955                 Usage: false
 956                 </para>
 957
 958                 <para>
 959                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
 960                 </para>
 961
 962                 <para>
 963                 Example:
 964                 </para>
 965
 966                 <para>
 967                 <screen>
 968                         $ false
 969                         $ echo $?
 970                         1
 971                 </screen>
 972                 </para>
 973         </sect1>
 974
 975         <sect1 id="fbset">
 976             <title>fbset</title>
 977
 978                 <para>
 979                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
 980                 </para>
 981
 982                 <para>
 983                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
 984                 </para>
 985
 986                 <para>
 987                 Options:
 988                 </para>
 989
 990                 <para>
 991                 <screen>
 992                         -h                                              Display option summary
 993                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
 994                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
 995                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
 996                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
 997                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
 998                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
 999                 </screen>
1000                 </para>
1001
1002                 <para>
1003                 Example:
1004                 </para>
1005
1006                 <para>
1007                 <screen>
1008                         $ fbset
1009                         mode "1024x768-76"
1010                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1011                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1012                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1013                                         accel false
1014                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1015                         endmode
1016                 </screen>
1017                 </para>
1018         </sect1>
1019
1020         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1021             <title>fdflush</title>
1022
1023                 <para>
1024                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1025                 </para>
1026
1027                 <para>
1028                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1029                 </para>
1030         </sect1>
1031
1032         <sect1 id="find">
1033             <title>find</title>
1034
1035                 <para>
1036                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1037                 </para>
1038
1039                 <para>
1040                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1041                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1042                 '-print'.
1043                 </para>
1044
1045                 <para>
1046                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1047                 </para>
1048
1049                 <para>
1050                 <screen>
1051                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1052                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1053                         -print          Print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout
1054                 </screen>
1055                 </para>
1056
1057                 <para>
1058                 Example:
1059                 </para>
1060
1061                 <para>
1062                 <screen>
1063                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1064                         /etc/passwd
1065                 </screen>
1066                 </para>
1067         </sect1>
1068
1069         <sect1 id="free">
1070             <title>free</title>
1071
1072                 <para>
1073                 Usage: free
1074                 </para>
1075
1076                 <para>
1077                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1078                 </para>
1079
1080                 <para>
1081                 Example:
1082                 </para>
1083
1084                 <para>
1085                 <screen>
1086                         $ free
1087                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1088                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1089                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1090                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1091                 </screen>
1092                 </para>
1093         </sect1>
1094
1095         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1096             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1097
1098                 <para>
1099                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1100                 </para>
1101
1102                 <para>
1103                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1104                 </para>
1105
1106                 <para>
1107                 Example:
1108                 </para>
1109
1110                 <para>
1111                 <screen>
1112                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1113                 </screen>
1114                 </para>
1115         </sect1>
1116
1117         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1118             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1119
1120                 <para>
1121                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1122                 </para>
1123
1124                 <para>
1125                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1126                 DEVICE.
1127                 </para>
1128
1129                 <para>
1130                 Options:
1131                 </para>
1132
1133                 <para>
1134                 <screen>
1135                         -l      List all filenames
1136                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1137                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1138                         -v      Verbose
1139                         -s      Output super-block information
1140                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1141                         -f      Force file system check.
1142                 </screen>
1143                 </para>
1144         </sect1>
1145
1146         <sect1 id="getopt">
1147             <title>getopt</title>
1148
1149                 <para>
1150                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1151                 </para>
1152
1153                 <para>
1154                 Parse command options
1155                 </para>
1156
1157                 <para>
1158                 <screen>
1159                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1160                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1161                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1162                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1163                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1164                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1165                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1166                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1167                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1168                 </screen>
1169                 </para>
1170
1171
1172                 <para>
1173                 Example:
1174                 </para>
1175
1176                 <para>
1177                 <screen>
1178                         $ cat getopt.test
1179                         #!/bin/sh
1180                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1181                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1182                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1183                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1184                         while true ; do
1185                           case $1 in
1186                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1187                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1188                             -c|--c-long)
1189                               case "$2" in
1190                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1191                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1192                               esac ;;
1193                             --) shift ; break ;;
1194                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1195                           esac
1196                         done
1197                 </screen>
1198                 </para>
1199         </sect1>
1200
1201         <sect1 id="grep">
1202             <title>grep</title>
1203
1204                 <para>
1205                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1206                 </para>
1207
1208                 <para>
1209                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1210                 </para>
1211
1212                 <para>
1213                 Options:
1214                 </para>
1215
1216                 <para>
1217                 <screen>
1218                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1219                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1220                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1221                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1222                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1223                 </screen>
1224                 </para>
1225
1226                 <para>
1227                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1228                 </para>
1229
1230                 <para>
1231                 Example:
1232                 </para>
1233
1234                 <para>
1235                 <screen>
1236                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1237                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1238                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1239                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1240                 </screen>
1241                 </para>
1242         </sect1>
1243
1244         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1245             <title>gunzip</title>
1246
1247                 <para>
1248                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1249                 </para>
1250
1251                 <para>
1252                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1253                 </para>
1254
1255                 <para>
1256                 Options:
1257                 </para>
1258
1259                 <para>
1260                 <screen>
1261                         -c      Write output to standard output
1262                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1263                 </screen>
1264                 </para>
1265
1266                 <para>
1267                 Example:
1268                 </para>
1269
1270                 <para>
1271                 <screen>
1272                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1273                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1274                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1275                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1276                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1277                 </screen>
1278                 </para>
1279         </sect1>
1280
1281         <sect1 id="gzip">
1282             <title>gzip</title>
1283
1284                 <para>
1285                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1286                 </para>
1287
1288                 <para>
1289                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1290                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1291                 </para>
1292
1293                 <para>
1294                 Options:
1295                 </para>
1296
1297                 <para>
1298                 <screen>
1299                         -c      Write output to standard output
1300                 </screen>
1301                 </para>
1302
1303                 <para>
1304                 Example:
1305                 </para>
1306
1307                 <para>
1308                 <screen>
1309                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1310                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1311                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1312                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1313                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1314                 </screen>
1315                 </para>
1316         </sect1>
1317
1318         <sect1 id="halt">
1319             <title>halt</title>
1320
1321                 <para>
1322                 Usage: halt
1323                 </para>
1324
1325                 <para>
1326                 Halt the system.
1327                 </para>
1328         </sect1>
1329
1330         <sect1 id="head">
1331             <title>head</title>
1332
1333                 <para>
1334                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1335                 </para>
1336
1337                 <para>
1338                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1339                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1340                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1341                 read standard input.
