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17 <chapter id="pod2docbook-ch-1"><title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
20 <chapter id="pod2docbook-ch-1"><title>NAME
23 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
29 BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
34 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-1"><title>SYNTAX
37 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
44 BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
52 <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
60 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-2"><title>DESCRIPTION
63 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
69 BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
70 small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
71 utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
72 grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
73 for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
74 fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
75 that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
76 like their GNU counterparts.
82 BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
83 mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
84 commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
85 your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
86 shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
93 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-3"><title>USAGE
96 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
102 When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
103 BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
110 For example, entering
125 will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
132 You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
133 command line. For example, entering
147 will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
154 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-4"><title>COMMON OPTIONS
157 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
163 Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior.
170 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-5"><title>COMMANDS
173 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
179 Currently defined functions include:
185 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date,
186 dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset,
187 fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt,
188 head, hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
189 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir,
190 mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc,
191 nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed,
192 setkeycodes, sfdisk, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail,
193 tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
194 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [
200 -------------------------------
206 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ar
209 <listitem><para></para>
212 Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames]
218 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
231 o preserve original dates
235 v verbosely list files processed
242 -------------------------------
247 </listitem></varlistentry>
248 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>basename
251 <listitem><para></para>
254 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
260 Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
274 $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
276 $ basename /usr/local/bin/
278 $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
286 -------------------------------
291 </listitem></varlistentry>
292 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>cat
295 <listitem><para></para>
298 Usage: cat [FILE ...]
304 Concatenates <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
326 -------------------------------
331 </listitem></varlistentry>
332 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>chgrp
335 <listitem><para></para>
338 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
344 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
357 -R change files and directories recursively
372 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
373 $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
375 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
382 -------------------------------
387 </listitem></varlistentry>
388 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>chmod
391 <listitem><para></para>
394 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
400 Changes file access permissions for the specified
401 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
402 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
403 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
404 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
410 WHO may be chosen from
417 u User who owns the file
418 g Users in the file's Group
419 o Other users not in the file's group
427 OPERATOR may be chosen from
435 - Remove a permission
436 = Assign a permission
443 PERMISSION may be chosen from
452 x Execute (or access for directories)
453 s Set user (or group) ID bit
454 t Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
461 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
462 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
478 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
501 -R Change files and directories recursively.
516 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
519 -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
522 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
529 -------------------------------
534 </listitem></varlistentry>
535 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>chown
538 <listitem><para></para>
541 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
547 Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
560 -R Changes files and directories recursively
575 -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
576 $ chown root /tmp/foo
578 -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
579 $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
581 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
588 -------------------------------
593 </listitem></varlistentry>
594 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>chroot
597 <listitem><para></para>
600 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
606 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
620 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
621 $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
624 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
631 -------------------------------
636 </listitem></varlistentry>
637 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>clear
640 <listitem><para></para>
649 -------------------------------
654 </listitem></varlistentry>
655 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>chvt
658 <listitem><para></para>
667 Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
673 -------------------------------
678 </listitem></varlistentry>
679 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>cp
682 <listitem><para></para>
685 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
692 or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
699 Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
715 -p Preserves file attributes if possible
716 -R Copies directories recursively
723 -------------------------------
728 </listitem></varlistentry>
729 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>cut
732 <listitem><para></para>
735 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
741 Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
754 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
755 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
756 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
757 -s Only output Lines if the include DELIM
758 -f N Print only these fields
773 $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
775 $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
783 -------------------------------
788 </listitem></varlistentry>
789 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>date
792 <listitem><para></para>
795 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
802 or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
809 Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
822 -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
823 -s Sets time described by STRING
824 -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
839 Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
846 -------------------------------
851 </listitem></varlistentry>
852 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>dc
855 <listitem><para></para>
858 Usage: dc expression ...
864 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +,
865 -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If no arguments are given, dc will process
872 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-) from GNU/dc, but
873 this will be remedied in the future.
