docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arping, ash, awk, basename,
 140                 bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot,
 141                 chvt, clear, cmp, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd,
 142                 deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg,
 143                 dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, dutmp, echo, egrep, env, expr,
 144                 false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk,
 145                 fsck.minix, ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip,
 146                 halt, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock,
 147                 id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, ip, ipcalc, iplink,
 148                 iproute, iptunnel, kill, killall, klogd, lash, length, linuxrc,
 149                 ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread,
 150                 losetup, ls, lsmod, makedevs, md5sum, mesg, minit, mkdir, mkfifo,
 151                 mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, msh,
 152                 msvc, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nslookup, od, openvt, passwd,
 153                 patch, pidfilehack, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff,
 154                 printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset,
 155                 rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run-parts, sed, setkeycodes,
 156                 sha1sum, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings, stty, su, sulogin,
 157                 swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, telnetd,
 158                 test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, udhcpc,
 159                 udhcpd, umount, uname, uncompress, uniq, unix2dos, unzip,
 160                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, watch,
 161                 watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, [
 162
 163                 </para>
 164         </sect1>
 165
 166         <sect1 id="ar">
 167             <title>ar</title>
 168
 169                 <para>
 170                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 171                 </para>
 172
 173                 <para>
 174                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 175                 </para>
 176
 177                 <para>
 178                 Options:
 179                 </para>
 180
 181                 <para>
 182                 <screen>
 183                         o       Preserve original dates
 184                         p       Extract to stdout
 185                         t       List
 186                         x       Extract
 187                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 188                 </screen>
 189                 </para>
 190         </sect1>
 191
 192         <sect1 id="basename">
 193             <title>basename</title>
 194                 <para>
 195                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 196                 </para>
 197
 198                 <para>
 199                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 200                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 201                 </para>
 202
 203                 <para>
 204                 Example:
 205                 </para>
 206
 207                 <para>
 208                 <screen>
 209                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 210                         foo
 211                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 212                         bin
 213                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 214                         bar
 215                 </screen>
 216                 </para>
 217         </sect1>
 218
 219         <sect1 id="cat">
 220             <title>cat</title>
 221
 222                 <para>
 223                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 224                 </para>
 225
 226                 <para>
 227                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 228                 output.
 229                 </para>
 230
 231                 <para>
 232                 Example:
 233                 </para>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 <screen>
 237                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 238                         110716.72 17.67
 239                 </screen>
 240                 </para>
 241         </sect1>
 242
 243         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 244             <title>chgrp</title>
 245
 246                 <para>
 247                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 248                 </para>
 249
 250                 <para>
 251                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 252                 </para>
 253
 254                 <para>
 255                 Options:
 256                 </para>
 257
 258                 <para>
 259                 <screen>
 260                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 261                 </screen>
 262                 </para>
 263
 264                 <para>
 265                 Example:
 266                 </para>
 267
 268                 <para>
 269                 <screen>
 270                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 271                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 272                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 273                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 274                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 275                 </screen>
 276                 </para>
 277         </sect1>
 278
 279         <sect1 id="chmod">
 280             <title>chmod</title>
 281
 282                 <para>
 283                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 284                 </para>
 285
 286                 <para>
 287                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 288                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 289                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 290                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 291                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 292                 </para>
 293
 294                 <para>
 295                 WHO may be chosen from
 296                 </para>
 297
 298                 <para>
 299                 <screen>
 300                         u       User who owns the file
 301                         g       Users in the file's Group
 302                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 303                         a       All users
 304                 </screen>
 305                 </para>
 306
 307                 <para>
 308                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 309                 </para>
 310
 311                 <para>
 312                 <screen>
 313                         +       Add a permission
 314                         -       Remove a permission
 315                         =       Assign a permission
 316                 </screen>
 317                 </para>
 318
 319                 <para>
 320                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 321                 </para>
 322
 323                 <para>
 324                 <screen>
 325                         r       Read
 326                         w       Write
 327                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 328                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 329                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 330                 </screen>
 331                 </para>
 332
 333                 <para>
 334                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 335                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 336                 </para>
 337
 338                 <para>
 339                 <screen>
 340                         4       Read
 341                         2       Write
 342                         1       Execute
 343                 </screen>
 344                 </para>
 345
 346                 <para>
 347                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 348                 </para>
 349
 350                 <para>
 351                 <screen>
 352                         4       Set user ID
 353                         2       Set group ID
 354                         1       Sticky bit
 355                 </screen>
 356                 </para>
 357
 358                 <para>
 359                 Options:
 360                 </para>
 361
 362                 <para>
 363                 <screen>
 364                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 365                 </screen>
 366                 </para>
 367
 368                 <para>
 369                 Example:
 370                 </para>
 371
 372                 <para>
 373                 <screen>
 374                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 375                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 376                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 377                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 378                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 379                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 380                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 381                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 382                 </screen>
 383                 </para>
 384         </sect1>
 385
 386         <sect1 id="chown">
 387             <title>chown</title>
 388                 <para>
 389                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 390                 </para>
 391
 392                 <para>
 393                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 394                 </para>
 395
 396                 <para>
 397                 Options:
 398                 </para>
 399
 400                 <para>
 401                 <screen>
 402                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 403                 </screen>
 404                 </para>
 405
 406                 <para>
 407                 Example:
 408                 </para>
 409
 410                 <para>
 411                 <screen>
 412                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 413                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 414                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 415                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 416                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 417                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 418                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 419                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 420                 </screen>
 421                 </para>
 422         </sect1>
 423
 424         <sect1 id="chroot">
 425             <title>chroot</title>
 426                 <para>
 427                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 428                 </para>
 429
 430                 <para>
 431                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 432                 </para>
 433
 434                 <para>
 435                 Example:
 436                 </para>
 437
 438                 <para>
 439                 <screen>
 440                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 441                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 442                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 443                         $ chroot /mnt
 444                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 445                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 446                 </screen>
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="chvt">
 451             <title>chvt</title>
 452                 <para>
 453                 Usage: chvt N
 454                 </para>
 455
 456                 <para>
 457                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 458                 </para>
 459         </sect1>
 460
 461         <sect1 id="clear">
 462             <title>clear</title>
 463
 464                 <para>
 465                 Usage: clear
 466                 </para>
 467
 468                 <para>
 469                 Clear the screen.
 470                 </para>
 471         </sect1>
 472
 473         <sect1 id="cp">
 474             <title>cp</title>
 475
 476                 <para>
 477                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 <screen>
 482                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 483                 </screen>
 484                 </para>
 485
 486                 <para>
 487                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 488                 DIRECTORY.
 489                 </para>
 490
 491                 <para>
 492                 Options:
 493                 </para>
 494
 495                 <para>
 496                 <screen>
 497                         -a      Same as -dpR
 498                         -d      Preserve links
 499                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 500                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 501                 </screen>
 502                 </para>
 503         </sect1>
 504
 505         <sect1 id="cut">
 506             <title>cut</title>
 507
 508                 <para>
 509                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 510                 </para>
 511
 512                 <para>
 513                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 514                 </para>
 515
 516                 <para>
 517                 Options:
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 <screen>
 522                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 523                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 524                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 525                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 526                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 527                                 -n      Ignored
 528                 </screen>
 529                 </para>
 530
 531                 <para>
 532                 Example:
 533                 </para>
 534
 535                 <para>
 536                 <screen>
 537                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 538                         Hello
 539                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 540                         world
 541                 </screen>
 542                 </para>
 543         </sect1>
 544
 545         <sect1 id="date">
 546             <title>date</title>
 547
 548                 <para>
 549                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 550                 </para>
 551
 552                 <para>
 553                 <screen>
 554                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 555                 </screen>
 556                 </para>
 557
 558                 <para>
 559                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 560                 </para>
 561
 562                 <para>
 563                 Options:
 564                 </para>
 565
 566                 <para>
 567                 <screen>
 568                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 569                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 570                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573
 574                 <para>
 575                 Example:
 576                 </para>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 <screen>
 580                         $ date
 581                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 582                 </screen>
 583                 </para>
 584         </sect1>
 585
 586         <sect1 id="dc">
 587             <title>dc</title>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 591                 </para>
 592
 593                 <para>
 594                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 595                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 596                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 597                 stdin.