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Options:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1351                 </screen>
1352                 </para>
1353
1354                 <para>
1355                 Example:
1356                 </para>
1357
1358                 <para>
1359                 <screen>
1360                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1361                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1362                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1363                 </screen>
1364                 </para>
1365         </sect1>
1366
1367         <sect1 id="hostid">
1368             <title>hostid</title>
1369
1370                 <para>
1371                 Usage: hostid
1372                 </para>
1373
1374                 <para>
1375                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1376                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1377                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1378                 </para>
1379         </sect1>
1380
1381         <sect1 id="hostname">
1382             <title>hostname</title>
1383
1384                 <para>
1385                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1386                 </para>
1387
1388                 <para>
1389                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1390                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1391                 host name will be set.
1392                 </para>
1393
1394                 <para>
1395                 Options:
1396                 </para>
1397
1398                 <para>
1399                 <screen>
1400                         -s      Short
1401                         -i      Addresses for the hostname
1402                         -d      DNS domain name
1403                         -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1404                 </screen>
1405                 </para>
1406
1407                 <para>
1408                 Example:
1409                 </para>
1410
1411                 <para>
1412                 <screen>
1413                         $ hostname
1414                         slag
1415                 </screen>
1416                 </para>
1417         </sect1>
1418
1419         <sect1 id="id">
1420             <title>id</title>
1421
1422                 <para>
1423                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1424                 </para>
1425
1426                 <para>
1427                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1428                 </para>
1429
1430                 <para>
1431                 Options:
1432                 </para>
1433
1434                 <para>
1435                 <screen>
1436                         -g      Print only the group ID
1437                         -u      Print only the user ID
1438                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1439                 </screen>
1440                 </para>
1441
1442                 <para>
1443                 Example:
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 <screen>
1448                         $ id
1449                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1450                 </screen>
1451                 </para>
1452         </sect1>
1453
1454         <sect1 id="init">
1455             <title>init</title>
1456
1457                 <para>
1458                 Usage: init
1459                 </para>
1460
1461                 <para>
1462                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1463                 </para>
1464
1465                 <para>
1466                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1467                 kernel.
1468                 </para>
1469
1470                 <para>
1471                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1472                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1473                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1474                 sysvinit.
1475                 </para>
1476
1477                 <para>
1478                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1479                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1480                 </para>
1481
1482                 <para>
1483                 <screen>
1484                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1485                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1486                 </screen>
1487                 </para>
1488
1489                 <para>
1490                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1491                 console, it will also run:
1492                 </para>
1493
1494                 <para>
1495                 <screen>
1496                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1497                 </screen>
1498                 </para>
1499
1500                 <para>
1501                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1502                 entry format is as follows:
1503                 </para>
1504
1505                 <para>
1506                 <screen>
1507                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1508                 </screen>
1509                 </para>
1510
1511                 <sect2>
1512                     <title>id</title>
1513                         <para>
1514                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional
1515                         meaning for BusyBox init!  The id field is used
1516                         by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1517                         for the specified process to run on.  The
1518                         contents of this field are appended to "/dev/"
1519                         and used as-is.  There is no need for this field
1520                         to be unique, although if it isn't you may have
1521                         strange results.  If this field is left blank,
1522                         it is completely ignored.  Also note that if
1523                         BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use,
1524                         then all entries containing non-empty id fields
1525                         will _not_ be run.  BusyBox init does nothing
1526                         with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1527                         </para>
1528                 </sect2>
1529
1530                 <sect2>
1531                     <title>runlevels</title>
1532
1533                         <para>
1534                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1535                         </para>
1536                 </sect2>
1537
1538                 <sect2>
1539                     <title>action</title>
1540
1541                         <para>
1542                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn,
1543                         askfirst, wait, once, and ctrlaltdel.
1544                         </para>
1545
1546                         <para>
1547                         askfirst acts just like respawn, but before
1548                         running the specified process it displays the
1549                         line "Please press Enter to activate this
1550                         console." and then waits for the user to press
1551                         enter before starting the specified process.
1552                         </para>
1553
1554                         <para>
1555                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will
1556                         cause init to emit an error message, and then go
1557                         along with its business.
1558                         </para>
1559                 </sect2>
1560
1561                 <sect2>
1562                     <title>process</title>
1563
1564                         <para>
1565                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1566                         command line.
1567                         </para>
1568                 </sect2>
1569
1570                 <sect2>
1571                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1572
1573                 <para>
1574                 <screen>
1575                         # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1576                         #
1577                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1578
1579                         # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1580                         #
1581                         # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1582                         ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1583                         # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1584                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1585                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1586                         tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1587
1588                         # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1589                         #
1590                         tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1591                         tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1592
1593                         # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1594                         #
1595                         #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1596                         #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1597                         #
1598                         # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1599                         #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
1600
1601                         # Stuff to do before rebooting
1602                         ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1603                         ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1604                 </screen>
1605                 </para>
1606                 </sect2>
1607         </sect1>
1608
1609         <sect1 id="insmod">
1610             <title>insmod</title>
1611
1612                 <para>
1613                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1614                 </para>
1615
1616                 <para>
1617                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1618                 </para>
1619
1620                 <para>
1621                 Options:
1622                 </para>
1623
1624                 <para>
1625                 <screen>
1626                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1627                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1628                         -v      Verbose output
1629                         -x      Do not export externs
1630                 </screen>
1631                 </para>
1632         </sect1>
1633
1634         <sect1 id="kill">
1635             <title>kill</title>
1636
1637                 <para>
1638                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1639                 </para>
1640
1641                 <para>
1642                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1643                 PID(s).
1644                 </para>
1645
1646                 <para>
1647                 Options:
1648                 </para>
1649
1650                 <para>
1651                 <screen>
1652                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1653                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1654                 </screen>
1655                 </para>
1656
1657                 <para>
1658                 Example:
1659                 </para>
1660
1661                 <para>
1662                 <screen>
1663                         $ ps | grep apache
1664                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1665                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1666                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1667                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1668                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1669                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1670                         $ kill 252
1671                 </screen>
1672                 </para>
1673         </sect1>
1674
1675         <sect1 id="killall">
1676             <title>killall</title>
1677
1678                 <para>
1679                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1680                 </para>
1681
1682                 <para>
1683                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1684                 NAME(s).
