docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
 140                 cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, dpkg-deb,
 141                 du, dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
 142                 freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head,
 143                 hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
 144                 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod,
 145                 makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
 146                 more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps,
 147                 pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep,
 148                 sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet,
 149                 test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
 150                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes,
 151                 zcat, [
 152                 </para>
 153         </sect1>
 154
 155         <sect1 id="ar">
 156             <title>ar</title>
 157
 158                 <para>
 159                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 160                 </para>
 161
 162                 <para>
 163                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 164                 </para>
 165
 166                 <para>
 167                 Options:
 168                 </para>
 169
 170                 <para>
 171                 <screen>
 172                         o       Preserve original dates
 173                         p       Extract to stdout
 174                         t       List
 175                         x       Extract
 176                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 177                 </screen>
 178                 </para>
 179         </sect1>
 180
 181         <sect1 id="basename">
 182             <title>basename</title>
 183                 <para>
 184                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 185                 </para>
 186
 187                 <para>
 188                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 189                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 190                 </para>
 191
 192                 <para>
 193                 Example:
 194                 </para>
 195
 196                 <para>
 197                 <screen>
 198                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 199                         foo
 200                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 201                         bin
 202                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 203                         bar
 204                 </screen>
 205                 </para>
 206         </sect1>
 207
 208         <sect1 id="cat">
 209             <title>cat</title>
 210
 211                 <para>
 212                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 213                 </para>
 214
 215                 <para>
 216                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 217                 output.
 218                 </para>
 219
 220                 <para>
 221                 Example:
 222                 </para>
 223
 224                 <para>
 225                 <screen>
 226                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 227                         110716.72 17.67
 228                 </screen>
 229                 </para>
 230         </sect1>
 231
 232         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 233             <title>chgrp</title>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 237                 </para>
 238
 239                 <para>
 240                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 241                 </para>
 242
 243                 <para>
 244                 Options:
 245                 </para>
 246
 247                 <para>
 248                 <screen>
 249                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 250                 </screen>
 251                 </para>
 252
 253                 <para>
 254                 Example:
 255                 </para>
 256
 257                 <para>
 258                 <screen>
 259                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 260                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 261                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 262                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 263                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 264                 </screen>
 265                 </para>
 266         </sect1>
 267
 268         <sect1 id="chmod">
 269             <title>chmod</title>
 270
 271                 <para>
 272                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 273                 </para>
 274
 275                 <para>
 276                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 277                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 278                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 279                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 280                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 281                 </para>
 282
 283                 <para>
 284                 WHO may be chosen from
 285                 </para>
 286
 287                 <para>
 288                 <screen>
 289                         u       User who owns the file
 290                         g       Users in the file's Group
 291                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 292                         a       All users
 293                 </screen>
 294                 </para>
 295
 296                 <para>
 297                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 298                 </para>
 299
 300                 <para>
 301                 <screen>
 302                         +       Add a permission
 303                         -       Remove a permission
 304                         =       Assign a permission
 305                 </screen>
 306                 </para>
 307
 308                 <para>
 309                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 310                 </para>
 311
 312                 <para>
 313                 <screen>
 314                         r       Read
 315                         w       Write
 316                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 317                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 318                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 319                 </screen>
 320                 </para>
 321
 322                 <para>
 323                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 324                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 325                 </para>
 326
 327                 <para>
 328                 <screen>
 329                         4       Read
 330                         2       Write
 331                         1       Execute
 332                 </screen>
 333                 </para>
 334
 335                 <para>
 336                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 337                 </para>
 338
 339                 <para>
 340                 <screen>
 341                         4       Set user ID
 342                         2       Set group ID
 343                         1       Sticky bit
 344                 </screen>
 345                 </para>
 346
 347                 <para>
 348                 Options:
 349                 </para>
 350
 351                 <para>
 352                 <screen>
 353                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 354                 </screen>
 355                 </para>
 356
 357                 <para>
 358                 Example:
 359                 </para>
 360
 361                 <para>
 362                 <screen>
 363                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 364                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 365                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 366                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 367                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 368                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 369                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 370                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 371                 </screen>
 372                 </para>
 373         </sect1>
 374
 375         <sect1 id="chown">
 376             <title>chown</title>
 377                 <para>
 378                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 379                 </para>
 380
 381                 <para>
 382                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 383                 </para>
 384
 385                 <para>
 386                 Options:
 387                 </para>
 388
 389                 <para>
 390                 <screen>
 391                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 392                 </screen>
 393                 </para>
 394
 395                 <para>
 396                 Example:
 397                 </para>
 398
 399                 <para>
 400                 <screen>
 401                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 402                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 403                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 404                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 405                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 406                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 407                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 408                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 409                 </screen>
 410                 </para>
 411         </sect1>
 412
 413         <sect1 id="chroot">
 414             <title>chroot</title>
 415                 <para>
 416                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 417                 </para>
 418
 419                 <para>
 420                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 421                 </para>
 422
 423                 <para>
 424                 Example:
 425                 </para>
 426
 427                 <para>
 428                 <screen>
 429                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 430                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 431                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 432                         $ chroot /mnt
 433                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 434                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 435                 </screen>
 436                 </para>
 437         </sect1>
 438
 439         <sect1 id="chvt">
 440             <title>chvt</title>
 441                 <para>
 442                 Usage: chvt N
 443                 </para>
 444
 445                 <para>
 446                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="clear">
 451             <title>clear</title>
 452
 453                 <para>
 454                 Usage: clear
 455                 </para>
 456
 457                 <para>
 458                 Clear the screen.
 459                 </para>
 460         </sect1>
 461
 462         <sect1 id="cp">
 463             <title>cp</title>
 464
 465                 <para>
 466                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 467                 </para>
 468
 469                 <para>
 470                 <screen>
 471                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 472                 </screen>
 473                 </para>
 474
 475                 <para>
 476                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 477                 DIRECTORY.
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 Options:
 482                 </para>
 483
 484                 <para>
 485                 <screen>
 486                         -a      Same as -dpR
 487                         -d      Preserve links
 488                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 489                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 490                 </screen>
 491                 </para>
 492         </sect1>
 493
 494         <sect1 id="cut">
 495             <title>cut</title>
 496
 497                 <para>
 498                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 499                 </para>
 500
 501                 <para>
 502                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 503                 </para>
 504
 505                 <para>
 506                 Options:
 507                 </para>
 508
 509                 <para>
 510                 <screen>
 511                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 512                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 513                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 514                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 515                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 516                                 -n      Ignored
 517                 </screen>
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 Example:
 522                 </para>
 523
 524                 <para>
 525                 <screen>
 526                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 527                         Hello
 528                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 529                         world
 530                 </screen>
 531                 </para>
 532         </sect1>
 533
 534         <sect1 id="date">
 535             <title>date</title>
 536
 537                 <para>
 538                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 539                 </para>
 540
 541                 <para>
 542                 <screen>
 543                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 544                 </screen>
 545                 </para>
 546
 547                 <para>
 548                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 549                 </para>
 550
 551                 <para>
 552                 Options:
 553                 </para>
 554
 555                 <para>
 556                 <screen>
 557                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 558                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 559                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 560                 </screen>
 561                 </para>
 562
 563                 <para>
 564                 Example:
 565                 </para>
 566
 567                 <para>
 568                 <screen>
 569                         $ date
 570                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573         </sect1>
 574
 575         <sect1 id="dc">
 576             <title>dc</title>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 580                 </para>
 581
 582                 <para>
 583                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 584                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 585                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 586                 stdin.
 587                 </para>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 591                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 592                 </para>
 593
 594                 <para>
 595                 Example:
 596                 </para>
 597
 598                 <para>
 599                 <screen>
 600                         $ dc 2 2 +
 601                         4
 602                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 603                         16
 604                         $ dc 0 1 and
 605                         0
 606                         $ dc 0 1 or
 607                         1
 608                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 609                         64
 610                 </screen>
 611                 </para>
 612         </sect1>
 613
 614         <sect1 id="dd">
 615             <title>dd</title>
 616
 617                 <para>
 618                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 619                 </para>
 620
 621                 <para>
 622                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 623                 options.
 624                 </para>
 625
 626                 <para>
 627                 Options:
 628                 </para>
 629
 630                 <para>
 631                 <screen>
 632                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 633                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 634                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 635                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 636                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 637                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 638                 </screen>
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 643                 or M (x1024^2).