 598                 </para>
 599
 600                 <para>
 601                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 602                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 603                 </para>
 604
 605                 <para>
 606                 Example:
 607                 </para>
 608
 609                 <para>
 610                 <screen>
 611                         $ dc 2 2 +
 612                         4
 613                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 614                         16
 615                         $ dc 0 1 and
 616                         0
 617                         $ dc 0 1 or
 618                         1
 619                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 620                         64
 621                 </screen>
 622                 </para>
 623         </sect1>
 624
 625         <sect1 id="dd">
 626             <title>dd</title>
 627
 628                 <para>
 629                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 630                 </para>
 631
 632                 <para>
 633                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 634                 options.
 635                 </para>
 636
 637                 <para>
 638                 Options:
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 <screen>
 643                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 644                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 645                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 646                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 647                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 648                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 649                 </screen>
 650                 </para>
 651
 652                 <para>
 653                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 654                 or M (x1024^2).
 655                 </para>
 656
 657                 <para>
 658                 Example:
 659                 </para>
 660
 661                 <para>
 662                 <screen>
 663                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 664                         4+0 records in
 665                         4+0 records out
 666                 </screen>
 667                 </para>
 668         </sect1>
 669
 670         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 671             <title>deallocvt</title>
 672
 673                 <para>
 674                 Usage: deallocvt N
 675                 </para>
 676
 677                 <para>
 678                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 679                 </para>
 680         </sect1>
 681
 682         <sect1 id="df">
 683             <title>df</title>
 684
 685                 <para>
 686                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 687                 </para>
 688
 689                 <para>
 690                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 691                 </para>
 692
 693                 <para>
 694                 Example:
 695                 </para>
 696
 697                 <para>
 698                 <screen>
 699                         $ df
 700                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 701                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 702                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 703                         $ df /dev/sda3
 704                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 705                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 706                 </screen>
 707                 </para>
 708         </sect1>
 709
 710         <sect1 id="dirname">
 711             <title>dirname</title>
 712
 713                 <para>
 714                 Usage: dirname NAME
 715                 </para>
 716
 717                 <para>
 718                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 719                 </para>
 720
 721                 <para>
 722                 Example:
 723                 </para>
 724
 725                 <para>
 726                 <screen>
 727                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 728                         /tmp
 729                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 730                         /tmp
 731                 </screen>
 732                 </para>
 733         </sect1>
 734
 735         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 736             <title>dmesg</title>
 737
 738                 <para>
 739                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 740                 </para>
 741
 742                 <para>
 743                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 744                 </para>
 745
 746                 <para>
 747                 Options:
 748                 </para>
 749
 750                 <para>
 751                 <screen>
 752                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 753                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 754                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 755                 </screen>
 756                 </para>
 757         </sect1>
 758
 759         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 760             <title>dos2unix</title>
 761
 762                 <para>
 763                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 764                 </para>
 765
 766                 <para>
 767                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 768                 </para>
 769
 770         </sect1>
 771
 772         <sect1 id="dpkg-deb">
 773             <title>dpkg-deb</title>
 774
 775                 <para>
 776                 Usage: dpkg-deb [OPTION] archive [directory]
 777                 </para>
 778
 779                 <para>
 780                 Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
 781                 </para>
 782
 783                 <para>
 784                 Options:
 785                 </para>
 786
 787                 <para>
 788                 <screen>
 789                         -c      List the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package
 790                         -e      Extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory.
 791                                 If  no  directory  is specified then a subdirectory DEBIAN in the current directory is used.
 792                         -x      Silently extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory.
 793                         -X      Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory, listing the files as it goes.
 794                         If required the specified directory (but not its parents) will be created.
 795                 </screen>
 796                 <para>
 797
 798                 <para>
 799                 Example:
 800                 </para>
 801
 802                 <para>
 803                 <screen>
 804                         dpkg-deb -e ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb
 805                         dpkg-deb -x ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb ./unpack_dir
 806                 </screen>
 807                 </para>
 808         </sect1>
 809
 810         <sect1 id="du">
 811             <title>du</title>
 812
 813                 <para>
 814                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 815                 </para>
 816
 817                 <para>
 818                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 819                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.,
 820                 1024 bytes).
 821                 </para>
 822
 823                 <para>
 824                 Options:
 825                 </para>
 826
 827                 <para>
 828                 <screen>
 829                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 830                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 831                 </screen>
 832                 </para>
 833
 834                 <para>
 835                 Example:
 836                 </para>
 837
 838                 <para>
 839                 <screen>
 840                         $ du
 841                         16      ./CVS
 842                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 843                         80      ./kernel-patches
 844                         12      ./tests/CVS
 845                         36      ./tests
 846                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 847                         16      ./scripts
 848                         12      ./docs/CVS
 849                         104     ./docs
 850                         2417    .
 851                 </screen>
 852                 </para>
 853         </sect1>
 854
 855         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 856             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 857
 858                 <para>
 859                 Usage: dumpkmap
 860                 </para>
 861
 862                 <para>
 863                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
 864                 </para>
 865
 866                 <para>
 867                 Example:
 868                 </para>
 869
 870                 <para>
 871                 <screen>
 872                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 873                 </screen>
 874                 </para>
 875         </sect1>
 876
 877         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 878             <title>dutmp</title>
 879
 880                 <para>
 881                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 882                 </para>
 883
 884                 <para>
 885                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 886                 stdin to stdout.
 887                 </para>
 888
 889                 <para>
 890                 Example:
 891                 </para>
 892
 893                 <para>
 894                 <screen>
 895                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 896                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 897                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 898                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 899                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 900                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 901                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 902                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 903                 </screen>
 904                 </para>
 905         </sect1>
 906
 907         <sect1 id="echo">
 908             <title>echo</title>
 909
 910                 <para>
 911                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 912                 </para>
 913
 914                 <para>
 915                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 916                 </para>
 917
 918                 <para>
 919                 Options:
 920                 </para>
 921
 922                 <para>
 923                 <screen>
 924                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 925                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 926                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 927                 </screen>
 928                 </para>
 929
 930                 <para>
 931                 Example:
 932                 </para>
 933
 934                 <para>
 935                 <screen>
 936                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 937                         Erik is cool
 938                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 939                         Erik
 940                         is
 941                         cool
 942                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 943                         Erik\nis\ncool
 944                 </screen>
 945                 </para>
 946         </sect1>
 947
 948         <sect1 id="expr">
 949             <title>expr</title>
 950
 951                 <para>
 952                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 953                 </para>
 954
 955                 <para>
 956                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 957                 </para>
 958
 959                 <para>
 960                 EXPRESSION may be:
 961                 </para>
 962
 963                 <para>
 964                 <screen>
 965                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 966                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 967                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 968                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 969                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 970                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 971                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 972                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 973                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 974                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 975                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 976                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 977                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 978                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 979                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 980                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 981                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 982                         length STRING               length of STRING
 983                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 984                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 985                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 986                 </screen>
 987                 </para>
 988
 989                 <para>
 990                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 991                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 992                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 993                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 994                 of characters matched or 0.
 995                 </para>
 996
 997         </sect1>
 998
 999
1000         <sect1 id="false">
1001             <title>false</title>
1002
1003                 <para>
1004                 Usage: false
1005                 </para>
1006
1007                 <para>
1008                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
1009                 </para>
1010
1011                 <para>
1012                 Example:
1013                 </para>
1014
1015                 <para>
1016                 <screen>
1017                         $ false
1018                         $ echo $?