1685                 </para>
1686
1687                 <para>
1688                 Options:
1689                 </para>
1690
1691                 <para>
1692                 <screen>
1693                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1694                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1695                 </screen>
1696                 </para>
1697
1698                 <para>
1699                 Example:
1700                 </para>
1701
1702                 <para>
1703                 <screen>
1704                         $ killall apache
1705                 </screen>
1706                 </para>
1707         </sect1>
1708
1709         <sect1 id="length">
1710             <title>length</title>
1711
1712                 <para>
1713                 Usage: length STRING
1714                 </para>
1715
1716                 <para>
1717                 Print the length of STRING.
1718                 </para>
1719
1720                 <para>
1721                 Example:
1722                 </para>
1723
1724                 <para>
1725                 <screen>
1726                         $ length "Hello"
1727                         5
1728                 </screen>
1729                 </para>
1730         </sect1>
1731
1732         <sect1 id="ln">
1733             <title>ln</title>
1734
1735                 <para>
1736                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1737                 </para>
1738
1739                 <para>
1740                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1741                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1742                 arguments are non-options.
1743                 </para>
1744
1745                 <para>
1746                 Options:
1747                 </para>
1748
1749                 <para>
1750                 <screen>
1751                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1752                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1753                 </screen>
1754                 </para>
1755
1756                 <para>
1757                 Example:
1758                 </para>
1759
1760                 <para>
1761                 <screen>
1762                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1763                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1764                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1765                 </screen>
1766                 </para>
1767         </sect1>
1768
1769         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1770             <title>loadacm</title>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 Usage: loadacm
1774                 </para>
1775
1776                 <para>
1777                 Load an acm from stdin.
1778                 </para>
1779
1780                 <para>
1781                 Example:
1782                 </para>
1783
1784                 <para>
1785                 <screen>
1786                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1787                 </screen>
1788                 </para>
1789         </sect1>
1790
1791         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1792             <title>loadfont</title>
1793
1794                 <para>
1795                 Usage: loadfont
1796                 </para>
1797
1798                 <para>
1799                 Load a console font from stdin.
1800                 </para>
1801
1802                 <para>
1803                 Example:
1804                 </para>
1805
1806                 <para>
1807                 <screen>
1808                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1809                 </screen>
1810                 </para>
1811         </sect1>
1812
1813         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1814             <title>loadkmap</title>
1815
1816                 <para>
1817                 Usage: loadkmap
1818                 </para>
1819
1820                 <para>
1821                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1822                 </para>
1823
1824                 <para>
1825                 Example:
1826                 </para>
1827
1828                 <para>
1829                 <screen>
1830                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1831                 </screen>
1832                 </para>
1833         </sect1>
1834
1835         <sect1 id="logger">
1836             <title>logger</title>
1837
1838                 <para>
1839                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1840                 </para>
1841
1842                 <para>
1843                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is '-', log
1844                 stdin.
1845                 </para>
1846
1847                 <para>
1848                 Options:
1849                 </para>
1850
1851                 <para>
1852                 <screen>
1853                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1854                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1855                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1856                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1857                 </screen>
1858                 </para>
1859
1860                 <para>
1861                 Example:
1862                 </para>
1863
1864                 <para>
1865                 <screen>
1866                         $ logger "hello"
1867                 </screen>
1868                 </para>
1869         </sect1>
1870
1871         <sect1 id="logname">
1872             <title>logname</title>
1873
1874                 <para>
1875                 Usage: logname
1876                 </para>
1877
1878                 <para>
1879                 Print the name of the current user.
1880                 </para>
1881
1882                 <para>
1883                 Example:
1884                 </para>
1885
1886                 <para>
1887                 <screen>
1888                         $ logname
1889                         root
1890                 </screen>
1891                 </para>
1892         </sect1>
1893
1894         <sect1 id="ls">
1895             <title>ls</title>
1896
1897                 <para>
1898                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1899                 </para>
1900
1901                 <para>
1902
1903                 </para>
1904
1905                 <para>
1906                 Options:
1907                 </para>
1908
1909                 <para>
1910                 <screen>
1911                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1912                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1913                                 modification of file status information)
1914                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
1915                         -e      List both full date and full time
1916                         -l      Use a long listing format
1917                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1918                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1919                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
1920                                 access of the file)
1921                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
1922                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
1923                         -C      List entries by columns
1924                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1925                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
1926                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
1927                 </screen>
1928                 </para>
1929
1930                 <para>
1931                 Example:
1932                 </para>
1933
1934                 <para>
1935                 <screen>
1936                 </screen>
1937                 </para>
1938         </sect1>
1939
1940         <sect1 id="lsmod">
1941             <title>lsmod</title>
1942
1943                 <para>
1944                 Usage: lsmod
1945                 </para>
1946
1947                 <para>
1948                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
1949                 </para>
1950         </sect1>
1951
1952         <sect1 id="makedevs">
1953             <title>makedevs</title>
1954
1955                 <para>
1956                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
1957                 </para>
1958
1959                 <para>
1960                 Create a range of block or character special files.
1961                 </para>
1962
1963                 <para>
1964                 TYPE may be:
1965                 </para>
1966
1967                 <para>
1968                 <screen>
1969                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
1970                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
1971                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
1972                 </screen>
1973                 </para>
1974
1975                 <para>
1976                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
1977                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
1978                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
1979                 argument, the base device is created as well.