 644                 </para>
 645
 646                 <para>
 647                 Example:
 648                 </para>
 649
 650                 <para>
 651                 <screen>
 652                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 653                         4+0 records in
 654                         4+0 records out
 655                 </screen>
 656                 </para>
 657         </sect1>
 658
 659         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 660             <title>deallocvt</title>
 661
 662                 <para>
 663                 Usage: deallocvt N
 664                 </para>
 665
 666                 <para>
 667                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 668                 </para>
 669         </sect1>
 670
 671         <sect1 id="df">
 672             <title>df</title>
 673
 674                 <para>
 675                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 676                 </para>
 677
 678                 <para>
 679                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 680                 </para>
 681
 682                 <para>
 683                 Example:
 684                 </para>
 685
 686                 <para>
 687                 <screen>
 688                         $ df
 689                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 690                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 691                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 692                         $ df /dev/sda3
 693                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 694                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 695                 </screen>
 696                 </para>
 697         </sect1>
 698
 699         <sect1 id="dirname">
 700             <title>dirname</title>
 701
 702                 <para>
 703                 Usage: dirname NAME
 704                 </para>
 705
 706                 <para>
 707                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 708                 </para>
 709
 710                 <para>
 711                 Example:
 712                 </para>
 713
 714                 <para>
 715                 <screen>
 716                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 717                         /tmp
 718                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 719                         /tmp
 720                 </screen>
 721                 </para>
 722         </sect1>
 723
 724         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 725             <title>dmesg</title>
 726
 727                 <para>
 728                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 729                 </para>
 730
 731                 <para>
 732                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 733                 </para>
 734
 735                 <para>
 736                 Options:
 737                 </para>
 738
 739                 <para>
 740                 <screen>
 741                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 742                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 743                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 744                 </screen>
 745                 </para>
 746         </sect1>
 747
 748         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 749             <title>dos2unix</title>
 750
 751                 <para>
 752                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 753                 </para>
 754
 755                 <para>
 756                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 757                 </para>
 758
 759         </sect1>
 760
 761         <sect1 id="dpkg-deb">
 762             <title>dpkg-deb</title>
 763
 764                 <para>
 765                 Usage: dpkg-deb [OPTION] archive [directory]
 766                 </para>
 767
 768                 <para>
 769                 Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
 770                 </para>
 771
 772                 <para>
 773                 Options:
 774                 </para>
 775
 776                 <para>
 777                 <screen>
 778                         -c      List the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package
 779                         -e      Extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory.
 780                                 If  no  directory  is specified then a subdirectory DEBIAN in the current directory is used.
 781                         -x      Silently extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory.
 782                         -X      Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory, listing the files as it goes.
 783                         If required the specified directory (but not its parents) will be created.
 784                 </screen>
 785                 <para>
 786
 787                 <para>
 788                 Example:
 789                 </para>
 790
 791                 <para>
 792                 <screen>
 793                         dpkg-deb -e ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb
 794                         dpkg-deb -x ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb ./unpack_dir
 795                 </screen>
 796                 </para>
 797         </sect1>
 798
 799         <sect1 id="du">
 800             <title>du</title>
 801
 802                 <para>
 803                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 804                 </para>
 805
 806                 <para>
 807                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 808                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
 809                 1024 bytes).
 810                 </para>
 811
 812                 <para>
 813                 Options:
 814                 </para>
 815
 816                 <para>
 817                 <screen>
 818                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 819                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 820                 </screen>
 821                 </para>
 822
 823                 <para>
 824                 Example:
 825                 </para>
 826
 827                 <para>
 828                 <screen>
 829                         $ du
 830                         16      ./CVS
 831                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 832                         80      ./kernel-patches
 833                         12      ./tests/CVS
 834                         36      ./tests
 835                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 836                         16      ./scripts
 837                         12      ./docs/CVS
 838                         104     ./docs
 839                         2417    .
 840                 </screen>
 841                 </para>
 842         </sect1>
 843
 844         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 845             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 846
 847                 <para>
 848                 Usage: dumpkmap
 849                 </para>
 850
 851                 <para>
 852                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
 853                 </para>
 854
 855                 <para>
 856                 Example:
 857                 </para>
 858
 859                 <para>
 860                 <screen>
 861                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 862                 </screen>
 863                 </para>
 864         </sect1>
 865
 866         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 867             <title>dutmp</title>
 868
 869                 <para>
 870                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 871                 </para>
 872
 873                 <para>
 874                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 875                 stdin to stdout.
 876                 </para>
 877
 878                 <para>
 879                 Example:
 880                 </para>
 881
 882                 <para>
 883                 <screen>
 884                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 885                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 886                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 887                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 888                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 889                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 890                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 891                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 892                 </screen>
 893                 </para>
 894         </sect1>
 895
 896         <sect1 id="echo">
 897             <title>echo</title>
 898
 899                 <para>
 900                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 901                 </para>
 902
 903                 <para>
 904                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 905                 </para>
 906
 907                 <para>
 908                 Options:
 909                 </para>
 910
 911                 <para>
 912                 <screen>
 913                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 914                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 915                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 916                 </screen>
 917                 </para>
 918
 919                 <para>
 920                 Example:
 921                 </para>
 922
 923                 <para>
 924                 <screen>
 925                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 926                         Erik is cool
 927                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 928                         Erik
 929                         is
 930                         cool
 931                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 932                         Erik\nis\ncool
 933                 </screen>
 934                 </para>
 935         </sect1>
 936
 937         <sect1 id="expr">
 938             <title>expr</title>
 939
 940                 <para>
 941                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 942                 </para>
 943
 944                 <para>
 945                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 946                 </para>
 947
 948                 <para>
 949                 EXPRESSION may be:
 950                 </para>
 951
 952                 <para>
 953                 <screen>
 954                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 955                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 956                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 957                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 958                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 959                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 960                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 961                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 962                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 963                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 964                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 965                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 966                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 967                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 968                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 969                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 970                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 971                         length STRING               length of STRING
 972                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 973                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 974                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 975                 </screen>
 976                 </para>
 977
 978                 <para>
 979                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 980                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 981                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 982                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 983                 of characters matched or 0.
 984                 </para>
 985
 986         </sect1>
 987
 988
 989         <sect1 id="false">
 990             <title>false</title>
 991
 992                 <para>
 993                 Usage: false
 994                 </para>
 995
 996                 <para>
 997                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
 998                 </para>
 999
1000                 <para>
1001                 Example:
1002                 </para>
1003
1004                 <para>
1005                 <screen>
1006                         $ false
1007                         $ echo $?
1008                         1
1009                 </screen>
1010                 </para>
1011         </sect1>
1012
1013         <sect1 id="fbset">
1014             <title>fbset</title>
1015
1016                 <para>
1017                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
1018                 </para>
1019
1020                 <para>
1021                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
1022                 </para>
1023
1024                 <para>
1025                 Options:
1026                 </para>
1027
1028                 <para>
1029                 <screen>
1030                         -h                                              Display option summary
1031                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
1032                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
1033                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
1034                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
1035                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
1036                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
1037                 </screen>
1038                 </para>
1039
1040                 <para>
1041                 Example:
1042                 </para>
1043
1044                 <para>
1045                 <screen>
1046                         $ fbset
1047                         mode "1024x768-76"
1048                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1049                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1050                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1051                                         accel false
1052                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1053                         endmode
1054                 </screen>
1055                 </para>
1056         </sect1>
1057
1058         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1059             <title>fdflush</title>
1060
1061                 <para>
1062                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1063                 </para>
1064
1065                 <para>
1066                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1067                 </para>
1068         </sect1>
1069
1070         <sect1 id="find">
1071             <title>find</title>
1072
1073                 <para>
1074                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1075                 </para>
1076
1077                 <para>
1078                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1079                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1080                 '-print'.