1019                         1
1020                 </screen>
1021                 </para>
1022         </sect1>
1023
1024         <sect1 id="fbset">
1025             <title>fbset</title>
1026
1027                 <para>
1028                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
1029                 </para>
1030
1031                 <para>
1032                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
1033                 </para>
1034
1035                 <para>
1036                 Options:
1037                 </para>
1038
1039                 <para>
1040                 <screen>
1041                         -h                                              Display option summary
1042                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
1043                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
1044                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
1045                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
1046                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
1047                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
1048                 </screen>
1049                 </para>
1050
1051                 <para>
1052                 Example:
1053                 </para>
1054
1055                 <para>
1056                 <screen>
1057                         $ fbset
1058                         mode "1024x768-76"
1059                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1060                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1061                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1062                                         accel false
1063                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1064                         endmode
1065                 </screen>
1066                 </para>
1067         </sect1>
1068
1069         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1070             <title>fdflush</title>
1071
1072                 <para>
1073                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1074                 </para>
1075
1076                 <para>
1077                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1078                 </para>
1079         </sect1>
1080
1081         <sect1 id="find">
1082             <title>find</title>
1083
1084                 <para>
1085                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1086                 </para>
1087
1088                 <para>
1089                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1090                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1091                 '-print'.
1092                 </para>
1093
1094                 <para>
1095                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1096                 </para>
1097
1098                 <para>
1099                 <screen>
1100                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1101                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1102                         -type X         Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
1103                         -perm PERMS     Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN); or exactly (NNN)
1104                         -mtime TIME     Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N); or exactly (N) days
1105                 </screen>
1106                 </para>
1107
1108                 <para>
1109                 Example:
1110                 </para>
1111
1112                 <para>
1113                 <screen>
1114                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1115                         /etc/passwd
1116                 </screen>
1117                 </para>
1118         </sect1>
1119
1120         <sect1 id="free">
1121             <title>free</title>
1122
1123                 <para>
1124                 Usage: free
1125                 </para>
1126
1127                 <para>
1128                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1129                 </para>
1130
1131                 <para>
1132                 Example:
1133                 </para>
1134
1135                 <para>
1136                 <screen>
1137                         $ free
1138                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1139                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1140                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1141                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1142                 </screen>
1143                 </para>
1144         </sect1>
1145
1146         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1147             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1148
1149                 <para>
1150                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1151                 </para>
1152
1153                 <para>
1154                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1155                 </para>
1156
1157                 <para>
1158                 Example:
1159                 </para>
1160
1161                 <para>
1162                 <screen>
1163                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1164                 </screen>
1165                 </para>
1166         </sect1>
1167
1168         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1169             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1170
1171                 <para>
1172                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1173                 </para>
1174
1175                 <para>
1176                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1177                 DEVICE.
1178                 </para>
1179
1180                 <para>
1181                 Options:
1182                 </para>
1183
1184                 <para>
1185                 <screen>
1186                         -l      List all filenames
1187                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1188                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1189                         -v      Verbose
1190                         -s      Output super-block information
1191                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1192                         -f      Force file system check.
1193                 </screen>
1194                 </para>
1195         </sect1>
1196
1197         <sect1 id="getopt">
1198             <title>getopt</title>
1199
1200                 <para>
1201                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1202                 </para>
1203
1204                 <para>
1205                 Parse command options
1206                 </para>
1207
1208                 <para>
1209                 <screen>
1210                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1211                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1212                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1213                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1214                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1215                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1216                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1217                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1218                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1219                 </screen>
1220                 </para>
1221
1222
1223                 <para>
1224                 Example:
1225                 </para>
1226
1227                 <para>
1228                 <screen>
1229                         $ cat getopt.test
1230                         #!/bin/sh
1231                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1232                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1233                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1234                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1235                         while true ; do
1236                           case $1 in
1237                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1238                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1239                             -c|--c-long)
1240                               case "$2" in
1241                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1242                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1243                               esac ;;
1244                             --) shift ; break ;;
1245                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1246                           esac
1247                         done
1248                 </screen>
1249                 </para>
1250         </sect1>
1251
1252         <sect1 id="grep">
1253             <title>grep</title>
1254
1255                 <para>
1256                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1257                 </para>
1258
1259                 <para>
1260                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1261                 </para>
1262
1263                 <para>
1264                 Options:
1265                 </para>
1266
1267                 <para>
1268                 <screen>
1269                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1270                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1271                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1272                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1273                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1274                 </screen>
1275                 </para>
1276
1277                 <para>
1278                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1279                 </para>
1280
1281                 <para>
1282                 Example:
1283                 </para>
1284
1285                 <para>
1286                 <screen>
1287                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1288                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1289                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1290                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1291                 </screen>
1292                 </para>
1293         </sect1>
1294
1295         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1296             <title>gunzip</title>
1297
1298                 <para>
1299                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1300                 </para>
1301
1302                 <para>
1303                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1304                 </para>
1305
1306                 <para>
1307                 Options:
1308                 </para>
1309
1310                 <para>
1311                 <screen>
1312                         -c      Write output to standard output
1313                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1314                 </screen>
1315                 </para>
1316
1317                 <para>
1318                 Example:
1319                 </para>
1320
1321                 <para>
1322                 <screen>
1323                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1324                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1325                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1326                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1327                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1328                 </screen>
1329                 </para>
1330         </sect1>
1331
1332         <sect1 id="gzip">
1333             <title>gzip</title>
1334
1335                 <para>
1336                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1337                 </para>
1338
1339                 <para>
1340                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1341                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Options:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         -c      Write output to standard output
1351                         -d      decompress
1352                 </screen>
1353                 </para>
1354
1355                 <para>
1356                 Example:
1357                 </para>
1358
1359                 <para>
1360                 <screen>
1361                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1362                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1363                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1364                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1365                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1366                 </screen>
1367                 </para>
1368         </sect1>
1369
1370         <sect1 id="halt">
1371             <title>halt</title>
1372
1373                 <para>
1374                 Usage: halt
1375                 </para>
1376
1377                 <para>
1378                 Halt the system.
1379                 </para>
1380         </sect1>
1381
1382         <sect1 id="head">
1383             <title>head</title>
1384
1385                 <para>
1386                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1387                 </para>
1388
1389                 <para>
1390                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1391                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1392                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1393                 read standard input.
1394                 </para>
1395
1396                 <para>
1397                 Options:
1398                 </para>
1399
1400                 <para>
1401                 <screen>
1402                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1403                 </screen>
1404                 </para>
1405
1406                 <para>
1407                 Example:
1408                 </para>
1409
1410                 <para>
1411                 <screen>
1412                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1413                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1414                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1415                 </screen>
1416                 </para>
1417         </sect1>
1418
1419         <sect1 id="hostid">
1420             <title>hostid</title>
1421
1422                 <para>
1423                 Usage: hostid
1424                 </para>
1425
1426                 <para>
1427                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1428                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1429                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1430                 </para>
1431         </sect1>
1432
1433         <sect1 id="hostname">
1434             <title>hostname</title>
1435
1436                 <para>
1437                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1438                 </para>
1439
1440                 <para>
1441                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1442                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1443                 host name will be set.
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 Options:
1448                 </para>
1449
1450                 <para>
1451                 <screen>
1452                         -s              Short
1453                         -i              Addresses for the hostname
1454                         -d              DNS domain name
1455                         -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1456                 </screen>
1457                 </para>
1458
1459                 <para>
1460                 Example:
1461                 </para>
1462
1463                 <para>
1464                 <screen>
1465                         $ hostname
1466                         slag
1467                 </screen>
1468                 </para>
1469         </sect1>
1470
1471         <sect1 id="id">
1472             <title>id</title>
1473
1474                 <para>
1475                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1476                 </para>
1477
1478                 <para>
1479                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1480                 </para>
1481
1482                 <para>
1483                 Options:
1484                 </para>
1485
1486                 <para>
1487                 <screen>
1488                         -g      Print only the group ID
1489                         -u      Print only the user ID
1490                         -n      print a name instead of a number (with for -ug)
1491                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1492                 </screen>
1493                 </para>
1494
1495                 <para>
1496                 Example:
1497                 </para>
1498
1499                 <para>
1500                 <screen>
1501                         $ id
1502                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1503                 </screen>
1504                 </para>
1505         </sect1>
1506
1507         <sect1 id="init">
1508             <title>init</title>
1509
1510                 <para>
1511                 Usage: init
1512                 </para>
1513
1514                 <para>
1515                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1516                 </para>
1517
1518                 <para>
1519                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1520                 kernel.