894 $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
902 -------------------------------
907 </listitem></varlistentry>
908 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>dd
911 <listitem><para></para>
914 Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
920 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
927 if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
928 of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
929 bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
930 count=n copy only n input blocks
931 skip=n skip n input blocks
932 seek=n skip n output blocks
939 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
952 $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
961 -------------------------------
966 </listitem></varlistentry>
967 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>df
970 <listitem><para></para>
973 Usage: df [filesystem ...]
979 Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
993 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
994 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
995 /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
997 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
998 /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
1005 -------------------------------
1010 </listitem></varlistentry>
1011 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>dirname
1014 <listitem><para></para>
1023 Strip non-directory suffix from file name
1046 -------------------------------
1051 </listitem></varlistentry>
1052 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>dmesg
1055 <listitem><para></para>
1058 Usage: dmesg [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-n</emphasis> level] [<emphasis>-s</emphasis> bufsize]
1064 Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
1070 -------------------------------
1075 </listitem></varlistentry>
1076 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>du
1079 <listitem><para></para>
1082 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1088 Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is
1089 printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
1102 -l count sizes many times if hard linked
1103 -s display only a total for each argument
1119 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
1134 -------------------------------
1139 </listitem></varlistentry>
1140 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>dutmp
1143 <listitem><para></para>
1152 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout.
1165 $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
1166 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
1167 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
1168 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
1169 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
1170 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
1171 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
1172 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
1179 -------------------------------
1184 </listitem></varlistentry>
1185 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>echo
1188 <listitem><para></para>
1191 Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
1197 Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
1210 -n suppress trailing newline
1211 -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
1212 -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
1226 $ echo "Erik is cool"
1228 $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
1232 $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
1240 -------------------------------
1245 </listitem></varlistentry>
1246 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>false
1249 <listitem><para></para>
1252 Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
1274 -------------------------------
1279 </listitem></varlistentry>
1280 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fbset
1283 <listitem><para></para>
1286 Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
1292 Show and modify frame buffer device settings
1332 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1333 geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1334 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1336 rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1344 -------------------------------
1349 </listitem></varlistentry>
1350 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fdflush
1353 <listitem><para></para>
1356 Usage: fdflush device
1362 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
1368 -------------------------------
1373 </listitem></varlistentry>
1374 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>find
1377 <listitem><para></para>
1380 Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
1386 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
1387 directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
1393 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1400 -follow Dereference symbolic links.
1401 -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
1402 -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
1416 $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1424 -------------------------------
1429 </listitem></varlistentry>
1430 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>free
1433 <listitem><para></para>
1442 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1456 total used free shared buffers
1457 Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
1458 Swap: 128516 8404 120112
1459 Total: 386144 257128 129016
1466 -------------------------------
1471 </listitem></varlistentry>
1472 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>freeramdisk
1475 <listitem><para></para>
1478 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1484 Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
1497 $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1504 -------------------------------
1509 </listitem></varlistentry>
1510 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>deallocvt
1513 <listitem><para></para>
1522 Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
1528 -------------------------------
1533 </listitem></varlistentry>
1534 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>fsck.minix
1537 <listitem><para></para>
1540 Usage: fsck.minix [<emphasis>-larvsmf</emphasis>] /dev/name
1546 Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
1559 -l Lists all filenames
1560 -r Perform interactive repairs
1561 -a Perform automatic repairs
1563 -s Outputs super-block information
1564 -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1565 -f Force file system check.
1572 -------------------------------
1577 </listitem></varlistentry>
1578 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>grep
1581 <listitem><para></para>
1584 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1590 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
1603 -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
1604 -i ignore case distinctions
1605 -n print line number with output lines
1606 -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1607 -v select non-matching lines
1614 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1627 $ grep root /etc/passwd
1628 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1629 $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1630 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1637 -------------------------------
1642 </listitem></varlistentry>
1643 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>gunzip
1646 <listitem><para></para>
1649 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1655 Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
1668 -c Write output to standard output
1669 -t Test compressed file integrity
1683 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1684 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1685 $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1686 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1687 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1694 -------------------------------
1699 </listitem></varlistentry>
1700 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>gzip
1703 <listitem><para></para>
1706 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1712 Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
1713 input. Implies <emphasis>-c</emphasis>.