1081                 </para>
1082
1083                 <para>
1084                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1085                 </para>
1086
1087                 <para>
1088                 <screen>
1089                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1090                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1091                         -type X         Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
1092                         -perm PERMS     Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN); or exactly (NNN)
1093                         -mtime TIME     Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N); or exactly (N) days
1094                 </screen>
1095                 </para>
1096
1097                 <para>
1098                 Example:
1099                 </para>
1100
1101                 <para>
1102                 <screen>
1103                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1104                         /etc/passwd
1105                 </screen>
1106                 </para>
1107         </sect1>
1108
1109         <sect1 id="free">
1110             <title>free</title>
1111
1112                 <para>
1113                 Usage: free
1114                 </para>
1115
1116                 <para>
1117                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1118                 </para>
1119
1120                 <para>
1121                 Example:
1122                 </para>
1123
1124                 <para>
1125                 <screen>
1126                         $ free
1127                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1128                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1129                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1130                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1131                 </screen>
1132                 </para>
1133         </sect1>
1134
1135         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1136             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1137
1138                 <para>
1139                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1140                 </para>
1141
1142                 <para>
1143                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1144                 </para>
1145
1146                 <para>
1147                 Example:
1148                 </para>
1149
1150                 <para>
1151                 <screen>
1152                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1153                 </screen>
1154                 </para>
1155         </sect1>
1156
1157         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1158             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1159
1160                 <para>
1161                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1162                 </para>
1163
1164                 <para>
1165                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1166                 DEVICE.
1167                 </para>
1168
1169                 <para>
1170                 Options:
1171                 </para>
1172
1173                 <para>
1174                 <screen>
1175                         -l      List all filenames
1176                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1177                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1178                         -v      Verbose
1179                         -s      Output super-block information
1180                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1181                         -f      Force file system check.
1182                 </screen>
1183                 </para>
1184         </sect1>
1185
1186         <sect1 id="getopt">
1187             <title>getopt</title>
1188
1189                 <para>
1190                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1191                 </para>
1192
1193                 <para>
1194                 Parse command options
1195                 </para>
1196
1197                 <para>
1198                 <screen>
1199                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1200                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1201                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1202                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1203                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1204                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1205                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1206                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1207                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1208                 </screen>
1209                 </para>
1210
1211
1212                 <para>
1213                 Example:
1214                 </para>
1215
1216                 <para>
1217                 <screen>
1218                         $ cat getopt.test
1219                         #!/bin/sh
1220                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1221                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1222                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1223                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1224                         while true ; do
1225                           case $1 in
1226                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1227                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1228                             -c|--c-long)
1229                               case "$2" in
1230                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1231                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1232                               esac ;;
1233                             --) shift ; break ;;
1234                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1235                           esac
1236                         done
1237                 </screen>
1238                 </para>
1239         </sect1>
1240
1241         <sect1 id="grep">
1242             <title>grep</title>
1243
1244                 <para>
1245                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1246                 </para>
1247
1248                 <para>
1249                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1250                 </para>
1251
1252                 <para>
1253                 Options:
1254                 </para>
1255
1256                 <para>
1257                 <screen>
1258                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1259                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1260                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1261                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1262                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1263                 </screen>
1264                 </para>
1265
1266                 <para>
1267                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1268                 </para>
1269
1270                 <para>
1271                 Example:
1272                 </para>
1273
1274                 <para>
1275                 <screen>
1276                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1277                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1278                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1279                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1280                 </screen>
1281                 </para>
1282         </sect1>
1283
1284         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1285             <title>gunzip</title>
1286
1287                 <para>
1288                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1289                 </para>
1290
1291                 <para>
1292                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1293                 </para>
1294
1295                 <para>
1296                 Options:
1297                 </para>
1298
1299                 <para>
1300                 <screen>
1301                         -c      Write output to standard output
1302                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1303                 </screen>
1304                 </para>
1305
1306                 <para>
1307                 Example:
1308                 </para>
1309
1310                 <para>
1311                 <screen>
1312                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1313                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1314                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1315                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1316                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1317                 </screen>
1318                 </para>
1319         </sect1>
1320
1321         <sect1 id="gzip">
1322             <title>gzip</title>
1323
1324                 <para>
1325                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1326                 </para>
1327
1328                 <para>
1329                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1330                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1331                 </para>
1332
1333                 <para>
1334                 Options:
1335                 </para>
1336
1337                 <para>
1338                 <screen>
1339                         -c      Write output to standard output
1340                         -d      decompress
1341                 </screen>
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Example:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1351                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1352                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1353                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1354                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1355                 </screen>
1356                 </para>
1357         </sect1>
1358
1359         <sect1 id="halt">
1360             <title>halt</title>
1361
1362                 <para>
1363                 Usage: halt
1364                 </para>
1365
1366                 <para>
1367                 Halt the system.
1368                 </para>
1369         </sect1>
1370
1371         <sect1 id="head">
1372             <title>head</title>
1373
1374                 <para>
1375                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1376                 </para>
1377
1378                 <para>
1379                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1380                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1381                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1382                 read standard input.
1383                 </para>
1384
1385                 <para>
1386                 Options:
1387                 </para>
1388
1389                 <para>
1390                 <screen>
1391                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1392                 </screen>
1393                 </para>
1394
1395                 <para>
1396                 Example:
1397                 </para>
1398
1399                 <para>
1400                 <screen>
1401                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1402                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1403                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1404                 </screen>
1405                 </para>
1406         </sect1>
1407
1408         <sect1 id="hostid">
1409             <title>hostid</title>
1410
1411                 <para>
1412                 Usage: hostid
1413                 </para>
1414
1415                 <para>
1416                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1417                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1418                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1419                 </para>
1420         </sect1>
1421
1422         <sect1 id="hostname">
1423             <title>hostname</title>
1424
1425                 <para>
1426                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1427                 </para>
1428
1429                 <para>
1430                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1431                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1432                 host name will be set.
1433                 </para>
1434
1435                 <para>
1436                 Options:
1437                 </para>
1438
1439                 <para>
1440                 <screen>
1441                         -s              Short
1442                         -i              Addresses for the hostname
1443                         -d              DNS domain name
1444                         -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1445                 </screen>
1446                 </para>
1447
1448                 <para>
1449                 Example:
1450                 </para>
1451
1452                 <para>
1453                 <screen>
1454                         $ hostname
1455                         slag
1456                 </screen>
1457                 </para>
1458         </sect1>
1459
1460         <sect1 id="id">
1461             <title>id</title>
1462
1463                 <para>
1464                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1465                 </para>
1466
1467                 <para>
1468                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1469                 </para>
1470
1471                 <para>
1472                 Options:
1473                 </para>
1474
1475                 <para>
1476                 <screen>
1477                         -g      Print only the group ID
1478                         -u      Print only the user ID
1479                         -n      print a name instead of a number (with for -ug)
1480                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1481                 </screen>
1482                 </para>
1483
1484                 <para>
1485                 Example:
1486                 </para>
1487
1488                 <para>
1489                 <screen>
1490                         $ id
1491                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1492                 </screen>
1493                 </para>
1494         </sect1>
1495
1496         <sect1 id="init">
1497             <title>init</title>
1498
1499                 <para>
1500                 Usage: init
1501                 </para>
1502
1503                 <para>
1504                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1505                 </para>
1506
1507                 <para>
1508                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1509                 kernel.
1510                 </para>
1511
1512                 <para>
1513                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1514                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1515                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1516                 sysvinit.
1517                 </para>
1518
1519                 <para>
1520                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1521                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1522                 </para>
1523
1524                 <para>
1525                 <screen>
1526                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1527                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1528                 </screen>
1529                 </para>
1530
1531                 <para>
1532                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1533                 console, it will also run:
1534                 </para>
1535
1536                 <para>
1537                 <screen>
1538                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1539                 </screen>
1540                 </para>
1541
1542                 <para>
1543                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1544                 entry format is as follows:
1545                 </para>
1546
1547                 <para>
1548                 <screen>
1549                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1550                 </screen>
1551                 </para>
1552
1553                 <sect2>
1554                     <title>id</title>
1555                         <para>
1556
1557                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1558                         The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1559                         for the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field
1560                         are appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this
1561                         field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange
1562                         results.  If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set
1563                         to the console.  Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial
1564                         console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is
1565                         either the serial console or /dev/null will be run.  BusyBox init
1566                         does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1567
1568                         </para>
1569                 </sect2>
1570
1571                 <sect2>
1572                     <title>runlevels</title>
1573
1574                         <para>
1575                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1576                         </para>
1577                 </sect2>
1578
1579                 <sect2>
1580                     <title>action</title>
1581
1582
1583                         <para>
1584                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1585                         once, and ctrlaltdel.