1521                 </para>
1522
1523                 <para>
1524                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1525                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1526                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1527                 sysvinit.
1528                 </para>
1529
1530                 <para>
1531                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1532                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1533                 </para>
1534
1535                 <para>
1536                 <screen>
1537                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1538                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1539                 </screen>
1540                 </para>
1541
1542                 <para>
1543                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1544                 console, it will also run:
1545                 </para>
1546
1547                 <para>
1548                 <screen>
1549                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1550                 </screen>
1551                 </para>
1552
1553                 <para>
1554                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1555                 entry format is as follows:
1556                 </para>
1557
1558                 <para>
1559                 <screen>
1560                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1561                 </screen>
1562                 </para>
1563
1564                 <sect2>
1565                     <title>id</title>
1566                         <para>
1567
1568                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1569                         The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1570                         for the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field
1571                         are appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this
1572                         field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange
1573                         results.  If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set
1574                         to the console.  Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial
1575                         console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is
1576                         either the serial console or /dev/null will be run.  BusyBox init
1577                         does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1578
1579                         </para>
1580                 </sect2>
1581
1582                 <sect2>
1583                     <title>runlevels</title>
1584
1585                         <para>
1586                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1587                         </para>
1588                 </sect2>
1589
1590                 <sect2>
1591                     <title>action</title>
1592
1593
1594                         <para>
1595                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1596                         once, and ctrlaltdel.
1597                         </para>
1598
1599
1600                         <para>
1601                         The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
1602                         that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
1603                         process exits.
1604                         </para>
1605
1606                         <para>
1607                         Run only-once actions:
1608                         </para>
1609
1610                         <para>
1611                         'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
1612                         sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
1613                         completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
1614                         'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
1615                         the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asyncronous,
1616                         therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'ctrlaltdel'
1617                         actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
1618                         (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
1619                          idea).
1620                         </para>
1621
1622                         <para>
1623                         Run repeatedly actions:
1624                         </para>
1625
1626                         <para>
1627                         'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
1628                         started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
1629                         it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
1630                         respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
1631                         respawn, except that before running the specified process it
1632                         displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
1633                         and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
1634                         specified process.
1635                         </para>
1636
1637                         <para>
1638                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
1639                         error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
1640                         run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
1641                         </para>
1642
1643                 </sect2>
1644
1645                 <sect2>
1646                     <title>process</title>
1647
1648                         <para>
1649                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1650                         command line.
1651                         </para>
1652                 </sect2>
1653
1654                 <sect2>
1655                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1656
1657                     <para>
1658                     <screen>
1659                             # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1660                             #
1661                             ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1662
1663                             # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1664                             #
1665                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1666                             ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1667                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1668                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1669                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1670                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1671
1672                             # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1673                             #
1674                             tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1675                             tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1676
1677                             # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1678                             #
1679                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1680                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1681                             #
1682                             # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1683                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
1684
1685                             # Stuff to do before rebooting
1686                             ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1687                             ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1688                     </screen>
1689                     </para>
1690                 </sect2>
1691         </sect1>
1692
1693         <sect1 id="insmod">
1694             <title>insmod</title>
1695
1696                 <para>
1697                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1698                 </para>
1699
1700                 <para>
1701                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1702                 </para>
1703
1704                 <para>
1705                 Options:
1706                 </para>
1707
1708                 <para>
1709                 <screen>
1710                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1711                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1712                         -v      Verbose output
1713                         -x      Do not export externs
1714                         -L      Prevent simultaneous loads of the same module
1715                 </screen>
1716                 </para>
1717         </sect1>
1718
1719         <sect1 id="kill">
1720             <title>kill</title>
1721
1722                 <para>
1723                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1724                 </para>
1725
1726                 <para>
1727                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1728                 PID(s).
1729                 </para>
1730
1731                 <para>
1732                 Options:
1733                 </para>
1734
1735                 <para>
1736                 <screen>
1737                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1738                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1739                 </screen>
1740                 </para>
1741
1742                 <para>
1743                 Example:
1744                 </para>
1745
1746                 <para>
1747                 <screen>
1748                         $ ps | grep apache
1749                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1750                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1751                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1752                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1753                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1754                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1755                         $ kill 252
1756                 </screen>
1757                 </para>
1758         </sect1>
1759
1760         <sect1 id="killall">
1761             <title>killall</title>
1762
1763                 <para>
1764                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1765                 </para>
1766
1767                 <para>
1768                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1769                 NAME(s).
1770                 </para>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 Options:
1774                 </para>
1775
1776                 <para>
1777                 <screen>
1778                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1779                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1780                 </screen>
1781                 </para>
1782
1783                 <para>
1784                 Example:
1785                 </para>
1786
1787                 <para>
1788                 <screen>
1789                         $ killall apache
1790                 </screen>
1791                 </para>
1792         </sect1>
1793
1794         <sect1 id="length">
1795             <title>length</title>
1796
1797                 <para>
1798                 Usage: length STRING
1799                 </para>
1800
1801                 <para>
1802                 Print the length of STRING.
1803                 </para>
1804
1805                 <para>
1806                 Example:
1807                 </para>
1808
1809                 <para>
1810                 <screen>
1811                         $ length "Hello"
1812                         5
1813                 </screen>
1814                 </para>
1815         </sect1>
1816
1817         <sect1 id="ln">
1818             <title>ln</title>
1819
1820                 <para>
1821                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1822                 </para>
1823
1824                 <para>
1825                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1826                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1827                 arguments are non-options.
1828                 </para>
1829
1830                 <para>
1831                 Options:
1832                 </para>
1833
1834                 <para>
1835                 <screen>
1836                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1837                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1838                 </screen>
1839                 </para>
1840
1841                 <para>
1842                 Example:
1843                 </para>
1844
1845                 <para>
1846                 <screen>
1847                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1848                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1849                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1850                 </screen>
1851                 </para>
1852         </sect1>
1853
1854         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1855             <title>loadfont</title>
1856
1857                 <para>
1858                 Usage: loadfont
1859                 </para>
1860
1861                 <para>
1862                 Load a console font from stdin.
1863                 </para>
1864
1865                 <para>
1866                 Example:
1867                 </para>
1868
1869                 <para>
1870                 <screen>
1871                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1872                 </screen>
1873                 </para>
1874         </sect1>
1875
1876         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1877             <title>loadkmap</title>
1878
1879                 <para>
1880                 Usage: loadkmap
1881                 </para>
1882
1883                 <para>
1884                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1885                 </para>
1886
1887                 <para>
1888                 Example:
1889                 </para>
1890
1891                 <para>
1892                 <screen>
1893                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1894                 </screen>
1895                 </para>
1896         </sect1>
1897
1898         <sect1 id="logger">
1899             <title>logger</title>
1900
1901                 <para>
1902                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1903                 </para>
1904
1905                 <para>
1906                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is omitted, log
1907                 stdin.
1908                 </para>
1909
1910                 <para>
1911                 Options:
1912                 </para>
1913
1914                 <para>
1915                 <screen>
1916                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1917                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1918                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1919                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1920                 </screen>
1921                 </para>
1922
1923                 <para>
1924                 Example:
1925                 </para>
1926
1927                 <para>
1928                 <screen>
1929                         $ logger "hello"
1930                 </screen>
1931                 </para>
1932         </sect1>
1933
1934         <sect1 id="logname">
1935             <title>logname</title>
1936
1937                 <para>
1938                 Usage: logname
1939                 </para>
1940
1941                 <para>
1942                 Print the name of the current user.
1943                 </para>
1944
1945                 <para>
1946                 Example:
1947                 </para>
1948
1949                 <para>
1950                 <screen>
1951                         $ logname
1952                         root
1953                 </screen>
1954                 </para>
1955         </sect1>
1956
1957         <sect1 id="logread">
1958             <title>logread</title>
1959
1960                 <para>
1961                 Usage: logread [OPTION]...
1962                 </para>
1963
1964                 <para>
1965                 Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer).