1726 -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
1740 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1741 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1742 $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1743 $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1744 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1751 -------------------------------
1756 </listitem></varlistentry>
1757 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>halt
1760 <listitem><para></para>
1769 This command halts the system.
1775 -------------------------------
1780 </listitem></varlistentry>
1781 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>head
1784 <listitem><para></para>
1787 Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
1793 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
1794 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
1795 when FILE is -, read standard input.
1808 -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1822 $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1823 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1824 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1831 -------------------------------
1836 </listitem></varlistentry>
1837 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostid
1840 <listitem><para></para>
1849 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
1850 identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
1856 -------------------------------
1861 </listitem></varlistentry>
1862 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostname
1865 <listitem><para></para>
1868 Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <emphasis>-F</emphasis> file}
1874 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
1875 file with the <emphasis>-F</emphasis> parameter), the host name will be set.
1889 -i Addresses for the hostname
1891 -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1913 -------------------------------
1918 </listitem></varlistentry>
1919 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>id
1922 <listitem><para></para>
1925 Print information for USERNAME or the current user
1938 -g prints only the group ID
1939 -u prints only the user ID
1940 -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1955 uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1962 -------------------------------
1967 </listitem></varlistentry>
1968 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>init
1971 <listitem><para></para>
1980 Init is the parent of all processes.
1986 This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
1992 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
1993 /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
1994 runlevels, use sysvinit.
2000 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
2001 has the following default behavior:
2008 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
2016 if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
2024 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
2031 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
2039 <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
2055 WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
2056 The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
2057 the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
2058 appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
2059 be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
2060 field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
2061 BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
2062 containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
2063 nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
2079 The runlevels field is completely ignored.
2095 Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
2096 once, and ctrlaltdel.
2104 askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
2105 process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
2106 console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
2107 the specified process.
2115 Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
2116 an error message, and then go along with its business.
2132 Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
2139 Example /etc/inittab file:
2146 # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
2148 ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
2156 # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
2158 # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
2160 # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
2161 tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
2169 # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
2171 tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
2172 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
2180 # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
2182 #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
2183 #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
2185 # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
2186 #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
2194 # Stuff to do before rebooting
2195 ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
2196 ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
2203 -------------------------------
2208 </listitem></varlistentry>
2209 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>insmod
2212 <listitem><para></para>
2215 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
2221 Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
2234 -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
2235 -k Make module autoclean-able.
2237 -x do not export externs
2244 -------------------------------
2249 </listitem></varlistentry>
2250 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>kill
2253 <listitem><para></para>
2256 Usage: kill [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-id [process-id ...]
2262 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
2263 <literal>process(es).</literal>
2276 -l List all signal names and numbers.
2291 252 root root S [apache]
2292 263 www-data www-data S [apache]
2293 264 www-data www-data S [apache]
2294 265 www-data www-data S [apache]
2295 266 www-data www-data S [apache]
2296 267 www-data www-data S [apache]
2304 -------------------------------
2309 </listitem></varlistentry>
2310 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>killall
2313 <listitem><para></para>
2316 Usage: killall [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-name [process-name ...]
2322 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
2323 <literal>process(es).</literal>
2336 -l List all signal names and numbers.
2357 -------------------------------
2362 </listitem></varlistentry>
2363 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>length
2366 <listitem><para></para>
2369 Usage: length STRING
2375 Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
2396 -------------------------------
2401 </listitem></varlistentry>
2402 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ln
2405 <listitem><para></para>
2408 Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
2414 Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may
2415 use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2428 -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
2429 -f remove existing destination files
2443 $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
2445 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
2452 -------------------------------
2457 </listitem></varlistentry>
2458 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadacm
2461 <listitem><para></para>
2470 Loads an acm from standard input.
2483 $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
2490 -------------------------------
2495 </listitem></varlistentry>
2496 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadfont
2499 <listitem><para></para>
2508 Loads a console font from standard input.
2521 $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
2528 -------------------------------
2533 </listitem></varlistentry>
2534 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadkmap
2537 <listitem><para></para>
2546 Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
2559 $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
2566 -------------------------------
2571 </listitem></varlistentry>
2572 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>logger
2575 <listitem><para></para>
2578 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
2584 Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
2597 -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
2598 -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
2599 -p Enter the message with the specified priority.