1586                         </para>
1587
1588
1589                         <para>
1590                         The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
1591                         that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
1592                         process exits.
1593                         </para>
1594
1595                         <para>
1596                         Run only-once actions:
1597                         </para>
1598
1599                         <para>
1600                         'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
1601                         sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
1602                         completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
1603                         'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
1604                         the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asyncronous,
1605                         therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'ctrlaltdel'
1606                         actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
1607                         (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
1608                          idea).
1609                         </para>
1610
1611                         <para>
1612                         Run repeatedly actions:
1613                         </para>
1614
1615                         <para>
1616                         'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
1617                         started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
1618                         it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
1619                         respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
1620                         respawn, except that before running the specified process it
1621                         displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
1622                         and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
1623                         specified process.
1624                         </para>
1625
1626                         <para>
1627                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
1628                         error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
1629                         run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
1630                         </para>
1631
1632                 </sect2>
1633
1634                 <sect2>
1635                     <title>process</title>
1636
1637                         <para>
1638                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1639                         command line.
1640                         </para>
1641                 </sect2>
1642
1643                 <sect2>
1644                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1645
1646                     <para>
1647                     <screen>
1648                             # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1649                             #
1650                             ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1651
1652                             # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1653                             #
1654                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1655                             ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1656                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1657                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1658                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1659                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1660
1661                             # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1662                             #
1663                             tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1664                             tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1665
1666                             # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1667                             #
1668                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1669                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1670                             #
1671                             # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1672                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
1673
1674                             # Stuff to do before rebooting
1675                             ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1676                             ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1677                     </screen>
1678                     </para>
1679                 </sect2>
1680         </sect1>
1681
1682         <sect1 id="insmod">
1683             <title>insmod</title>
1684
1685                 <para>
1686                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1687                 </para>
1688
1689                 <para>
1690                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1691                 </para>
1692
1693                 <para>
1694                 Options:
1695                 </para>
1696
1697                 <para>
1698                 <screen>
1699                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1700                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1701                         -v      Verbose output
1702                         -x      Do not export externs
1703                         -L      Prevent simultaneous loads of the same module
1704                 </screen>
1705                 </para>
1706         </sect1>
1707
1708         <sect1 id="kill">
1709             <title>kill</title>
1710
1711                 <para>
1712                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1713                 </para>
1714
1715                 <para>
1716                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1717                 PID(s).
1718                 </para>
1719
1720                 <para>
1721                 Options:
1722                 </para>
1723
1724                 <para>
1725                 <screen>
1726                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1727                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1728                 </screen>
1729                 </para>
1730
1731                 <para>
1732                 Example:
1733                 </para>
1734
1735                 <para>
1736                 <screen>
1737                         $ ps | grep apache
1738                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1739                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1740                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1741                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1742                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1743                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1744                         $ kill 252
1745                 </screen>
1746                 </para>
1747         </sect1>
1748
1749         <sect1 id="killall">
1750             <title>killall</title>
1751
1752                 <para>
1753                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1754                 </para>
1755
1756                 <para>
1757                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1758                 NAME(s).
1759                 </para>
1760
1761                 <para>
1762                 Options:
1763                 </para>
1764
1765                 <para>
1766                 <screen>
1767                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1768                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1769                 </screen>
1770                 </para>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 Example:
1774                 </para>
1775
1776                 <para>
1777                 <screen>
1778                         $ killall apache
1779                 </screen>
1780                 </para>
1781         </sect1>
1782
1783         <sect1 id="length">
1784             <title>length</title>
1785
1786                 <para>
1787                 Usage: length STRING
1788                 </para>
1789
1790                 <para>
1791                 Print the length of STRING.
1792                 </para>
1793
1794                 <para>
1795                 Example:
1796                 </para>
1797
1798                 <para>
1799                 <screen>
1800                         $ length "Hello"
1801                         5
1802                 </screen>
1803                 </para>
1804         </sect1>
1805
1806         <sect1 id="ln">
1807             <title>ln</title>
1808
1809                 <para>
1810                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1811                 </para>
1812
1813                 <para>
1814                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1815                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1816                 arguments are non-options.
1817                 </para>
1818
1819                 <para>
1820                 Options:
1821                 </para>
1822
1823                 <para>
1824                 <screen>
1825                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1826                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1827                 </screen>
1828                 </para>
1829
1830                 <para>
1831                 Example:
1832                 </para>
1833
1834                 <para>
1835                 <screen>
1836                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1837                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1838                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1839                 </screen>
1840                 </para>
1841         </sect1>
1842
1843         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1844             <title>loadacm</title>
1845
1846                 <para>
1847                 Usage: loadacm
1848                 </para>
1849
1850                 <para>
1851                 Load an acm from stdin.
1852                 </para>
1853
1854                 <para>
1855                 Example:
1856                 </para>
1857
1858                 <para>
1859                 <screen>
1860                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1861                 </screen>
1862                 </para>
1863         </sect1>
1864
1865         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1866             <title>loadfont</title>
1867
1868                 <para>
1869                 Usage: loadfont
1870                 </para>
1871
1872                 <para>
1873                 Load a console font from stdin.
1874                 </para>
1875
1876                 <para>
1877                 Example:
1878                 </para>
1879
1880                 <para>
1881                 <screen>
1882                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1883                 </screen>
1884                 </para>
1885         </sect1>
1886
1887         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1888             <title>loadkmap</title>
1889
1890                 <para>
1891                 Usage: loadkmap
1892                 </para>
1893
1894                 <para>
1895                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1896                 </para>
1897
1898                 <para>
1899                 Example:
1900                 </para>
1901
1902                 <para>
1903                 <screen>
1904                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1905                 </screen>
1906                 </para>
1907         </sect1>
1908
1909         <sect1 id="logger">
1910             <title>logger</title>
1911
1912                 <para>
1913                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1914                 </para>
1915
1916                 <para>
1917                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is omitted, log
1918                 stdin.
1919                 </para>
1920
1921                 <para>
1922                 Options:
1923                 </para>
1924
1925                 <para>
1926                 <screen>
1927                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1928                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1929                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1930                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1931                 </screen>
1932                 </para>
1933
1934                 <para>
1935                 Example:
1936                 </para>
1937
1938                 <para>
1939                 <screen>
1940                         $ logger "hello"
1941                 </screen>
1942                 </para>
1943         </sect1>
1944
1945         <sect1 id="logname">
1946             <title>logname</title>
1947
1948                 <para>
1949                 Usage: logname
1950                 </para>
1951
1952                 <para>
1953                 Print the name of the current user.
1954                 </para>
1955
1956                 <para>
1957                 Example:
1958                 </para>
1959
1960                 <para>
1961                 <screen>
1962                         $ logname
1963                         root
1964                 </screen>
1965                 </para>
1966         </sect1>
1967
1968         <sect1 id="ls">
1969             <title>ls</title>
1970
1971                 <para>
1972                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1973                 </para>
1974
1975                 <para>
1976
1977                 </para>
1978
1979                 <para>
1980                 Options:
1981                 </para>
1982
1983                 <para>
1984                 <screen>
1985                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1986                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1987                                 modification of file status information)
1988                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
1989                         -e      List both full date and full time
1990                         -l      Use a long listing format
1991                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1992                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1993                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
1994                                 access of the file)
1995                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
1996                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
1997                         -C      List entries by columns
1998                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1999                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
2000                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
2001                 </screen>
2002                 </para>
2003
2004                 <para>
2005                 Example:
2006                 </para>
2007
2008                 <para>
2009                 <screen>
2010                 </screen>
2011                 </para>
2012         </sect1>
2013
2014         <sect1 id="lsmod">
2015             <title>lsmod</title>
2016
2017                 <para>
2018                 Usage: lsmod
2019                 </para>
2020
2021                 <para>
2022                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
2023                 </para>
2024         </sect1>
2025
2026         <sect1 id="makedevs">
2027             <title>makedevs</title>
2028
2029                 <para>
2030                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2031                 </para>
2032
2033                 <para>
2034                 Create a range of block or character special files.
2035                 </para>
2036
2037                 <para>
2038                 TYPE may be:
2039                 </para>
2040
2041                 <para>
2042                 <screen>
2043                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2044                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2045                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2046                 </screen>
2047                 </para>
2048
2049                 <para>
2050                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
2051                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
2052                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
2053                 argument, the base device is created as well.