1966                 </para>
1967
1968                 <para>
1969                 Options:
1970                 </para>
1971
1972                 <para>
1973                 <screen>
1974                         -f      Output data as the log grows.
1975                 </screen>
1976                 </para>
1977
1978                 <para>
1979                 Example:
1980                 </para>
1981
1982                 <para>
1983                 <screen>
1984                         $ logread
1985                 </screen>
1986                 </para>
1987         </sect1>
1988
1989         <sect1 id="ls">
1990             <title>ls</title>
1991
1992                 <para>
1993                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1994                 </para>
1995
1996                 <para>
1997
1998                 </para>
1999
2000                 <para>
2001                 Options:
2002                 </para>
2003
2004                 <para>
2005                 <screen>
2006                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
2007                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
2008                                 modification of file status information)
2009                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
2010                         -e      List both full date and full time
2011                         -l      Use a long listing format
2012                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
2013                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
2014                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
2015                                 access of the file)
2016                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
2017                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
2018                         -C      List entries by columns
2019                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
2020                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
2021                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
2022                 </screen>
2023                 </para>
2024
2025                 <para>
2026                 Example:
2027                 </para>
2028
2029                 <para>
2030                 <screen>
2031                 </screen>
2032                 </para>
2033         </sect1>
2034
2035         <sect1 id="lsmod">
2036             <title>lsmod</title>
2037
2038                 <para>
2039                 Usage: lsmod
2040                 </para>
2041
2042                 <para>
2043                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
2044                 </para>
2045         </sect1>
2046
2047         <sect1 id="makedevs">
2048             <title>makedevs</title>
2049
2050                 <para>
2051                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2052                 </para>
2053
2054                 <para>
2055                 Create a range of block or character special files.
2056                 </para>
2057
2058                 <para>
2059                 TYPE may be:
2060                 </para>
2061
2062                 <para>
2063                 <screen>
2064                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2065                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2066                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2067                 </screen>
2068                 </para>
2069
2070                 <para>
2071                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
2072                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
2073                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
2074                 argument, the base device is created as well.
2075                 </para>
2076
2077                 <para>
2078                 Example:
2079                 </para>
2080
2081                 <para>
2082                 <screen>
2083                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2084                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2085                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2086                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2087                 </screen>
2088                 </para>
2089         </sect1>
2090
2091         <sect1 id="md5sum">
2092             <title>md5sum</title>
2093
2094                 <para>
2095                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2096                 </para>
2097
2098                 <para>
2099                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2100                 </para>
2101
2102                 <para>
2103                 Options:
2104                 </para>
2105
2106                 <para>
2107                 <screen>
2108                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2109                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2110                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2111                         -g      Read a string
2112                 </screen>
2113                 </para>
2114
2115                 <para>
2116                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2117                 checksums:
2118                 </para>
2119
2120                 <para>
2121                 <screen>
2122                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2123                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2124                 </screen>
2125                 </para>
2126
2127                 <para>
2128                 Example:
2129                 </para>
2130
2131                 <para>
2132                 <screen>
2133                         $ md5sum busybox
2134                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2135                         $ md5sum -c
2136                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2137                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2138                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2139                         ^D
2140                 </screen>
2141                 </para>
2142         </sect1>
2143
2144         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2145             <title>mkdir</title>
2146
2147                 <para>
2148                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2149                 </para>
2150
2151                 <para>
2152                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2153                 </para>
2154
2155                 <para>
2156                 Options:
2157                 </para>
2158
2159                 <para>
2160                 <screen>
2161                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2162                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2163                 </screen>
2164                 </para>
2165
2166                 <para>
2167                 Example:
2168                 </para>
2169
2170                 <para>
2171                 <screen>
2172                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2173                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2174                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2175                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2176                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2177                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2178                 </screen>
2179                 </para>
2180         </sect1>
2181
2182         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2183             <title>mkfifo</title>
2184
2185                 <para>
2186                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2187                 </para>
2188
2189                 <para>
2190                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2191                 </para>
2192
2193                 <para>
2194                 Options:
2195                 </para>
2196
2197                 <para>
2198                 <screen>
2199                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2200                 </screen>
2201                 </para>
2202         </sect1>
2203
2204         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2205             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2206
2207                 <para>
2208                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2209                 </para>
2210
2211                 <para>
2212                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2213                 </para>
2214
2215                 <para>
2216                 Options:
2217                 </para>
2218
2219                 <para>
2220                 <screen>
2221                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2222                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2223                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2224                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2225                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2226                 </screen>
2227                 </para>
2228         </sect1>
2229
2230         <sect1 id="mknod">
2231             <title>mknod</title>
2232
2233                 <para>
2234                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2235                 </para>
2236
2237                 <para>
2238                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2239                 </para>
2240
2241                 <para>
2242                 Options:
2243                 </para>
2244
2245                 <para>
2246                 <screen>
2247                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2248                 </screen>
2249                 </para>
2250
2251                 <para>
2252                 TYPE may be:
2253                 </para>
2254
2255                 <para>
2256                 <screen>
2257                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2258                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2259                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2260                 </screen>
2261                 </para>
2262
2263                 <para>
2264                 Example:
2265                 </para>
2266
2267                 <para>
2268                 <screen>
2269                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2270                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2271                 </screen>
2272                 </para>
2273         </sect1>
2274
2275         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2276             <title>mkswap</title>
2277
2278                 <para>
2279                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2280                 </para>
2281
2282                 <para>
2283                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2284                 </para>
2285
2286                 <para>
2287                 Options:
2288                 </para>
2289
2290                 <para>
2291                 <screen>
2292                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2293                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2294                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2295                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2296                 </screen>
2297                 </para>
2298         </sect1>
2299
2300         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2301             <title>mktemp</title>
2302
2303                 <para>
2304                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2305                 </para>
2306
2307                 <para>
2308                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2309                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.,
2310                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2311                 </para>
2312
2313                 <para>
2314                 Example:
2315                 </para>
2316
2317                 <para>
2318                 <screen>
2319                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2320                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2321                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2322                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2323                 </screen>
2324                 </para>
2325         </sect1>
2326
2327         <sect1 id="more">
2328             <title>more</title>
2329
2330                 <para>
2331                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2332                 </para>
2333
2334                 <para>
2335                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2336                 </para>
2337
2338                 <para>
2339                 Example:
2340                 </para>
2341
2342                 <para>
2343                 <screen>
2344                         $ dmesg | more
2345                 </screen>
2346                 </para>
2347         </sect1>
2348
2349         <sect1 id="mount">
2350             <title>mount</title>
2351
2352                 <para>
2353                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2354                 </para>
2355
2356                 <para>
2357                 <screen>
2358                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2359                 </screen>