1980                 </para>
1981
1982                 <para>
1983                 Example:
1984                 </para>
1985
1986                 <para>
1987                 <screen>
1988                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
1989                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
1990                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
1991                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
1992                 </screen>
1993                 </para>
1994         </sect1>
1995
1996         <sect1 id="md5sum">
1997             <title>md5sum</title>
1998
1999                 <para>
2000                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2001                 </para>
2002
2003                 <para>
2004                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2005                 </para>
2006
2007                 <para>
2008                 Options:
2009                 </para>
2010
2011                 <para>
2012                 <screen>
2013                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2014                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2015                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2016                         -g      Read a string
2017                 </screen>
2018                 </para>
2019
2020                 <para>
2021                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2022                 checksums:
2023                 </para>
2024
2025                 <para>
2026                 <screen>
2027                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2028                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2029                 </screen>
2030                 </para>
2031
2032                 <para>
2033                 Example:
2034                 </para>
2035
2036                 <para>
2037                 <screen>
2038                         $ md5sum busybox
2039                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2040                         $ md5sum -c
2041                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2042                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2043                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2044                         ^D
2045                 </screen>
2046                 </para>
2047         </sect1>
2048
2049         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2050             <title>mkdir</title>
2051
2052                 <para>
2053                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2054                 </para>
2055
2056                 <para>
2057                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2058                 </para>
2059
2060                 <para>
2061                 Options:
2062                 </para>
2063
2064                 <para>
2065                 <screen>
2066                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2067                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2068                 </screen>
2069                 </para>
2070
2071                 <para>
2072                 Example:
2073                 </para>
2074
2075                 <para>
2076                 <screen>
2077                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2078                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2079                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2080                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2081                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2082                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2083                 </screen>
2084                 </para>
2085         </sect1>
2086
2087         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2088             <title>mkfifo</title>
2089
2090                 <para>
2091                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2092                 </para>
2093
2094                 <para>
2095                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2096                 </para>
2097
2098                 <para>
2099                 Options:
2100                 </para>
2101
2102                 <para>
2103                 <screen>
2104                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2105                 </screen>
2106                 </para>
2107         </sect1>
2108
2109         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2110             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2111
2112                 <para>
2113                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2114                 </para>
2115
2116                 <para>
2117                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2118                 </para>
2119
2120                 <para>
2121                 Options:
2122                 </para>
2123
2124                 <para>
2125                 <screen>
2126                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2127                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2128                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2129                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2130                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2131                 </screen>
2132                 </para>
2133         </sect1>
2134
2135         <sect1 id="mknod">
2136             <title>mknod</title>
2137
2138                 <para>
2139                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2140                 </para>
2141
2142                 <para>
2143                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2144                 </para>
2145
2146                 <para>
2147                 Options:
2148                 </para>
2149
2150                 <para>
2151                 <screen>
2152                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2153                 </screen>
2154                 </para>
2155
2156                 <para>
2157                 TYPE may be:
2158                 </para>
2159
2160                 <para>
2161                 <screen>
2162                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2163                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2164                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2165                 </screen>
2166                 </para>
2167
2168                 <para>
2169                 Example:
2170                 </para>
2171
2172                 <para>
2173                 <screen>
2174                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2175                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2176                 </screen>
2177                 </para>
2178         </sect1>
2179
2180         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2181             <title>mkswap</title>
2182
2183                 <para>
2184                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2185                 </para>
2186
2187                 <para>
2188                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2189                 </para>
2190
2191                 <para>
2192                 Options:
2193                 </para>
2194
2195                 <para>
2196                 <screen>
2197                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2198                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2199                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2200                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2201                 </screen>
2202                 </para>
2203         </sect1>
2204
2205         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2206             <title>mktemp</title>
2207
2208                 <para>
2209                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2210                 </para>
2211
2212                 <para>
2213                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2214                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.
2215                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2216                 </para>
2217
2218                 <para>
2219                 Example:
2220                 </para>
2221
2222                 <para>
2223                 <screen>
2224                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2225                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2226                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2227                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2228                 </screen>
2229                 </para>
2230         </sect1>
2231
2232         <sect1 id="more">
2233             <title>more</title>
2234
2235                 <para>
2236                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2237                 </para>
2238
2239                 <para>
2240                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2241                 </para>
2242
2243                 <para>
2244                 Example:
2245                 </para>
2246
2247                 <para>
2248                 <screen>
2249                         $ dmesg | more
2250                 </screen>
2251                 </para>
2252         </sect1>
2253
2254         <sect1 id="mount">
2255             <title>mount</title>
2256
2257                 <para>
2258                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2259                 </para>
2260
2261                 <para>
2262                 <screen>
2263                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2264                 </screen>
2265                 </para>
2266
2267                 <para>
2268                 Mount filesystems.
2269                 </para>
2270
2271                 <para>
2272                 Options:
2273                 </para>
2274
2275                 <para>
2276                 <screen>
2277                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2278                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2279                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2280                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2281                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2282                 </screen>
2283                 </para>
2284
2285                 <para>
2286                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2287                 </para>
2288
2289                 <para>
2290                 <screen>
2291                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2292                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2293                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2294                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2295                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2296                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2297                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2298                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2299                 </screen>
2300                 </para>
2301
2302                 <para>
2303                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2304                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2305                 </para>
2306
2307                 <para>
2308                 Example:
2309                 </para>
2310
2311                 <para>
2312                 <screen>
2313                         $ mount
2314                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2315                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2316                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2317                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2318                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2319                 </screen>
2320                 </para>
2321         </sect1>
2322
2323         <sect1 id="mt">
2324             <title>mt</title>
2325
2326                 <para>
2327                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2328                 </para>
2329
2330                 <para>
2331                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2332                 </para>
2333
2334                 <para>
2335                 Options:
2336                 </para>
2337
2338                 <para>
2339                 <screen>
2340                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2341                 </screen>
2342                 </para>
2343         </sect1>
2344
2345         <sect1 id="mv">
2346             <title>mv</title>
2347
2348                 <para>
2349                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2350                 </para>
2351
2352                 <para>
2353                 <screen>
2354                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2355                 </screen>
2356                 </para>
2357
2358                 <para>
2359                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2360                 </para>
2361
2362                 <para>
2363                 Example:
2364                 </para>
2365
2366                 <para>
2367                 <screen>
2368                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2369                 </screen>
2370                 </para>
2371         </sect1>
2372
2373         <sect1 id="nc">
2374             <title>nc</title>
2375
2376                 <para>
2377                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2378                 </para>
2379
2380                 <para>
2381                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT.
2382                 </para>
2383
2384                 <para>
2385                 Example:
2386                 </para>
2387
2388                 <para>
2389                 <screen>
2390                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2391                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2392                         help
2393                         214-Commands supported:
2394                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2395                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2396                         quit
2397                         221 foobar closing connection
2398                 </screen>
2399                 </para>
2400         </sect1>
2401
2402         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2403             <title>nslookup</title>
2404
2405                 <para>
2406                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2407                 </para>
2408
2409                 <para>
2410                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2411                 HOST.