2054                 </para>
2055
2056                 <para>
2057                 Example:
2058                 </para>
2059
2060                 <para>
2061                 <screen>
2062                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2063                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2064                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2065                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2066                 </screen>
2067                 </para>
2068         </sect1>
2069
2070         <sect1 id="md5sum">
2071             <title>md5sum</title>
2072
2073                 <para>
2074                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2075                 </para>
2076
2077                 <para>
2078                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2079                 </para>
2080
2081                 <para>
2082                 Options:
2083                 </para>
2084
2085                 <para>
2086                 <screen>
2087                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2088                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2089                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2090                         -g      Read a string
2091                 </screen>
2092                 </para>
2093
2094                 <para>
2095                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2096                 checksums:
2097                 </para>
2098
2099                 <para>
2100                 <screen>
2101                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2102                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2103                 </screen>
2104                 </para>
2105
2106                 <para>
2107                 Example:
2108                 </para>
2109
2110                 <para>
2111                 <screen>
2112                         $ md5sum busybox
2113                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2114                         $ md5sum -c
2115                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2116                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2117                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2118                         ^D
2119                 </screen>
2120                 </para>
2121         </sect1>
2122
2123         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2124             <title>mkdir</title>
2125
2126                 <para>
2127                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2128                 </para>
2129
2130                 <para>
2131                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2132                 </para>
2133
2134                 <para>
2135                 Options:
2136                 </para>
2137
2138                 <para>
2139                 <screen>
2140                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2141                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2142                 </screen>
2143                 </para>
2144
2145                 <para>
2146                 Example:
2147                 </para>
2148
2149                 <para>
2150                 <screen>
2151                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2152                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2153                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2154                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2155                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2156                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2157                 </screen>
2158                 </para>
2159         </sect1>
2160
2161         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2162             <title>mkfifo</title>
2163
2164                 <para>
2165                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2166                 </para>
2167
2168                 <para>
2169                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2170                 </para>
2171
2172                 <para>
2173                 Options:
2174                 </para>
2175
2176                 <para>
2177                 <screen>
2178                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2179                 </screen>
2180                 </para>
2181         </sect1>
2182
2183         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2184             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2185
2186                 <para>
2187                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2188                 </para>
2189
2190                 <para>
2191                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2192                 </para>
2193
2194                 <para>
2195                 Options:
2196                 </para>
2197
2198                 <para>
2199                 <screen>
2200                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2201                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2202                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2203                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2204                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2205                 </screen>
2206                 </para>
2207         </sect1>
2208
2209         <sect1 id="mknod">
2210             <title>mknod</title>
2211
2212                 <para>
2213                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2214                 </para>
2215
2216                 <para>
2217                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2218                 </para>
2219
2220                 <para>
2221                 Options:
2222                 </para>
2223
2224                 <para>
2225                 <screen>
2226                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2227                 </screen>
2228                 </para>
2229
2230                 <para>
2231                 TYPE may be:
2232                 </para>
2233
2234                 <para>
2235                 <screen>
2236                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2237                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2238                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2239                 </screen>
2240                 </para>
2241
2242                 <para>
2243                 Example:
2244                 </para>
2245
2246                 <para>
2247                 <screen>
2248                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2249                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2250                 </screen>
2251                 </para>
2252         </sect1>
2253
2254         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2255             <title>mkswap</title>
2256
2257                 <para>
2258                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2259                 </para>
2260
2261                 <para>
2262                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2263                 </para>
2264
2265                 <para>
2266                 Options:
2267                 </para>
2268
2269                 <para>
2270                 <screen>
2271                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2272                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2273                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2274                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2275                 </screen>
2276                 </para>
2277         </sect1>
2278
2279         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2280             <title>mktemp</title>
2281
2282                 <para>
2283                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2284                 </para>
2285
2286                 <para>
2287                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2288                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.
2289                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2290                 </para>
2291
2292                 <para>
2293                 Example:
2294                 </para>
2295
2296                 <para>
2297                 <screen>
2298                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2299                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2300                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2301                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2302                 </screen>
2303                 </para>
2304         </sect1>
2305
2306         <sect1 id="more">
2307             <title>more</title>
2308
2309                 <para>
2310                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2311                 </para>
2312
2313                 <para>
2314                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2315                 </para>
2316
2317                 <para>
2318                 Example:
2319                 </para>
2320
2321                 <para>
2322                 <screen>
2323                         $ dmesg | more
2324                 </screen>
2325                 </para>
2326         </sect1>
2327
2328         <sect1 id="mount">
2329             <title>mount</title>
2330
2331                 <para>
2332                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2333                 </para>
2334
2335                 <para>
2336                 <screen>
2337                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2338                 </screen>
2339                 </para>
2340
2341                 <para>
2342                 Mount filesystems.
2343                 </para>
2344
2345                 <para>
2346                 Options:
2347                 </para>
2348
2349                 <para>
2350                 <screen>
2351                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2352                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2353                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2354                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2355                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2356                 </screen>
2357                 </para>
2358
2359                 <para>
2360                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2361                 </para>
2362
2363                 <para>
2364                 <screen>
2365                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2366                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2367                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2368                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2369                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2370                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2371                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2372                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2373                 </screen>
2374                 </para>
2375
2376                 <para>
2377                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2378                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2379                 </para>
2380
2381                 <para>
2382                 Example:
2383                 </para>
2384
2385                 <para>
2386                 <screen>
2387                         $ mount
2388                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2389                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2390                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2391                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2392                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2393                 </screen>
2394                 </para>
2395         </sect1>
2396
2397         <sect1 id="mt">
2398             <title>mt</title>
2399
2400                 <para>
2401                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2402                 </para>
2403
2404                 <para>
2405                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2406                 </para>
2407
2408                 <para>
2409                 Options:
2410                 </para>
2411
2412                 <para>
2413                 <screen>
2414                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2415                 </screen>
2416                 </para>
2417         </sect1>
2418
2419         <sect1 id="mv">
2420             <title>mv</title>
2421
2422                 <para>
2423                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2424                 </para>
2425
2426                 <para>
2427                 <screen>
2428                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2429                 </screen>
2430                 </para>
2431
2432                 <para>
2433                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2434                 </para>
2435
2436                 <para>
2437                 Example:
2438                 </para>
2439
2440                 <para>
2441                 <screen>
2442                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2443                 </screen>
2444                 </para>
2445         </sect1>
2446
2447         <sect1 id="nc">
2448             <title>nc</title>
2449
2450                 <para>
2451                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2452                 </para>
2453
2454                 <para>
2455                    or: nc -p PORT -l
2456                 </para>
2457
2458
2459                 <para>
2460                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT or listen for a connection on PORT.
2461                 </para>
2462
2463                 <para>
2464                 Example:
2465                 </para>
2466
2467                 <para>
2468                 <screen>
2469                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2470                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2471                         help
2472                         214-Commands supported:
2473                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2474                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2475                         quit
2476                         221 foobar closing connection
2477                 </screen>
2478                 </para>
2479         </sect1>
2480
2481         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2482             <title>nslookup</title>
2483
2484                 <para>
2485                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2486                 </para>
2487
2488                 <para>
2489                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2490                 HOST.
2491                 </para>
2492
2493                 <para>
2494                 Example:
2495                 </para>
2496
2497                 <para>
2498                 <screen>
2499                         $ nslookup localhost
2500                         Server:     default
2501                         Address:    default
2502
2503                         Name:       debian
2504                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2505                 </screen>
2506                 </para>
2507         </sect1>
2508
2509         <sect1 id="ping">
2510             <title>ping</title>
2511
2512                 <para>
2513                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2514                 </para>
2515
2516                 <para>
2517                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2518                 </para>
2519
2520                 <para>
2521                 Options:
2522                 </para>
2523
2524                 <para>
2525                 <screen>
2526                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2527                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2528                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2529                 </screen>
2530                 </para>
2531
2532                 <para>
2533                 Example:
2534                 </para>
2535
2536                 <para>
2537                 <screen>
2538                         $ ping localhost
2539                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2540                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2541
2542                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2543                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2544                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2545                 </screen>
2546                 </para>
2547         </sect1>
2548
2549         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2550             <title>poweroff</title>
2551
2552                 <para>
2553                 Usage: poweroff
2554                 </para>
2555
2556                 <para>
2557                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2558                 off power upon halting.