2360                 </para>
2361
2362                 <para>
2363                 Mount filesystems.
2364                 </para>
2365
2366                 <para>
2367                 Options:
2368                 </para>
2369
2370                 <para>
2371                 <screen>
2372                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2373                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2374                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2375                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2376                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2377                 </screen>
2378                 </para>
2379
2380                 <para>
2381                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2382                 </para>
2383
2384                 <para>
2385                 <screen>
2386                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2387                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2388                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2389                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2390                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2391                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2392                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2393                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2394                 </screen>
2395                 </para>
2396
2397                 <para>
2398                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2399                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2400                 </para>
2401
2402                 <para>
2403                 Example:
2404                 </para>
2405
2406                 <para>
2407                 <screen>
2408                         $ mount
2409                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2410                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2411                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2412                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2413                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2414                 </screen>
2415                 </para>
2416         </sect1>
2417
2418         <sect1 id="mt">
2419             <title>mt</title>
2420
2421                 <para>
2422                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2423                 </para>
2424
2425                 <para>
2426                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2427                 </para>
2428
2429                 <para>
2430                 Options:
2431                 </para>
2432
2433                 <para>
2434                 <screen>
2435                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2436                 </screen>
2437                 </para>
2438         </sect1>
2439
2440         <sect1 id="mv">
2441             <title>mv</title>
2442
2443                 <para>
2444                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2445                 </para>
2446
2447                 <para>
2448                 <screen>
2449                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2450                 </screen>
2451                 </para>
2452
2453                 <para>
2454                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2455                 </para>
2456
2457                 <para>
2458                 Example:
2459                 </para>
2460
2461                 <para>
2462                 <screen>
2463                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2464                 </screen>
2465                 </para>
2466         </sect1>
2467
2468         <sect1 id="nc">
2469             <title>nc</title>
2470
2471                 <para>
2472                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2473                 </para>
2474
2475                 <para>
2476                    or: nc -p PORT -l
2477                 </para>
2478
2479
2480                 <para>
2481                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT or listen for a connection on PORT.
2482                 </para>
2483
2484                 <para>
2485                 Example:
2486                 </para>
2487
2488                 <para>
2489                 <screen>
2490                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2491                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2492                         help
2493                         214-Commands supported:
2494                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2495                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2496                         quit
2497                         221 foobar closing connection
2498                 </screen>
2499                 </para>
2500         </sect1>
2501
2502         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2503             <title>nslookup</title>
2504
2505                 <para>
2506                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2507                 </para>
2508
2509                 <para>
2510                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2511                 HOST.
2512                 </para>
2513
2514                 <para>
2515                 Example:
2516                 </para>
2517
2518                 <para>
2519                 <screen>
2520                         $ nslookup localhost
2521                         Server:     default
2522                         Address:    default
2523
2524                         Name:       debian
2525                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2526                 </screen>
2527                 </para>
2528         </sect1>
2529
2530         <sect1 id="ping">
2531             <title>ping</title>
2532
2533                 <para>
2534                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2535                 </para>
2536
2537                 <para>
2538                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2539                 </para>
2540
2541                 <para>
2542                 Options:
2543                 </para>
2544
2545                 <para>
2546                 <screen>
2547                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2548                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2549                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2550                 </screen>
2551                 </para>
2552
2553                 <para>
2554                 Example:
2555                 </para>
2556
2557                 <para>
2558                 <screen>
2559                         $ ping localhost
2560                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2561                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2562
2563                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2564                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2565                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2566                 </screen>
2567                 </para>
2568         </sect1>
2569
2570         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2571             <title>poweroff</title>
2572
2573                 <para>
2574                 Usage: poweroff
2575                 </para>
2576
2577                 <para>
2578                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2579                 off power upon halting.
2580                 </para>
2581         </sect1>
2582
2583         <sect1 id="printf">
2584             <title>printf</title>
2585
2586                 <para>
2587                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2588                 </para>
2589
2590                 <para>
2591                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2592                 the C printf command.
2593                 </para>
2594
2595                 <para>
2596                 Example:
2597                 </para>
2598
2599                 <para>
2600                 <screen>
2601                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2602                         Val=5
2603                 </screen>
2604                 </para>
2605         </sect1>
2606
2607         <sect1 id="ps">
2608             <title>ps</title>
2609
2610                 <para>
2611                 Usage: ps
2612                 </para>
2613
2614                 <para>
2615                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2616                 options.
2617                 </para>
2618
2619                 <para>
2620                 Options:
2621                 </para>
2622
2623                 <para>
2624                 <screen>
2625                 </screen>
2626                 </para>
2627
2628                 <para>
2629                 Example:
2630                 </para>
2631
2632                 <para>
2633                 <screen>
2634                         $ ps
2635                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2636                             1 root     root     S init
2637                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2638                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2639                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2640                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2641                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2642                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2643                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2644                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2645                 </screen>
2646                 </para>
2647         </sect1>
2648
2649         <sect1 id="pwd">
2650             <title>pwd</title>
2651
2652                 <para>
2653                 Usage: pwd
2654                 </para>
2655
2656                 <para>
2657                 Print the full filename of the current working
2658                 directory.
2659                 </para>
2660
2661                 <para>
2662                 Example:
2663                 </para>
2664
2665                 <para>
2666                 <screen>
2667                         $ pwd
2668                         /root
2669                 </screen>
2670                 </para>
2671         </sect1>
2672
2673         <sect1 id="rdate">
2674             <title>rdate</title>
2675
2676                 <para>
2677                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2678                 </para>
2679
2680                 <para>
2681                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2682                 </para>
2683
2684                 <para>
2685                 Options:
2686                 </para>
2687
2688                 <para>
2689                 <screen>
2690                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2691                         -p      Print the date and time.
2692                 </screen>
2693                 </para>
2694         </sect1>
2695
2696         <sect1 id="reboot">
2697             <title>reboot</title>
2698
2699                 <para>
2700                 Usage: reboot
2701                 </para>
2702
2703                 <para>
2704                 Reboot the system.
2705                 </para>
2706         </sect1>
2707
2708         <sect1 id="renice">
2709             <title>renice</title>
2710
2711                 <para>
2712                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2713                 </para>
2714
2715                 <para>
2716                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2717                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2718                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2719                 </para>
2720         </sect1>
2721
2722         <sect1 id="reset">
2723             <title>reset</title>
2724
2725                 <para>
2726                 Usage: reset
2727                 </para>
2728
2729                 <para>
2730                 Resets the screen.
2731                 </para>
2732         </sect1>
2733
2734         <sect1 id="rm">
2735             <title>rm</title>
2736
2737                 <para>
2738                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2739                 </para>
2740
2741                 <para>
2742                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2743                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2744                 </para>
2745
2746                 <para>
2747                 Options:
2748                 </para>
2749
2750                 <para>
2751                 <screen>
2752                         -i              Always prompt before removing each destinations
2753                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2754                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2755                 </screen>
2756                 </para>
2757
2758                 <para>
2759                 Example:
2760                 </para>
2761
2762                 <para>
2763                 <screen>
2764                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2765                 </screen>
2766                 </para>
2767         </sect1>
2768
2769         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2770             <title>rmdir</title>
2771
2772                 <para>
2773                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2774                 </para>
2775
2776                 <para>
2777                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2778                 </para>
2779
2780                 <para>
2781                 Example:
2782                 </para>
2783
2784                 <para>
2785                 <screen>
2786                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2787                 </screen>
2788                 </para>
2789         </sect1>
2790
2791         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2792             <title>rmmod</title>
2793
2794                 <para>
2795                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2796                 </para>
2797
2798                 <para>
2799                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2800                 </para>
2801
2802                 <para>
2803                 Options:
2804                 </para>
2805
2806                 <para>
2807                 <screen>
2808                         -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)
2809                 </screen>
2810                 </para>
2811
2812                 <para>
2813                 Example:
2814                 </para>
2815
2816                 <para>
2817                 <screen>
2818                         $ rmmod tulip
2819                 </screen>
2820                 </para>
2821         </sect1>
2822
2823     <sect1 id="run-parts">
2824         <title>run-parts</title>
2825
2826                 <para>
2827                 Usage: run-parts [-t] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY
2828                 </para>
2829
2830                 <para>
2831                 Run a bunch of scripts in a directory.
2832                 </para>
2833
2834                 <para>
2835                 Options:
2836                 </para>
2837
2838                 <para>
2839                 <screen>
2840                         -t       Test only. It only print the file to be executed,
2841                         without execute them.
2842                         -a ARG   Pass ARG as an a argument to the programs executed.
2843                         -u MASK  Set the umask to MASK before executing the programs.