2412                 </para>
2413
2414                 <para>
2415                 Example:
2416                 </para>
2417
2418                 <para>
2419                 <screen>
2420                         $ nslookup localhost
2421                         Server:     default
2422                         Address:    default
2423
2424                         Name:       debian
2425                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2426                 </screen>
2427                 </para>
2428         </sect1>
2429
2430         <sect1 id="ping">
2431             <title>ping</title>
2432
2433                 <para>
2434                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2435                 </para>
2436
2437                 <para>
2438                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2439                 </para>
2440
2441                 <para>
2442                 Options:
2443                 </para>
2444
2445                 <para>
2446                 <screen>
2447                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2448                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2449                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2450                 </screen>
2451                 </para>
2452
2453                 <para>
2454                 Example:
2455                 </para>
2456
2457                 <para>
2458                 <screen>
2459                         $ ping localhost
2460                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2461                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2462
2463                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2464                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2465                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2466                 </screen>
2467                 </para>
2468         </sect1>
2469
2470         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2471             <title>poweroff</title>
2472
2473                 <para>
2474                 Usage: poweroff
2475                 </para>
2476
2477                 <para>
2478                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2479                 off power upon halting.
2480                 </para>
2481         </sect1>
2482
2483         <sect1 id="printf">
2484             <title>printf</title>
2485
2486                 <para>
2487                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2488                 </para>
2489
2490                 <para>
2491                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2492                 the C printf command.
2493                 </para>
2494
2495                 <para>
2496                 Example:
2497                 </para>
2498
2499                 <para>
2500                 <screen>
2501                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2502                         Val=5
2503                 </screen>
2504                 </para>
2505         </sect1>
2506
2507         <sect1 id="ps">
2508             <title>ps</title>
2509
2510                 <para>
2511                 Usage: ps
2512                 </para>
2513
2514                 <para>
2515                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2516                 options.
2517                 </para>
2518
2519                 <para>
2520                 Options:
2521                 </para>
2522
2523                 <para>
2524                 <screen>
2525                 </screen>
2526                 </para>
2527
2528                 <para>
2529                 Example:
2530                 </para>
2531
2532                 <para>
2533                 <screen>
2534                         $ ps
2535                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2536                             1 root     root     S init
2537                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2538                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2539                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2540                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2541                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2542                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2543                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2544                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2545                 </screen>
2546                 </para>
2547         </sect1>
2548
2549         <sect1 id="pwd">
2550             <title>pwd</title>
2551
2552                 <para>
2553                 Usage: pwd
2554                 </para>
2555
2556                 <para>
2557                 Print the full filename of the current working
2558                 directory.
2559                 </para>
2560
2561                 <para>
2562                 Example:
2563                 </para>
2564
2565                 <para>
2566                 <screen>
2567                         $ pwd
2568                         /root
2569                 </screen>
2570                 </para>
2571         </sect1>
2572
2573         <sect1 id="rdate">
2574             <title>rdate</title>
2575
2576                 <para>
2577                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2578                 </para>
2579
2580                 <para>
2581                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2582                 </para>
2583
2584                 <para>
2585                 Options:
2586                 </para>
2587
2588                 <para>
2589                 <screen>
2590                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2591                         -p      Print the date and time.
2592                 </screen>
2593                 </para>
2594         </sect1>
2595
2596         <sect1 id="reboot">
2597             <title>reboot</title>
2598
2599                 <para>
2600                 Usage: reboot
2601                 </para>
2602
2603                 <para>
2604                 Reboot the system.
2605                 </para>
2606         </sect1>
2607
2608         <sect1 id="renice">
2609             <title>renice</title>
2610
2611                 <para>
2612                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2613                 </para>
2614
2615                 <para>
2616                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2617                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2618                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2619                 </para>
2620         </sect1>
2621
2622         <sect1 id="reset">
2623             <title>reset</title>
2624
2625                 <para>
2626                 Usage: reset
2627                 </para>
2628
2629                 <para>
2630                 Resets the screen.
2631                 </para>
2632         </sect1>
2633
2634         <sect1 id="rm">
2635             <title>rm</title>
2636
2637                 <para>
2638                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2639                 </para>
2640
2641                 <para>
2642                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2643                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2644                 </para>
2645
2646                 <para>
2647                 Options:
2648                 </para>
2649
2650                 <para>
2651                 <screen>
2652                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2653                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2654                 </screen>
2655                 </para>
2656
2657                 <para>
2658                 Example:
2659                 </para>
2660
2661                 <para>
2662                 <screen>
2663                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2664                 </screen>
2665                 </para>
2666         </sect1>
2667
2668         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2669             <title>rmdir</title>
2670
2671                 <para>
2672                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2673                 </para>
2674
2675                 <para>
2676                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2677                 </para>
2678
2679                 <para>
2680                 Example:
2681                 </para>
2682
2683                 <para>
2684                 <screen>
2685                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2686                 </screen>
2687                 </para>
2688         </sect1>
2689
2690         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2691             <title>rmmod</title>
2692
2693                 <para>
2694                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2695                 </para>
2696
2697                 <para>
2698                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2699                 </para>
2700
2701                 <para>
2702                 Options:
2703                 </para>
2704
2705                 <para>
2706                 <screen>
2707                         -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules
2708                 </screen>
2709                 </para>
2710
2711                 <para>
2712                 Example:
2713                 </para>
2714
2715                 <para>
2716                 <screen>
2717                         $ rmmod tulip
2718                 </screen>
2719                 </para>
2720         </sect1>
2721
2722         <sect1 id="sed">
2723             <title>sed</title>
2724
2725                 <para>
2726                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2727                 </para>
2728
2729                 <para>
2730                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2731                 </para>
2732
2733                 <para>
2734                 <screen>
2735                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2736                 </screen>
2737                 </para>
2738
2739                 <para>
2740                 ADDR can be:
2741                 </para>
2742
2743                 <para>
2744                 <screen>
2745                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2746                         $         Match last line
2747                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2748                 </screen>
2749                 </para>
2750
2751                 <para>
2752                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2753                 </para>
2754
2755                 <para>
2756                 COMMAND can be:
2757                 </para>
2758
2759                 <para>
2760                 <screen>
2761                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2762                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2763                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2764                         aTEXT
2765                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2766                 </screen>
2767                 </para>
2768
2769                 <para>
2770                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2771                 </para>
2772
2773                 <para>
2774                 Options:
2775                 </para>
2776
2777                 <para>
2778                 <screen>
2779                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2780                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2781                 </screen>
2782                 </para>
2783
2784                 <para>
2785                 Example:
2786                 </para>
2787
2788                 <para>
2789                 <screen>
2790                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2791                         bar
2792                 </screen>
2793                 </para>
2794         </sect1>
2795
2796         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2797             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2798
2799                 <para>
2800                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2801                 </para>
2802
2803                 <para>
2804                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2805                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2806                 </para>
2807
2808                 <para>
2809                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2810                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2811                 </para>
2812
2813                 <para>
2814                 Example:
2815                 </para>
2816
2817                 <para>
2818                 <screen>
2819                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2820                 </screen>
2821                 </para>
2822         </sect1>
2823
2824
2825         <sect1 id="sh">
2826             <title>sh</title>
2827
2828                 <para>
2829                 Usage: sh
2830                 </para>
2831
2832                 <para>
2833                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2834                 </para>
2835
2836                 <para>
2837                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2838                 </para>
2839
2840                 <para>
2841                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2842                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2843                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2844                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2845                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2846                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2847                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2848                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2849                 </para>