2559                 </para>
2560         </sect1>
2561
2562         <sect1 id="printf">
2563             <title>printf</title>
2564
2565                 <para>
2566                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2567                 </para>
2568
2569                 <para>
2570                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2571                 the C printf command.
2572                 </para>
2573
2574                 <para>
2575                 Example:
2576                 </para>
2577
2578                 <para>
2579                 <screen>
2580                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2581                         Val=5
2582                 </screen>
2583                 </para>
2584         </sect1>
2585
2586         <sect1 id="ps">
2587             <title>ps</title>
2588
2589                 <para>
2590                 Usage: ps
2591                 </para>
2592
2593                 <para>
2594                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2595                 options.
2596                 </para>
2597
2598                 <para>
2599                 Options:
2600                 </para>
2601
2602                 <para>
2603                 <screen>
2604                 </screen>
2605                 </para>
2606
2607                 <para>
2608                 Example:
2609                 </para>
2610
2611                 <para>
2612                 <screen>
2613                         $ ps
2614                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2615                             1 root     root     S init
2616                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2617                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2618                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2619                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2620                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2621                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2622                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2623                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2624                 </screen>
2625                 </para>
2626         </sect1>
2627
2628         <sect1 id="pwd">
2629             <title>pwd</title>
2630
2631                 <para>
2632                 Usage: pwd
2633                 </para>
2634
2635                 <para>
2636                 Print the full filename of the current working
2637                 directory.
2638                 </para>
2639
2640                 <para>
2641                 Example:
2642                 </para>
2643
2644                 <para>
2645                 <screen>
2646                         $ pwd
2647                         /root
2648                 </screen>
2649                 </para>
2650         </sect1>
2651
2652         <sect1 id="rdate">
2653             <title>rdate</title>
2654
2655                 <para>
2656                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2657                 </para>
2658
2659                 <para>
2660                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2661                 </para>
2662
2663                 <para>
2664                 Options:
2665                 </para>
2666
2667                 <para>
2668                 <screen>
2669                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2670                         -p      Print the date and time.
2671                 </screen>
2672                 </para>
2673         </sect1>
2674
2675         <sect1 id="reboot">
2676             <title>reboot</title>
2677
2678                 <para>
2679                 Usage: reboot
2680                 </para>
2681
2682                 <para>
2683                 Reboot the system.
2684                 </para>
2685         </sect1>
2686
2687         <sect1 id="renice">
2688             <title>renice</title>
2689
2690                 <para>
2691                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2692                 </para>
2693
2694                 <para>
2695                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2696                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2697                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2698                 </para>
2699         </sect1>
2700
2701         <sect1 id="reset">
2702             <title>reset</title>
2703
2704                 <para>
2705                 Usage: reset
2706                 </para>
2707
2708                 <para>
2709                 Resets the screen.
2710                 </para>
2711         </sect1>
2712
2713         <sect1 id="rm">
2714             <title>rm</title>
2715
2716                 <para>
2717                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2718                 </para>
2719
2720                 <para>
2721                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2722                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2723                 </para>
2724
2725                 <para>
2726                 Options:
2727                 </para>
2728
2729                 <para>
2730                 <screen>
2731                         -i              Always prompt before removing each destinations
2732                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2733                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2734                 </screen>
2735                 </para>
2736
2737                 <para>
2738                 Example:
2739                 </para>
2740
2741                 <para>
2742                 <screen>
2743                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2744                 </screen>
2745                 </para>
2746         </sect1>
2747
2748         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2749             <title>rmdir</title>
2750
2751                 <para>
2752                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2753                 </para>
2754
2755                 <para>
2756                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2757                 </para>
2758
2759                 <para>
2760                 Example:
2761                 </para>
2762
2763                 <para>
2764                 <screen>
2765                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2766                 </screen>
2767                 </para>
2768         </sect1>
2769
2770         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2771             <title>rmmod</title>
2772
2773                 <para>
2774                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2775                 </para>
2776
2777                 <para>
2778                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2779                 </para>
2780
2781                 <para>
2782                 Options:
2783                 </para>
2784
2785                 <para>
2786                 <screen>
2787                         -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules
2788                 </screen>
2789                 </para>
2790
2791                 <para>
2792                 Example:
2793                 </para>
2794
2795                 <para>
2796                 <screen>
2797                         $ rmmod tulip
2798                 </screen>
2799                 </para>
2800         </sect1>
2801
2802         <sect1 id="sed">
2803             <title>sed</title>
2804
2805                 <para>
2806                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2807                 </para>
2808
2809                 <para>
2810                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2811                 </para>
2812
2813                 <para>
2814                 <screen>
2815                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2816                 </screen>
2817                 </para>
2818
2819                 <para>
2820                 ADDR can be:
2821                 </para>
2822
2823                 <para>
2824                 <screen>
2825                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2826                         $         Match last line
2827                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2828                 </screen>
2829                 </para>
2830
2831                 <para>
2832                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2833                 </para>
2834
2835                 <para>
2836                 COMMAND can be:
2837                 </para>
2838
2839                 <para>
2840                 <screen>
2841                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2842                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2843                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2844                         aTEXT
2845                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2846                 </screen>
2847                 </para>
2848
2849                 <para>
2850                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2851                 </para>
2852
2853                 <para>
2854                 Options:
2855                 </para>
2856
2857                 <para>
2858                 <screen>
2859                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2860                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2861                 </screen>
2862                 </para>
2863
2864                 <para>
2865                 Example:
2866                 </para>
2867
2868                 <para>
2869                 <screen>
2870                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2871                         bar
2872                 </screen>
2873                 </para>
2874         </sect1>
2875
2876         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2877             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2878
2879                 <para>
2880                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2881                 </para>
2882
2883                 <para>
2884                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2885                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2886                 </para>
2887
2888                 <para>
2889                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2890                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2891                 </para>
2892
2893                 <para>
2894                 Example:
2895                 </para>
2896
2897                 <para>
2898                 <screen>
2899                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2900                 </screen>
2901                 </para>
2902         </sect1>
2903
2904
2905         <sect1 id="sh">
2906             <title>sh</title>
2907
2908                 <para>
2909                 Usage: sh
2910                 </para>
2911
2912                 <para>
2913                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2914                 </para>
2915
2916                 <para>
2917                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2918                 </para>
2919
2920                 <para>
2921                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2922                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2923                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2924                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2925                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2926                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2927                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2928                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2929                 </para>
2930         </sect1>
2931
2932         <sect1 id="sleep">
2933             <title>sleep</title>
2934
2935                 <para>
2936                 Usage: sleep N
2937                 </para>
2938
2939                 <para>
2940                 Pause for N seconds.
2941                 </para>
2942
2943                 <para>
2944                 Example:
2945                 </para>
2946
2947                 <para>
2948                 <screen>
2949                         $ sleep 2
2950                         [2 second delay results]
2951                 </screen>
2952                 </para>
2953         </sect1>
2954
2955         <sect1 id="sort">
2956             <title>sort</title>
2957
2958                 <para>
2959                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2960                 </para>
2961
2962                 <para>
2963                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
2964                 </para>
2965
2966                 <para>
2967                 Options:
2968                 </para>
2969
2970                 <para>
2971                 <screen>
2972                         -n      Compare numerically
2973                         -r      Reverse after sorting
2974                 </screen>
2975                 </para>
2976
2977                 <para>
2978                 Example:
2979                 </para>
2980
2981                 <para>
2982                 <screen>
2983                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
2984                         a
2985                         b
2986                         c
2987                         d
2988                         e
2989                         f
2990                 </screen>
2991                 </para>
2992         </sect1>
2993
2994         <sect1 id="swapoff">
2995             <title>swapoff</title>
2996
2997                 <para>
2998                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2999                 </para>
3000
3001                 <para>
3002                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
3003                 </para>
3004
3005                 <para>
3006                 Options:
3007                 </para>
3008
3009                 <para>
3010                 <screen>
3011                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
3012                 </screen>
3013                 </para>
3014         </sect1>
3015
3016         <sect1 id="swapon">
3017             <title>swapon</title>
3018
3019                 <para>
3020                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3021                 </para>
3022
3023                 <para>
3024                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3025                 </para>
3026
3027                 <para>
3028                 Options:
3029                 </para>
3030
3031                 <para>
3032                 <screen>
3033                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
3034                 </screen>
3035                 </para>
3036         </sect1>
3037
3038         <sect1 id="sync">
3039             <title>sync</title>
3040
3041                 <para>
3042                 Usage: sync
3043                 </para>
3044
3045                 <para>
3046                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
3047                 </para>
3048         </sect1>
3049
3050         <sect1 id="syslogd">
3051             <title>syslogd</title>
3052
3053                 <para>
3054                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3055                 </para>
3056
3057                 <para>
3058                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
3059                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
3060                 /etc/syslog.conf.