2844                 </screen>
2845                 </para>
2846         </sect1>
2847
2848
2849
2850         <sect1 id="sed">
2851             <title>sed</title>
2852
2853                 <para>
2854                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2855                 </para>
2856
2857                 <para>
2858                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2859                 </para>
2860
2861                 <para>
2862                 <screen>
2863                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2864                 </screen>
2865                 </para>
2866
2867                 <para>
2868                 ADDR can be:
2869                 </para>
2870
2871                 <para>
2872                 <screen>
2873                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2874                         $         Match last line
2875                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2876                 </screen>
2877                 </para>
2878
2879                 <para>
2880                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2881                 </para>
2882
2883                 <para>
2884                 COMMAND can be:
2885                 </para>
2886
2887                 <para>
2888                 <screen>
2889                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2890                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2891                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2892                         aTEXT
2893                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2894                 </screen>
2895                 </para>
2896
2897                 <para>
2898                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2899                 </para>
2900
2901                 <para>
2902                 Options:
2903                 </para>
2904
2905                 <para>
2906                 <screen>
2907                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2908                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2909                 </screen>
2910                 </para>
2911
2912                 <para>
2913                 Example:
2914                 </para>
2915
2916                 <para>
2917                 <screen>
2918                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2919                         bar
2920                 </screen>
2921                 </para>
2922         </sect1>
2923
2924         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2925             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2926
2927                 <para>
2928                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2929                 </para>
2930
2931                 <para>
2932                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2933                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2934                 </para>
2935
2936                 <para>
2937                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2938                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2939                 </para>
2940
2941                 <para>
2942                 Example:
2943                 </para>
2944
2945                 <para>
2946                 <screen>
2947                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2948                 </screen>
2949                 </para>
2950         </sect1>
2951
2952
2953         <sect1 id="sh">
2954             <title>sh</title>
2955
2956                 <para>
2957                 Usage: sh
2958                 </para>
2959
2960                 <para>
2961                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2962                 </para>
2963
2964                 <para>
2965                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2966                 </para>
2967
2968                 <para>
2969                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2970                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2971                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2972                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2973                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2974                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2975                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2976                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2977                 </para>
2978         </sect1>
2979
2980         <sect1 id="sleep">
2981             <title>sleep</title>
2982
2983                 <para>
2984                 Usage: sleep N
2985                 </para>
2986
2987                 <para>
2988                 Pause for N seconds.
2989                 </para>
2990
2991                 <para>
2992                 Example:
2993                 </para>
2994
2995                 <para>
2996                 <screen>
2997                         $ sleep 2
2998                         [2 second delay results]
2999                 </screen>
3000                 </para>
3001         </sect1>
3002
3003         <sect1 id="sort">
3004             <title>sort</title>
3005
3006                 <para>
3007                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3008                 </para>
3009
3010                 <para>
3011                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
3012                 </para>
3013
3014                 <para>
3015                 Options:
3016                 </para>
3017
3018                 <para>
3019                 <screen>
3020                         -n      Compare numerically
3021                         -r      Reverse after sorting
3022                 </screen>
3023                 </para>
3024
3025                 <para>
3026                 Example:
3027                 </para>
3028
3029                 <para>
3030                 <screen>
3031                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
3032                         a
3033                         b
3034                         c
3035                         d
3036                         e
3037                         f
3038                 </screen>
3039                 </para>
3040         </sect1>
3041
3042         <sect1 id="swapoff">
3043             <title>swapoff</title>
3044
3045                 <para>
3046                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3047                 </para>
3048
3049                 <para>
3050                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
3051                 </para>
3052
3053                 <para>
3054                 Options:
3055                 </para>
3056
3057                 <para>
3058                 <screen>
3059                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
3060                 </screen>
3061                 </para>
3062         </sect1>
3063
3064         <sect1 id="swapon">
3065             <title>swapon</title>
3066
3067                 <para>
3068                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3069                 </para>
3070
3071                 <para>
3072                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3073                 </para>
3074
3075                 <para>
3076                 Options:
3077                 </para>
3078
3079                 <para>
3080                 <screen>
3081                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
3082                 </screen>
3083                 </para>
3084         </sect1>
3085
3086         <sect1 id="sync">
3087             <title>sync</title>
3088
3089                 <para>
3090                 Usage: sync
3091                 </para>
3092
3093                 <para>
3094                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
3095                 </para>
3096         </sect1>
3097
3098         <sect1 id="syslogd">
3099             <title>syslogd</title>
3100
3101                 <para>
3102                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3103                 </para>
3104
3105                 <para>
3106                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
3107                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
3108                 /etc/syslog.conf.
3109                 </para>
3110
3111                 <para>
3112                 Options:
3113                 </para>
3114
3115                 <para>
3116                 <screen>
3117                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3118                         -n      Run as a foreground process
3119                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
3120                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3121                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
3122                         -L      Log locally as well as network logging (default is network only)
3123                         -C [size(KiB)] Log to a circular buffer. Read this buffer using 'logread'
3124                 </screen>
3125                 </para>
3126
3127                 <para>
3128                 Example:
3129                 </para>
3130
3131                 <para>
3132                 <screen>
3133                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3134                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3135                 </screen>
3136                 </para>
3137         </sect1>
3138
3139         <sect1 id="tail">
3140             <title>tail</title>
3141
3142                 <para>
3143                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3144                 </para>
3145
3146                 <para>
3147                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3148                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3149                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3150                 read stdin.
3151                 </para>
3152
3153                 <para>
3154                 Options:
3155                 </para>
3156
3157                 <para>
3158                 <screen>
3159                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3160                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3161                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3162                 </screen>
3163                 </para>
3164
3165                 <para>
3166                 Example:
3167                 </para>
3168
3169                 <para>
3170                 <screen>
3171                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3172                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3173                 </screen>
3174                 </para>
3175         </sect1>
3176
3177         <sect1 id="tar">
3178             <title>tar</title>
3179
3180                 <para>
3181                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3182                 </para>
3183
3184                 <para>
3185
3186                 </para>
3187
3188                 <para>
3189                 MODE may be chosen from
3190                 </para>
3191
3192                 <para>
3193                 <screen>
3194                         c       Create
3195                         x       Extract
3196                         t       List
3197                 </screen>
3198                 </para>
3199
3200                 <para>
3201                 Options:
3202                 </para>
3203
3204                 <para>
3205                 <screen>
3206                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3207                         O                               Extract to stdout
3208                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3209                         v                               List files processed
3210                 </screen>
3211                 </para>
3212
3213                 <para>
3214                 Example:
3215                 </para>
3216
3217                 <para>
3218                 <screen>
3219                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3220                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3221                 </screen>
3222                 </para>
3223         </sect1>
3224
3225         <sect1 id="tee">
3226             <title>tee</title>
3227
3228                 <para>
3229                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3230                 </para>
3231
3232                 <para>
3233                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3234                 </para>
3235
3236                 <para>
3237                 Options:
3238                 </para>
3239
3240                 <para>
3241                 <screen>
3242                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3243                 </screen>
3244                 </para>
3245
3246                 <para>
3247                 Example:
3248                 </para>
3249
3250                 <para>
3251                 <screen>
3252                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3253                         Hello
3254                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3255                         Hello
3256                 </screen>
3257                 </para>
3258         </sect1>
3259
3260         <sect1 id="telnet">
3261             <title>telnet</title>
3262
3263                 <para>
3264                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3265                 </para>
3266
3267                 <para>
3268                 Establish interactive communication with another
3269                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3270                 </para>
3271         </sect1>
3272
3273         <sect1 id="test">
3274             <title>test, [</title>
3275
3276                 <para>
3277                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3278                 </para>
3279
3280                 <para>
3281                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3282                 </para>
3283
3284                 <para>
3285                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3286                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3287                 </para>
3288
3289                 <para>
3290                 Example:
3291                 </para>
3292
3293                 <para>
3294                 <screen>
3295                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3296                         $ echo $?
3297                         1
3298                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3299                         $ echo $?