2850         </sect1>
2851
2852         <sect1 id="sleep">
2853             <title>sleep</title>
2854
2855                 <para>
2856                 Usage: sleep N
2857                 </para>
2858
2859                 <para>
2860                 Pause for N seconds.
2861                 </para>
2862
2863                 <para>
2864                 Example:
2865                 </para>
2866
2867                 <para>
2868                 <screen>
2869                         $ sleep 2
2870                         [2 second delay results]
2871                 </screen>
2872                 </para>
2873         </sect1>
2874
2875         <sect1 id="sort">
2876             <title>sort</title>
2877
2878                 <para>
2879                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2880                 </para>
2881
2882                 <para>
2883                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
2884                 </para>
2885
2886                 <para>
2887                 Options:
2888                 </para>
2889
2890                 <para>
2891                 <screen>
2892                         -n      Compare numerically
2893                         -r      Reverse after sorting
2894                 </screen>
2895                 </para>
2896
2897                 <para>
2898                 Example:
2899                 </para>
2900
2901                 <para>
2902                 <screen>
2903                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
2904                         a
2905                         b
2906                         c
2907                         d
2908                         e
2909                         f
2910                 </screen>
2911                 </para>
2912         </sect1>
2913
2914         <sect1 id="swapoff">
2915             <title>swapoff</title>
2916
2917                 <para>
2918                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2919                 </para>
2920
2921                 <para>
2922                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
2923                 </para>
2924
2925                 <para>
2926                 Options:
2927                 </para>
2928
2929                 <para>
2930                 <screen>
2931                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
2932                 </screen>
2933                 </para>
2934         </sect1>
2935
2936         <sect1 id="swapon">
2937             <title>swapon</title>
2938
2939                 <para>
2940                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2941                 </para>
2942
2943                 <para>
2944                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
2945                 </para>
2946
2947                 <para>
2948                 Options:
2949                 </para>
2950
2951                 <para>
2952                 <screen>
2953                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
2954                 </screen>
2955                 </para>
2956         </sect1>
2957
2958         <sect1 id="sync">
2959             <title>sync</title>
2960
2961                 <para>
2962                 Usage: sync
2963                 </para>
2964
2965                 <para>
2966                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
2967                 </para>
2968         </sect1>
2969
2970         <sect1 id="syslogd">
2971             <title>syslogd</title>
2972
2973                 <para>
2974                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
2975                 </para>
2976
2977                 <para>
2978                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
2979                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
2980                 /etc/syslog.conf.
2981                 </para>
2982
2983                 <para>
2984                 Options:
2985                 </para>
2986
2987                 <para>
2988                 <screen>
2989                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
2990                         -n      Run as a foreground process
2991                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
2992                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
2993                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log messages to HOST on PORT (default=514) over UDP.
2994                 </screen>
2995                 </para>
2996
2997                 <para>
2998                 Example:
2999                 </para>
3000
3001                 <para>
3002                 <screen>
3003                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3004                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3005                 </screen>
3006                 </para>
3007         </sect1>
3008
3009         <sect1 id="tail">
3010             <title>tail</title>
3011
3012                 <para>
3013                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3014                 </para>
3015
3016                 <para>
3017                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3018                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3019                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3020                 read stdin.
3021                 </para>
3022
3023                 <para>
3024                 Options:
3025                 </para>
3026
3027                 <para>
3028                 <screen>
3029                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3030                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3031                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3032                 </screen>
3033                 </para>
3034
3035                 <para>
3036                 Example:
3037                 </para>
3038
3039                 <para>
3040                 <screen>
3041                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3042                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3043                 </screen>
3044                 </para>
3045         </sect1>
3046
3047         <sect1 id="tar">
3048             <title>tar</title>
3049
3050                 <para>
3051                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3052                 </para>
3053
3054                 <para>
3055
3056                 </para>
3057
3058                 <para>
3059                 MODE may be chosen from
3060                 </para>
3061
3062                 <para>
3063                 <screen>
3064                         c       Create
3065                         x       Extract
3066                         t       List
3067                 </screen>
3068                 </para>
3069
3070                 <para>
3071                 Options:
3072                 </para>
3073
3074                 <para>
3075                 <screen>
3076                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3077                         O                               Extract to stdout
3078                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3079                         v                               List files processed
3080                 </screen>
3081                 </para>
3082
3083                 <para>
3084                 Example:
3085                 </para>
3086
3087                 <para>
3088                 <screen>
3089                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3090                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3091                 </screen>
3092                 </para>
3093         </sect1>
3094
3095         <sect1 id="tee">
3096             <title>tee</title>
3097
3098                 <para>
3099                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3100                 </para>
3101
3102                 <para>
3103                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3104                 </para>
3105
3106                 <para>
3107                 Options:
3108                 </para>
3109
3110                 <para>
3111                 <screen>
3112                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3113                 </screen>
3114                 </para>
3115
3116                 <para>
3117                 Example:
3118                 </para>
3119
3120                 <para>
3121                 <screen>
3122                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3123                         Hello
3124                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3125                         Hello
3126                 </screen>
3127                 </para>
3128         </sect1>
3129
3130         <sect1 id="telnet">
3131             <title>telnet</title>
3132
3133                 <para>
3134                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3135                 </para>
3136
3137                 <para>
3138                 Establish interactive communication with another
3139                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3140                 </para>
3141         </sect1>
3142
3143         <sect1 id="test">
3144             <title>test, [</title>
3145
3146                 <para>
3147                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3148                 </para>
3149
3150                 <para>
3151                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3152                 </para>
3153
3154                 <para>
3155                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3156                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3157                 </para>
3158
3159                 <para>
3160                 Example:
3161                 </para>
3162
3163                 <para>
3164                 <screen>
3165                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3166                         $ echo $?