2600 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
2621 -------------------------------
2626 </listitem></varlistentry>
2627 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>logname
2630 <listitem><para></para>
2639 Print the name of the current user.
2660 -------------------------------
2665 </listitem></varlistentry>
2666 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ls
2669 <listitem><para></para>
2672 Usage: ls [<emphasis>-1acdelnpuxACFR</emphasis>] [filenames...]
2685 -a do not hide entries starting with .
2686 -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
2687 modification of file status information)
2688 -d list directory entries instead of contents
2689 -e list both full date and full time
2690 -l use a long listing format
2691 -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
2692 -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
2693 -u with -l: show access time (the time of last
2695 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
2696 -A do not list implied . and ..
2697 -C list entries by columns
2698 -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
2699 -R list subdirectories recursively
2706 -------------------------------
2711 </listitem></varlistentry>
2712 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>lsmod
2715 <listitem><para></para>
2724 Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
2730 -------------------------------
2735 </listitem></varlistentry>
2736 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>makedevs
2739 <listitem><para></para>
2742 Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2748 Creates a range of block or character special files
2761 b: Make a block (buffered) device.
2762 c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
2763 p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
2770 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
2771 LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
2772 is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
2785 $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2786 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2787 $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2788 [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2795 -------------------------------
2800 </listitem></varlistentry>
2801 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum
2804 <listitem><para></para>
2807 Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]
2813 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2826 -b read files in binary mode
2827 -c check MD5 sums against given list
2828 -t read files in text mode (default)
2836 The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
2843 -s don't output anything, status code shows success
2844 -w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2859 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
2861 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
2870 -------------------------------
2875 </listitem></varlistentry>
2876 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkdir
2879 <listitem><para></para>
2882 Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
2888 Create the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they do not already exist
2901 -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2902 -p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2918 /tmp/foo: File exists
2919 $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2920 /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2921 $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2928 -------------------------------
2933 </listitem></varlistentry>
2934 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfifo
2937 <listitem><para></para>
2940 Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
2946 Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
2959 -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2966 -------------------------------
2971 </listitem></varlistentry>
2972 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfs.minix
2975 <listitem><para></para>
2978 Usage: mkfs.minix [<emphasis>-c</emphasis> | <emphasis>-l</emphasis> filename] [<emphasis>-nXX</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-iXX</emphasis>] /dev/name [blocks]
2984 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2997 -c Check the device for bad blocks
2998 -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
2999 -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
3000 -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
3001 -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
3008 -------------------------------
3013 </listitem></varlistentry>
3014 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mknod
3017 <listitem><para></para>
3020 Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
3026 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
3039 -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
3046 TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
3047 (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
3061 $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
3062 $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
3069 -------------------------------
3074 </listitem></varlistentry>
3075 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkswap
3078 <listitem><para></para>
3081 Usage: mkswap [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-v0</emphasis>|<emphasis>-v1</emphasis>] device [block-count]
3087 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
3100 -c Check for read-ability.