3061                 </para>
3062
3063                 <para>
3064                 Options:
3065                 </para>
3066
3067                 <para>
3068                 <screen>
3069                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3070                         -n      Run as a foreground process
3071                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
3072                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3073                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
3074                         -L      Log locally as well as network logging (default is network only)
3075                 </screen>
3076                 </para>
3077
3078                 <para>
3079                 Example:
3080                 </para>
3081
3082                 <para>
3083                 <screen>
3084                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3085                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3086                 </screen>
3087                 </para>
3088         </sect1>
3089
3090         <sect1 id="tail">
3091             <title>tail</title>
3092
3093                 <para>
3094                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3095                 </para>
3096
3097                 <para>
3098                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3099                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3100                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3101                 read stdin.
3102                 </para>
3103
3104                 <para>
3105                 Options:
3106                 </para>
3107
3108                 <para>
3109                 <screen>
3110                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3111                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3112                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3113                 </screen>
3114                 </para>
3115
3116                 <para>
3117                 Example:
3118                 </para>
3119
3120                 <para>
3121                 <screen>
3122                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3123                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3124                 </screen>
3125                 </para>
3126         </sect1>
3127
3128         <sect1 id="tar">
3129             <title>tar</title>
3130
3131                 <para>
3132                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3133                 </para>
3134
3135                 <para>
3136
3137                 </para>
3138
3139                 <para>
3140                 MODE may be chosen from
3141                 </para>
3142
3143                 <para>
3144                 <screen>
3145                         c       Create
3146                         x       Extract
3147                         t       List
3148                 </screen>
3149                 </para>
3150
3151                 <para>
3152                 Options:
3153                 </para>
3154
3155                 <para>
3156                 <screen>
3157                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3158                         O                               Extract to stdout
3159                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3160                         v                               List files processed
3161                 </screen>
3162                 </para>
3163
3164                 <para>
3165                 Example:
3166                 </para>
3167
3168                 <para>
3169                 <screen>
3170                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3171                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3172                 </screen>
3173                 </para>
3174         </sect1>
3175
3176         <sect1 id="tee">
3177             <title>tee</title>
3178
3179                 <para>
3180                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3181                 </para>
3182
3183                 <para>
3184                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3185                 </para>
3186
3187                 <para>
3188                 Options:
3189                 </para>
3190
3191                 <para>
3192                 <screen>
3193                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3194                 </screen>
3195                 </para>
3196
3197                 <para>
3198                 Example:
3199                 </para>
3200
3201                 <para>
3202                 <screen>
3203                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3204                         Hello
3205                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3206                         Hello
3207                 </screen>
3208                 </para>
3209         </sect1>
3210
3211         <sect1 id="telnet">
3212             <title>telnet</title>
3213
3214                 <para>
3215                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3216                 </para>
3217
3218                 <para>
3219                 Establish interactive communication with another
3220                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3221                 </para>
3222         </sect1>
3223
3224         <sect1 id="test">
3225             <title>test, [</title>
3226
3227                 <para>
3228                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3229                 </para>
3230
3231                 <para>
3232                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3233                 </para>
3234
3235                 <para>
3236                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3237                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3238                 </para>
3239
3240                 <para>
3241                 Example:
3242                 </para>
3243
3244                 <para>
3245                 <screen>
3246                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3247                         $ echo $?
3248                         1
3249                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3250                         $ echo $?
3251                         0
3252                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3253                         $ echo $?
3254                         0
3255                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3256                         $ echo $?
3257                         1
3258                 </screen>
3259                 </para>
3260         </sect1>
3261
3262         <sect1 id="touch">
3263             <title>touch</title>
3264
3265                 <para>
3266                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3267                 </para>
3268
3269                 <para>
3270                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3271                 </para>
3272
3273                 <para>
3274                 Options:
3275                 </para>
3276
3277                 <para>
3278                 <screen>
3279                         -c      Do not create files
3280                 </screen>
3281                 </para>
3282
3283                 <para>
3284                 Example:
3285                 </para>
3286
3287                 <para>
3288                 <screen>
3289                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3290                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3291                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3292                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3293                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3294                 </screen>
3295                 </para>
3296         </sect1>
3297
3298         <sect1 id="tr">
3299             <title>tr</title>
3300
3301                 <para>
3302                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3303                 </para>
3304
3305                 <para>
3306                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3307                 writing to stdout.
3308                 </para>
3309
3310                 <para>
3311                 Options:
3312                 </para>
3313
3314                 <para>
3315                 <screen>
3316                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3317                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3318                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3319                 </screen>
3320                 </para>
3321
3322                 <para>
3323                 Example:
3324                 </para>
3325
3326                 <para>
3327                 <screen>
3328                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3329                         hello world
3330                 </screen>
3331                 </para>
3332         </sect1>
3333
3334         <sect1 id="true">
3335             <title>true</title>
3336
3337                 <para>
3338                 Usage: true
3339                 </para>
3340
3341                 <para>
3342                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3343                 </para>
3344
3345                 <para>
3346                 Example:
3347                 </para>
3348
3349                 <para>
3350                 <screen>
3351                         $ true
3352                         $ echo $?
3353                         0
3354                 </screen>
3355                 </para>
3356         </sect1>
3357
3358         <sect1 id="tty">
3359             <title>tty</title>
3360
3361                 <para>
3362                 Usage: tty
3363                 </para>
3364
3365                 <para>
3366                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3367                 </para>
3368
3369                 <para>
3370                 Options:
3371                 </para>
3372
3373                 <para>
3374                 <screen>
3375                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3376                 </screen>
3377                 </para>
3378
3379                 <para>
3380                 Example:
3381                 </para>
3382
3383                 <para>
3384                 <screen>
3385                         $ tty
3386                         /dev/tty2
3387                 </screen>
3388                 </para>
3389         </sect1>
3390
3391         <sect1 id="umount">
3392             <title>umount</title>
3393
3394                 <para>
3395                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3396                 </para>
3397
3398                 <para>
3399
3400                 </para>
3401
3402                 <para>
3403                 Options:
3404                 </para>
3405
3406                 <para>
3407                 <screen>
3408                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3409                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3410                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
3411                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3412                 </screen>
3413                 </para>
3414
3415                 <para>
3416                 Example:
3417                 </para>
3418
3419                 <para>
3420                 <screen>
3421                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3422                 </screen>
3423                 </para>
3424         </sect1>
3425
3426         <sect1 id="uname">
3427             <title>uname</title>
3428
3429                 <para>
3430                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3431                 </para>
3432
3433                 <para>
3434                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3435                 as -s.