3167                         1
3168                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3169                         $ echo $?
3170                         0
3171                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3172                         $ echo $?
3173                         0
3174                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3175                         $ echo $?
3176                         1
3177                 </screen>
3178                 </para>
3179         </sect1>
3180
3181         <sect1 id="touch">
3182             <title>touch</title>
3183
3184                 <para>
3185                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3186                 </para>
3187
3188                 <para>
3189                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3190                 </para>
3191
3192                 <para>
3193                 Options:
3194                 </para>
3195
3196                 <para>
3197                 <screen>
3198                         -c      Do not create files
3199                 </screen>
3200                 </para>
3201
3202                 <para>
3203                 Example:
3204                 </para>
3205
3206                 <para>
3207                 <screen>
3208                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3209                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3210                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3211                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3212                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3213                 </screen>
3214                 </para>
3215         </sect1>
3216
3217         <sect1 id="tr">
3218             <title>tr</title>
3219
3220                 <para>
3221                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3222                 </para>
3223
3224                 <para>
3225                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3226                 writing to stdout.
3227                 </para>
3228
3229                 <para>
3230                 Options:
3231                 </para>
3232
3233                 <para>
3234                 <screen>
3235                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3236                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3237                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3238                 </screen>
3239                 </para>
3240
3241                 <para>
3242                 Example:
3243                 </para>
3244
3245                 <para>
3246                 <screen>
3247                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3248                         hello world
3249                 </screen>
3250                 </para>
3251         </sect1>
3252
3253         <sect1 id="true">
3254             <title>true</title>
3255
3256                 <para>
3257                 Usage: true
3258                 </para>
3259
3260                 <para>
3261                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3262                 </para>
3263
3264                 <para>
3265                 Example:
3266                 </para>
3267
3268                 <para>
3269                 <screen>
3270                         $ true
3271                         $ echo $?
3272                         0
3273                 </screen>
3274                 </para>
3275         </sect1>
3276
3277         <sect1 id="tty">
3278             <title>tty</title>
3279
3280                 <para>
3281                 Usage: tty
3282                 </para>
3283
3284                 <para>
3285                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3286                 </para>
3287
3288                 <para>
3289                 Options:
3290                 </para>
3291
3292                 <para>
3293                 <screen>
3294                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3295                 </screen>
3296                 </para>
3297
3298                 <para>
3299                 Example:
3300                 </para>
3301
3302                 <para>
3303                 <screen>
3304                         $ tty
3305                         /dev/tty2
3306                 </screen>
3307                 </para>
3308         </sect1>
3309
3310         <sect1 id="umount">
3311             <title>umount</title>
3312
3313                 <para>
3314                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3315                 </para>
3316
3317                 <para>
3318
3319                 </para>
3320
3321                 <para>
3322                 Options:
3323                 </para>
3324
3325                 <para>
3326                 <screen>
3327                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3328                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3329                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
3330                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3331                 </screen>
3332                 </para>
3333
3334                 <para>
3335                 Example:
3336                 </para>
3337
3338                 <para>
3339                 <screen>
3340                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3341                 </screen>
3342                 </para>
3343         </sect1>
3344
3345         <sect1 id="uname">
3346             <title>uname</title>
3347
3348                 <para>
3349                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3350                 </para>
3351
3352                 <para>
3353                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3354                 as -s.
3355                 </para>
3356
3357                 <para>
3358                 Options:
3359                 </para>
3360
3361                 <para>
3362                 <screen>
3363                         -a      Print all information
3364                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3365                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3366                         -r      Print the operating system release
3367                         -s      Print the operating system name
3368                         -p      Print the host processor type
3369                         -v      Print the operating system version
3370                 </screen>
3371                 </para>
3372
3373                 <para>
3374                 Example:
3375                 </para>
3376
3377                 <para>
3378                 <screen>
3379                         $ uname -a
3380                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3381                 </screen>
3382                 </para>
3383         </sect1>
3384
3385         <sect1 id="uniq">
3386             <title>uniq</title>
3387
3388                 <para>
3389                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3390                 </para>
3391
3392                 <para>
3393                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3394                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3395                 </para>
3396
3397                 <para>
3398                 Example:
3399                 </para>
3400
3401                 <para>
3402                 <screen>
3403                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3404                         a
3405                         b
3406                         c
3407                 </screen>
3408                 </para>
3409         </sect1>
3410
3411         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3412             <title>unix2dos</title>
3413
3414                 <para>
3415                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3416                 </para>
3417
3418                 <para>
3419                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3420                 </para>
3421
3422         </sect1>
3423
3424         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3425             <titleunrpmuniq</title>
3426
3427                 <para>
3428                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3429                 </para>
3430
3431                 <para>
3432                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3433                 </para>
3434
3435         </sect1>
3436
3437         <sect1 id="update">
3438             <title>update</title>
3439
3440                 <para>
3441                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3442                 </para>
3443
3444                 <para>
3445                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3446                 </para>
3447
3448                 <para>
3449                 Options:
3450                 </para>
3451
3452                 <para>
3453                 <screen>
3454                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3455                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3456                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3457                 </screen>
3458                 </para>
3459         </sect1>
3460
3461         <sect1 id="uptime">
3462             <title>uptime</title>
3463
3464                 <para>
3465                 Usage: uptime
3466                 </para>
3467
3468                 <para>
3469                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3470                 </para>
3471
3472                 <para>
3473                 Example:
3474                 </para>
3475
3476                 <para>
3477                 <screen>
3478                         $ uptime
3479                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3480                 </screen>