3101 -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
3102 -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
3103 block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
3110 -------------------------------
3115 </listitem></varlistentry>
3116 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mktemp
3119 <listitem><para></para>
3122 Usage: mktemp [<emphasis>-q</emphasis>] TEMPLATE
3128 Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
3129 name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
3142 $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
3144 $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
3145 -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
3152 -------------------------------
3157 </listitem></varlistentry>
3158 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>nc
3161 <listitem><para></para>
3164 Usage: nc [IP] [port]
3170 Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
3183 $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
3184 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
3186 214-Commands supported:
3187 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
3188 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
3190 221 foobar closing connection
3197 -------------------------------
3202 </listitem></varlistentry>
3203 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>more
3206 <listitem><para></para>
3209 Usage: more [file ...]
3215 More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
3235 -------------------------------
3240 </listitem></varlistentry>
3241 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mount
3244 <listitem><para></para>
3247 Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<emphasis>-o</emphasis> options,more-options]
3260 -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
3261 -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
3262 -r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
3263 -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
3264 -w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
3271 Options for use with the ``<emphasis>-o</emphasis>'' flag:
3278 async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
3279 atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
3280 dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
3281 exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
3282 loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
3283 suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
3284 remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
3285 ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
3286 There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
3287 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
3302 /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
3303 proc on /proc type proc (rw)
3304 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
3305 $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
3306 $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
3313 -------------------------------
3318 </listitem></varlistentry>
3319 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mt
3322 <listitem><para></para>
3325 Usage: mt [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> device] opcode value
3331 Control magnetic tape drive operation
3337 -------------------------------
3342 </listitem></varlistentry>
3343 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>mv
3346 <listitem><para></para>
3349 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
3356 or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
3363 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to DIRECTORY.
3376 $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
3383 -------------------------------
3388 </listitem></varlistentry>
3389 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>nslookup
3392 <listitem><para></para>
3395 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
3401 Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
3414 $ nslookup localhost
3432 -------------------------------
3437 </listitem></varlistentry>
3438 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ping
3441 <listitem><para></para>
3444 Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
3450 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
3463 -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
3464 -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
3465 -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
3476 PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
3477 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
3485 --- debian ping statistics ---
3486 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
3487 round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
3494 -------------------------------
3499 </listitem></varlistentry>
3500 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>poweroff
3503 <listitem><para></para>
3506 Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
3513 -------------------------------
3518 </listitem></varlistentry>
3519 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>printf
3522 <listitem><para></para>
3525 Usage: printf format [argument...]
3531 Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
3545 $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
3553 -------------------------------
3558 </listitem></varlistentry>
3559 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>ps
3562 <listitem><para></para>
3571 Report process status
3577 This version of ps accepts no options.
3591 PID Uid Gid State Command
3593 2 root root S [kflushd]
3594 3 root root S [kupdate]
3595 4 root root S [kpiod]
3596 5 root root S [kswapd]
3597 742 andersen andersen S [bash]
3598 743 andersen andersen S -bash
3599 745 root root S [getty]