3436                 </para>
3437
3438                 <para>
3439                 Options:
3440                 </para>
3441
3442                 <para>
3443                 <screen>
3444                         -a      Print all information
3445                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3446                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3447                         -r      Print the operating system release
3448                         -s      Print the operating system name
3449                         -p      Print the host processor type
3450                         -v      Print the operating system version
3451                 </screen>
3452                 </para>
3453
3454                 <para>
3455                 Example:
3456                 </para>
3457
3458                 <para>
3459                 <screen>
3460                         $ uname -a
3461                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3462                 </screen>
3463                 </para>
3464         </sect1>
3465
3466         <sect1 id="uniq">
3467             <title>uniq</title>
3468
3469                 <para>
3470                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3471                 </para>
3472
3473                 <para>
3474                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3475                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3476                 </para>
3477
3478                 <para>
3479                 Options:
3480                 </para>
3481
3482                 <para>
3483                 <screen>
3484                 -c              prefix lines by the number of occurrences
3485                 -d              only print duplicate lines
3486                 -u              only print unique lines
3487                 </screen>
3488                 </para>
3489
3490                 <para>
3491                 Example:
3492                 </para>
3493
3494                 <para>
3495                 <screen>
3496                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3497                         a
3498                         b
3499                         c
3500                 </screen>
3501                 </para>
3502         </sect1>
3503
3504         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3505             <title>unix2dos</title>
3506
3507                 <para>
3508                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3509                 </para>
3510
3511                 <para>
3512                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3513                 </para>
3514
3515         </sect1>
3516
3517         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3518             <title>unrpm</title>
3519
3520                 <para>
3521                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3522                 </para>
3523
3524                 <para>
3525                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3526                 </para>
3527
3528         </sect1>
3529
3530         <sect1 id="update">
3531             <title>update</title>
3532
3533                 <para>
3534                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3535                 </para>
3536
3537                 <para>
3538                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3539                 </para>
3540
3541                 <para>
3542                 Options:
3543                 </para>
3544
3545                 <para>
3546                 <screen>
3547                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3548                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3549                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3550                 </screen>
3551                 </para>
3552         </sect1>
3553
3554         <sect1 id="uptime">
3555             <title>uptime</title>
3556
3557                 <para>
3558                 Usage: uptime
3559                 </para>
3560
3561                 <para>
3562                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3563                 </para>
3564
3565                 <para>
3566                 Example:
3567                 </para>
3568
3569                 <para>
3570                 <screen>
3571                         $ uptime
3572                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3573                 </screen>
3574                 </para>
3575         </sect1>
3576
3577         <sect1 id="usleep">
3578             <title>usleep</title>
3579
3580                 <para>
3581                 Usage: usleep N
3582                 </para>
3583
3584                 <para>
3585                 Pause for N microseconds.
3586                 </para>
3587
3588                 <para>
3589                 Example:
3590                 </para>
3591
3592                 <para>
3593                 <screen>
3594                         $ usleep 1000000
3595                         [pauses for 1 second]
3596                 </screen>
3597                 </para>
3598         </sect1>
3599
3600         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3601             <title>uudecode</title>
3602
3603                 <para>
3604                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3605                 </para>
3606
3607                 <para>
3608                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3609                 </para>
3610
3611                 <para>
3612                 Options:
3613                 </para>
3614
3615                 <para>
3616                 <screen>
3617                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3618                 </screen>
3619                 </para>
3620
3621                 <para>
3622                 Example:
3623                 </para>
3624
3625                 <para>
3626                 <screen>
3627                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3628                         $ ls -l busybox
3629                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3630                 </screen>
3631                 </para>
3632         </sect1>
3633
3634         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3635             <title>uuencode</title>
3636
3637                 <para>
3638                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3639                 </para>
3640
3641                 <para>
3642                 Uuencode a file.
3643                 </para>
3644
3645                 <para>
3646                 Options:
3647                 </para>
3648
3649                 <para>
3650                 <screen>
3651                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3652                 </screen>
3653                 </para>
3654
3655                 <para>
3656                 Example:
3657                 </para>
3658
3659                 <para>
3660                 <screen>
3661                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3662                         begin 755 busybox
3663                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3664                         .....
3665                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3666                         $
3667                 </screen>
3668                 </para>
3669         </sect1>
3670
3671         <sect1 id="watchdog">
3672             <title>watchdog</title>
3673
3674                 <para>
3675                 Usage: watchdog device
3676                 </para>
3677
3678                 <para>
3679                 Periodically writes to watchdog device B<device>.
3680                 </para>
3681         </sect1>
3682
3683         <sect1 id="wc">
3684             <title>wc</title>
3685
3686                 <para>
3687                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3688                 </para>
3689
3690                 <para>
3691                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3692                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3693                 FILE, read stdin.
3694                 </para>
3695
3696                 <para>
3697                 Options:
3698                 </para>
3699
3700                 <para>
3701                 <screen>
3702                         -c      Print the byte counts
3703                         -l      Print the newline counts
3704                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3705                         -w      Print the word counts
3706                 </screen>
3707                 </para>
3708
3709                 <para>
3710                 Example:
3711                 </para>
3712
3713                 <para>
3714                 <screen>
3715                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3716                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3717                 </screen>
3718                 </para>
3719         </sect1>
3720
3721         <sect1 id="which">
3722             <title>which</title>
3723
3724                 <para>
3725                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3726                 </para>
3727
3728                 <para>
3729                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3730                 </para>
3731
3732                 <para>
3733                 Example:
3734                 </para>
3735
3736                 <para>
3737                 <screen>
3738                         $ which login
3739                         /bin/login
3740                 </screen>
3741                 </para>
3742         </sect1>
3743
3744         <sect1 id="whoami">
3745             <title>whoami</title>
3746
3747                 <para>
3748                 Usage: whoami
3749                 </para>
3750
3751                 <para>
3752                 Print the user name associated with the current
3753                 effective user id.
3754                 </para>
3755
3756                 <para>
3757                 Example:
3758                 </para>
3759
3760                 <para>
3761                 <screen>
3762                         $ whoami
3763                         andersen
3764                 </screen>
3765                 </para>
3766         </sect1>
3767
3768         <sect1 id="xargs">
3769             <title>xargs</title>
3770
3771                 <para>
3772                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3773                 </para>
3774
3775                 <para>
3776                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3777                 </para>
3778
3779                 <para>
3780                 Options:
3781                 </para>
3782
3783                 <para>
3784                 <screen>
3785                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3786                 </screen>
3787                 </para>
3788
3789
3790                 <para>
3791                 Example:
3792                 </para>
3793
3794                 <para>
3795                 <screen>
3796                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3797                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3798                 </screen>
3799                 </para>
3800         </sect1>
3801
3802         <sect1 id="yes">
3803             <title>yes</title>
3804
3805                 <para>
3806                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3807                 </para>
3808
3809                 <para>
3810                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3811                 or `y'.
3812                 </para>
3813         </sect1>
3814
3815         <sect1 id="zcat">
3816             <title>zcat</title>
3817
3818                 <para>
3819                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3820                 </para>
3821
3822                 <para>
3823                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3824                 </para>
3825
3826                 <para>
3827                 Options:
3828                 </para>
3829
3830                 <para>
3831                 <screen>
3832                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3833                 </screen>
3834                 </para>
3835
3836                 <para>
3837                 Example:
3838                 </para>
3839
3840                 <para>
3841                 <screen>
3842                 </screen>
3843                 </para>
3844         </sect1>
3845   </chapter>
3846
3847   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3848     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3849
3850         <para>
3851         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3852         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3853         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3854         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3855         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3856         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3857         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3858         libraries installed.
3859         </para>
3860
3861         <para>
3862         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3863         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3864         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3865         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3866         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3867         </para>
3868   </chapter>
3869
3870   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3871     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3872
3873         <para>
3874         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3875         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3876         etc...
3877         </para>
3878   </chapter>
3879
3880   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3881     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3882
3883         <para>
3884         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt; &lt;andersen@lineo.com&gt;
3885         </para>
3886   </chapter>
3887
3888   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3889     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3890
3891         <para>
3892         The following people have made significant contributions to
3893         BusyBox -- whether they know it or not.
3894         </para>
3895
3896         <para>
3897         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt;
3898         </para>
3899
3900         <para>
3901         Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;
3902         </para>
3903
3904         <para>
3905         John Beppu &lt;beppu@lineo.com&gt;
3906         </para>
3907
3908         <para>
3909         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3910         </para>
3911
3912         <para>
3913         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3914         </para>
3915
3916         <para>
3917         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3918         </para>
3919
3920         <para>
3921         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3922         </para>
3923
3924         <para>
3925         Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;
3926         </para>
3927
3928         <para>
3929         Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu&gt;
3930         </para>
3931
3932         <para>
3933         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3934         </para>
3935
3936         <para>
3937         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3938         </para>
3939
3940         <para>
3941         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3942         </para>
3943
3944         <para>
3945         Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;
3946         </para>
3947
3948         <para>
3949         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3950         </para>
3951
3952         <para>
3953         Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;
3954         </para>
3955
3956         <para>
3957         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3958         </para>
3959
3960         <para>
3961         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@lineo.com&gt;
3962         </para>
3963
3964         <para>
3965         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
3966         </para>
3967
3968         <para>
3969         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
3970         </para>
3971
3972
3973   </chapter>
3974 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->