3481                 </para>
3482         </sect1>
3483
3484         <sect1 id="usleep">
3485             <title>usleep</title>
3486
3487                 <para>
3488                 Usage: usleep N
3489                 </para>
3490
3491                 <para>
3492                 Pause for N microseconds.
3493                 </para>
3494
3495                 <para>
3496                 Example:
3497                 </para>
3498
3499                 <para>
3500                 <screen>
3501                         $ usleep 1000000
3502                         [pauses for 1 second]
3503                 </screen>
3504                 </para>
3505         </sect1>
3506
3507         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3508             <title>uudecode</title>
3509
3510                 <para>
3511                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3512                 </para>
3513
3514                 <para>
3515                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3516                 </para>
3517
3518                 <para>
3519                 Options:
3520                 </para>
3521
3522                 <para>
3523                 <screen>
3524                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3525                 </screen>
3526                 </para>
3527
3528                 <para>
3529                 Example:
3530                 </para>
3531
3532                 <para>
3533                 <screen>
3534                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3535                         $ ls -l busybox
3536                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3537                 </screen>
3538                 </para>
3539         </sect1>
3540
3541         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3542             <title>uuencode</title>
3543
3544                 <para>
3545                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3546                 </para>
3547
3548                 <para>
3549                 Uuencode a file.
3550                 </para>
3551
3552                 <para>
3553                 Options:
3554                 </para>
3555
3556                 <para>
3557                 <screen>
3558                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3559                 </screen>
3560                 </para>
3561
3562                 <para>
3563                 Example:
3564                 </para>
3565
3566                 <para>
3567                 <screen>
3568                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3569                         begin 755 busybox
3570                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3571                         .....
3572                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3573                         $
3574                 </screen>
3575                 </para>
3576         </sect1>
3577
3578         <sect1 id="wc">
3579             <title>wc</title>
3580
3581                 <para>
3582                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3583                 </para>
3584
3585                 <para>
3586                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3587                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3588                 FILE, read stdin.
3589                 </para>
3590
3591                 <para>
3592                 Options:
3593                 </para>
3594
3595                 <para>
3596                 <screen>
3597                         -c      Print the byte counts
3598                         -l      Print the newline counts
3599                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3600                         -w      Print the word counts
3601                 </screen>
3602                 </para>
3603
3604                 <para>
3605                 Example:
3606                 </para>
3607
3608                 <para>
3609                 <screen>
3610                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3611                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3612                 </screen>
3613                 </para>
3614         </sect1>
3615
3616         <sect1 id="which">
3617             <title>which</title>
3618
3619                 <para>
3620                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3621                 </para>
3622
3623                 <para>
3624                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3625                 </para>
3626
3627                 <para>
3628                 Example:
3629                 </para>
3630
3631                 <para>
3632                 <screen>
3633                         $ which login
3634                         /bin/login
3635                 </screen>
3636                 </para>
3637         </sect1>
3638
3639         <sect1 id="whoami">
3640             <title>whoami</title>
3641
3642                 <para>
3643                 Usage: whoami
3644                 </para>
3645
3646                 <para>
3647                 Print the user name associated with the current
3648                 effective user id.
3649                 </para>
3650
3651                 <para>
3652                 Example:
3653                 </para>
3654
3655                 <para>
3656                 <screen>
3657                         $ whoami
3658                         andersen
3659                 </screen>
3660                 </para>
3661         </sect1>
3662
3663         <sect1 id="xargs">
3664             <title>xargs</title>
3665
3666                 <para>
3667                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3668                 </para>
3669
3670                 <para>
3671                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3672                 </para>
3673
3674                 <para>
3675                 Options:
3676                 </para>
3677
3678                 <para>
3679                 <screen>
3680                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3681                 </screen>
3682                 </para>
3683
3684
3685                 <para>
3686                 Example:
3687                 </para>
3688
3689                 <para>
3690                 <screen>
3691                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3692                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3693                 </screen>
3694                 </para>
3695         </sect1>
3696
3697         <sect1 id="yes">
3698             <title>yes</title>
3699
3700                 <para>
3701                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3702                 </para>
3703
3704                 <para>
3705                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3706                 or `y'.
3707                 </para>
3708         </sect1>
3709
3710         <sect1 id="zcat">
3711             <title>zcat</title>
3712
3713                 <para>
3714                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3715                 </para>
3716
3717                 <para>
3718                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3719                 </para>
3720
3721                 <para>
3722                 Options:
3723                 </para>
3724
3725                 <para>
3726                 <screen>
3727                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3728                 </screen>
3729                 </para>
3730
3731                 <para>
3732                 Example:
3733                 </para>
3734
3735                 <para>
3736                 <screen>
3737                 </screen>
3738                 </para>
3739         </sect1>
3740   </chapter>
3741
3742   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3743     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3744
3745         <para>
3746         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3747         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3748         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3749         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3750         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3751         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3752         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3753         libraries installed.
3754         </para>
3755
3756         <para>
3757         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3758         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3759         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3760         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3761         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3762         </para>
3763   </chapter>
3764
3765   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3766     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3767
3768         <para>
3769         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3770         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3771         etc...
3772         </para>
3773   </chapter>
3774
3775   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3776     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3777
3778         <para>
3779         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt; &lt;andersen@lineo.com&gt;
3780         </para>
3781   </chapter>
3782
3783   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3784     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3785
3786         <para>
3787         The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether
3788         they know it or not.
3789         </para>
3790
3791         <para>
3792         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt;
3793         </para>
3794
3795         <para>
3796         John Beppu &lt;beppu@lineo.com&gt;
3797         </para>
3798
3799         <para>
3800         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3801         </para>
3802
3803         <para>
3804         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3805         </para>
3806
3807         <para>
3808         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3809         </para>
3810
3811         <para>
3812         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3813         </para>
3814
3815         <para>
3816         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3817         </para>
3818
3819         <para>
3820         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3821         </para>
3822
3823         <para>
3824         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3825         </para>
3826
3827         <para>
3828         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3829         </para>
3830
3831         <para>
3832         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3833         </para>
3834
3835         <para>
3836         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@lineo.com&gt;
3837         </para>
3838
3839         <para>
3840         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
3841         </para>
3842
3843         <para>
3844         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
3845         </para>
3846   </chapter>
3847 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->