3600 2990 andersen andersen R ps
3607 -------------------------------
3612 </listitem></varlistentry>
3613 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>pwd
3616 <listitem><para></para>
3619 Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
3640 -------------------------------
3645 </listitem></varlistentry>
3646 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>reboot
3649 <listitem><para></para>
3652 Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
3658 -------------------------------
3663 </listitem></varlistentry>
3664 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rm
3667 <listitem><para></para>
3670 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
3676 Remove (unlink) the <literal>FILE(s).</literal> You may use '--' to
3677 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
3690 -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
3691 -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
3712 -------------------------------
3717 </listitem></varlistentry>
3718 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmdir
3721 <listitem><para></para>
3724 Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
3730 Remove the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they are empty.
3750 -------------------------------
3755 </listitem></varlistentry>
3756 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmmod
3759 <listitem><para></para>
3762 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
3768 Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
3781 -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
3802 -------------------------------
3807 </listitem></varlistentry>
3808 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sed
3811 <listitem><para></para>
3814 Usage: sed [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] <emphasis>-e</emphasis> script [file...]
3820 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
3835 where address ADDR can be:
3836 NUMBER Match specified line number
3838 /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
3839 (! inverts the meaning of the match)
3848 s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
3849 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
3850 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
3859 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
3873 -e add the script to the commands to be executed
3874 -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
3881 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
3894 $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
3902 -------------------------------
3907 </listitem></varlistentry>
3908 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>setkeycodes
3911 <listitem><para></para>
3914 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
3920 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
3921 keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
3927 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
3941 # setkeycodes e030 127
3948 -------------------------------
3953 </listitem></varlistentry>
3954 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sh
3957 <listitem><para></para>
3966 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
3972 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
3978 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
3979 redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
3980 and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
3981 (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
3982 ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
3983 very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
3989 -------------------------------
3994 </listitem></varlistentry>
3995 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sfdisk
3998 <listitem><para></para>
4001 Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
4007 device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
4020 -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
4021 -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
4022 -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
4023 -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
4024 -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
4025 -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
4026 -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
4027 -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
4028 -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
4029 -N# : change only the partition with number #
4030 -n : do not actually write to disk
4031 -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
4032 -I file : restore these sectors again
4033 -v [or --version]: print version
4034 -? [or --help]: print this message
4048 -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
4049 -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
4057 or expect descriptors for them on input
4058 -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
4059 -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
4060 You can override the detected geometry using:
4061 -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
4062 -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
4063 -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
4070 You can disable all consistency checking with:
4077 -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
4084 -------------------------------
4089 </listitem></varlistentry>
4090 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sleep
4093 <listitem><para></para>
4102 Pause for N seconds.
4116 [2 second delay results]
4123 -------------------------------
4128 </listitem></varlistentry>
4129 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sort
4132 <listitem><para></para>
4135 Usage: sort [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-r</emphasis>] [FILE]...
4141 Sorts lines of text in the specified files
4154 $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
4167 -------------------------------
4172 </listitem></varlistentry>
4173 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>sync
4176 <listitem><para></para>
4185 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
4191 -------------------------------
4196 </listitem></varlistentry>
4197 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>syslogd
4200 <listitem><para></para>
4203 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
4209 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
4210 version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
4223 -m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
4224 -n Run as a foreground process
4225 -K Do not start up the klogd process
4226 -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
4233 -------------------------------
4238 </listitem></varlistentry>
4239 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapon
4242 <listitem><para></para>
4245 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
4251 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
4264 -a Start swapping on all swap devices
4271 -------------------------------
4276 </listitem></varlistentry>
4277 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapoff
4280 <listitem><para></para>
4283 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
4289 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
4302 -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
4309 -------------------------------
4314 </listitem></varlistentry>
4315 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tail
4318 <listitem><para></para>
4321 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
4327 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
4328 FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
4329 when FILE is -, read standard input.
4342 -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
4343 -f Output data as the file grows. This version
4344 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
4358 $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
4366 -------------------------------
4371 </listitem></varlistentry>
4372 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tar
4375 <listitem><para></para>
4378 Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<emphasis>--exclude</emphasis> File] [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> tarFile] [FILE] ...
4384 Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
4385 tar treats hard links as separate files.
4391 Main operation mode:
4414 f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
4416 --exclude file to exclude
4430 v verbosely list files processed
4444 $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
4445 $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
4452 -------------------------------
4457 </listitem></varlistentry>
4458 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>test, [
4461 <listitem><para></para>
4464 Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
4470 Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
4471 the value of EXPRESSION.
4502 -------------------------------
4507 </listitem></varlistentry>
4508 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>telnet
4511 <listitem><para></para>
4514 Usage: telnet host [port]
4520 Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer
4521 over a network using the TELNET protocol.
4527 -------------------------------
4532 </listitem></varlistentry>
4533 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tee
4536 <listitem><para></para>
4539 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
4545 Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
4558 -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
4572 $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
4581 -------------------------------
4586 </listitem></varlistentry>
4587 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>touch
4590 <listitem><para></para>
4593 Usage: touch [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] file [file ...]
4599 Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
4613 /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
4616 -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
4623 -------------------------------
4628 </listitem></varlistentry>
4629 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tr
4632 <listitem><para></para>
4635 Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
4641 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
4655 -c take complement of STRING1
4656 -d delete input characters coded STRING1
4657 -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
4671 $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
4679 -------------------------------
4684 </listitem></varlistentry>
4685 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>true
4688 <listitem><para></para>
4691 Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
4713 -------------------------------
4718 </listitem></varlistentry>
4719 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>tty
4722 <listitem><para></para>
4731 Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
4744 -s print nothing, only return an exit status
4766 -------------------------------
4771 </listitem></varlistentry>
4772 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uuencode
4775 <listitem><para></para>
4778 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE
4797 -m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
4811 $ uuencode busybox busybox
4813 M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&
4815 $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
4823 -------------------------------
4828 </listitem></varlistentry>
4829 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uudecode
4832 <listitem><para></para>
4835 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
4841 Uudecode a uuencoded file
4854 -o FILE direct output to FILE
4868 $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
4870 -rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox
4877 -------------------------------
4882 </listitem></varlistentry>
4883 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>umount
4886 <listitem><para></para>
4889 Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
4902 -a: Unmount all file systems
4903 -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
4904 -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
4905 -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
4926 -------------------------------
4931 </listitem></varlistentry>
4932 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uname
4935 <listitem><para></para>
4938 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
4944 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <emphasis>-s</emphasis>.
4957 -a print all information
4958 -m the machine (hardware) type
4959 -n print the machine's network node hostname
4960 -r print the operating system release
4961 -s print the operating system name
4962 -p print the host processor type
4963 -v print the operating system version
4978 Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
4985 -------------------------------
4990 </listitem></varlistentry>
4991 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uniq
4994 <listitem><para></para>
4997 Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
5003 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
5004 input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
5017 $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
5027 -------------------------------
5032 </listitem></varlistentry>
5033 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>update
5036 <listitem><para></para>
5039 Usage: update [options]
5045 Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
5058 -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
5059 -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
5060 -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
5067 -------------------------------
5072 </listitem></varlistentry>
5073 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>uptime
5076 <listitem><para></para>
5085 Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
5099 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
5106 -------------------------------
5111 </listitem></varlistentry>
5112 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>usleep
5115 <listitem><para></para>
5124 Pauses for N microseconds.
5138 [pauses for 1 second]
5145 -------------------------------
5150 </listitem></varlistentry>
5151 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>wc
5154 <listitem><para></para>
5157 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
5163 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
5164 than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
5177 -c print the byte counts
5178 -l print the newline counts
5179 -L print the length of the longest line
5180 -w print the word counts
5195 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
5202 -------------------------------
5207 </listitem></varlistentry>
5208 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>which
5211 <listitem><para></para>
5214 Usage: which [COMMAND ...]
5241 -------------------------------
5246 </listitem></varlistentry>
5247 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>whoami
5250 <listitem><para></para>
5259 Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
5280 -------------------------------
5285 </listitem></varlistentry>
5286 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>yes
5289 <listitem><para></para>
5292 Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
5298 Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <literal>STRING(s),</literal>
5305 -------------------------------
5310 </listitem></varlistentry>
5311 <varlistentry><term><emphasis>zcat
5314 <listitem><para></para>
5317 This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <emphasis>-c</emphasis>'', where it decompresses the file in question and send the output to
5324 -------------------------------
5329 </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
5333 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-6"><title>LIBC NSS
5336 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
5342 GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
5343 the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
5344 system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
5345 Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
5346 make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
5347 for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
5348 libraries installed.
5354 If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
5355 authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
5356 need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
5357 enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
5358 want the full GNU utilities.
5365 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-7"><title>SEE ALSO
5368 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
5374 <literal>textutils(1),</literal> <literal>shellutils(1),</literal> etc...
5381 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-8"><title>MAINTAINER
5384 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
5390 Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com>
5397 <sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-9"><title>AUTHORS
5400 <!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
5406 The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
5413 Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>
5419 John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com>
5425 Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
5431 Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
5437 Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
5443 Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
5449 John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
5455 Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au>
5461 Bruce Perens <bruce@perens.com>
5467 Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
5473 Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
5479 Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
5485 Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
5495 </book> <!-- End of the book -->