3300                         0
3301                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3302                         $ echo $?
3303                         0
3304                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3305                         $ echo $?
3306                         1
3307                 </screen>
3308                 </para>
3309         </sect1>
3310
3311         <sect1 id="touch">
3312             <title>touch</title>
3313
3314                 <para>
3315                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3316                 </para>
3317
3318                 <para>
3319                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3320                 </para>
3321
3322                 <para>
3323                 Options:
3324                 </para>
3325
3326                 <para>
3327                 <screen>
3328                         -c      Do not create files
3329                 </screen>
3330                 </para>
3331
3332                 <para>
3333                 Example:
3334                 </para>
3335
3336                 <para>
3337                 <screen>
3338                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3339                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3340                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3341                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3342                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3343                 </screen>
3344                 </para>
3345         </sect1>
3346
3347         <sect1 id="tr">
3348             <title>tr</title>
3349
3350                 <para>
3351                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3352                 </para>
3353
3354                 <para>
3355                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3356                 writing to stdout.
3357                 </para>
3358
3359                 <para>
3360                 Options:
3361                 </para>
3362
3363                 <para>
3364                 <screen>
3365                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3366                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3367                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3368                 </screen>
3369                 </para>
3370
3371                 <para>
3372                 Example:
3373                 </para>
3374
3375                 <para>
3376                 <screen>
3377                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3378                         hello world
3379                 </screen>
3380                 </para>
3381         </sect1>
3382
3383         <sect1 id="true">
3384             <title>true</title>
3385
3386                 <para>
3387                 Usage: true
3388                 </para>
3389
3390                 <para>
3391                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3392                 </para>
3393
3394                 <para>
3395                 Example:
3396                 </para>
3397
3398                 <para>
3399                 <screen>
3400                         $ true
3401                         $ echo $?
3402                         0
3403                 </screen>
3404                 </para>
3405         </sect1>
3406
3407         <sect1 id="tty">
3408             <title>tty</title>
3409
3410                 <para>
3411                 Usage: tty
3412                 </para>
3413
3414                 <para>
3415                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3416                 </para>
3417
3418                 <para>
3419                 Options:
3420                 </para>
3421
3422                 <para>
3423                 <screen>
3424                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3425                 </screen>
3426                 </para>
3427
3428                 <para>
3429                 Example:
3430                 </para>
3431
3432                 <para>
3433                 <screen>
3434                         $ tty
3435                         /dev/tty2
3436                 </screen>
3437                 </para>
3438         </sect1>
3439
3440         <sect1 id="umount">
3441             <title>umount</title>
3442
3443                 <para>
3444                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3445                 </para>
3446
3447                 <para>
3448
3449                 </para>
3450
3451                 <para>
3452                 Options:
3453                 </para>
3454
3455                 <para>
3456                 <screen>
3457                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3458                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3459                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
3460                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3461                 </screen>
3462                 </para>
3463
3464                 <para>
3465                 Example:
3466                 </para>
3467
3468                 <para>
3469                 <screen>
3470                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3471                 </screen>
3472                 </para>
3473         </sect1>
3474
3475         <sect1 id="uname">
3476             <title>uname</title>
3477
3478                 <para>
3479                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3480                 </para>
3481
3482                 <para>
3483                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3484                 as -s.
3485                 </para>
3486
3487                 <para>
3488                 Options:
3489                 </para>
3490
3491                 <para>
3492                 <screen>
3493                         -a      Print all information
3494                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3495                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3496                         -r      Print the operating system release
3497                         -s      Print the operating system name
3498                         -p      Print the host processor type
3499                         -v      Print the operating system version
3500                 </screen>
3501                 </para>
3502
3503                 <para>
3504                 Example:
3505                 </para>
3506
3507                 <para>
3508                 <screen>
3509                         $ uname -a
3510                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3511                 </screen>
3512                 </para>
3513         </sect1>
3514
3515         <sect1 id="uniq">
3516             <title>uniq</title>
3517
3518                 <para>
3519                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3520                 </para>
3521
3522                 <para>
3523                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3524                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3525                 </para>
3526
3527                 <para>
3528                 Options:
3529                 </para>
3530
3531                 <para>
3532                 <screen>
3533                 -c              prefix lines by the number of occurrences
3534                 -d              only print duplicate lines
3535                 -u              only print unique lines
3536                 </screen>
3537                 </para>
3538
3539                 <para>
3540                 Example:
3541                 </para>
3542
3543                 <para>
3544                 <screen>
3545                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3546                         a
3547                         b
3548                         c
3549                 </screen>
3550                 </para>
3551         </sect1>
3552
3553         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3554             <title>unix2dos</title>
3555
3556                 <para>
3557                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3558                 </para>
3559
3560                 <para>
3561                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3562                 </para>
3563
3564         </sect1>
3565
3566         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3567             <title>unrpm</title>
3568
3569                 <para>
3570                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3571                 </para>
3572
3573                 <para>
3574                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3575                 </para>
3576
3577         </sect1>
3578
3579         <sect1 id="update">
3580             <title>update</title>
3581
3582                 <para>
3583                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3584                 </para>
3585
3586                 <para>
3587                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3588                 </para>
3589
3590                 <para>
3591                 Options:
3592                 </para>
3593
3594                 <para>
3595                 <screen>
3596                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3597                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3598                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3599                 </screen>
3600                 </para>
3601         </sect1>
3602
3603         <sect1 id="uptime">
3604             <title>uptime</title>
3605
3606                 <para>
3607                 Usage: uptime
3608                 </para>
3609
3610                 <para>
3611                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3612                 </para>
3613
3614                 <para>
3615                 Example:
3616                 </para>
3617
3618                 <para>
3619                 <screen>
3620                         $ uptime
3621                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3622                 </screen>
3623                 </para>
3624         </sect1>
3625
3626         <sect1 id="usleep">
3627             <title>usleep</title>
3628
3629                 <para>
3630                 Usage: usleep N
3631                 </para>
3632
3633                 <para>
3634                 Pause for N microseconds.
3635                 </para>
3636
3637                 <para>
3638                 Example:
3639                 </para>
3640
3641                 <para>
3642                 <screen>
3643                         $ usleep 1000000
3644                         [pauses for 1 second]
3645                 </screen>
3646                 </para>
3647         </sect1>
3648
3649         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3650             <title>uudecode</title>
3651
3652                 <para>
3653                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3654                 </para>
3655
3656                 <para>
3657                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3658                 </para>
3659
3660                 <para>
3661                 Options:
3662                 </para>
3663
3664                 <para>
3665                 <screen>
3666                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3667                 </screen>
3668                 </para>
3669
3670                 <para>
3671                 Example:
3672                 </para>
3673
3674                 <para>
3675                 <screen>
3676                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3677                         $ ls -l busybox
3678                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3679                 </screen>
3680                 </para>
3681         </sect1>
3682
3683         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3684             <title>uuencode</title>
3685
3686                 <para>
3687                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3688                 </para>
3689
3690                 <para>
3691                 Uuencode a file.
3692                 </para>
3693
3694                 <para>
3695                 Options:
3696                 </para>
3697
3698                 <para>
3699                 <screen>
3700                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3701                 </screen>
3702                 </para>
3703
3704                 <para>
3705                 Example:
3706                 </para>
3707
3708                 <para>
3709                 <screen>
3710                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3711                         begin 755 busybox
3712                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3713                         .....
3714                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3715                         $
3716                 </screen>
3717                 </para>
3718         </sect1>
3719
3720         <sect1 id="watchdog">
3721             <title>watchdog</title>
3722
3723                 <para>
3724                 Usage: watchdog device
3725                 </para>
3726
3727                 <para>
3728                 Periodically writes to watchdog device B<device>.
3729                 </para>
3730         </sect1>
3731
3732         <sect1 id="wc">
3733             <title>wc</title>
3734
3735                 <para>
3736                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3737                 </para>
3738
3739                 <para>
3740                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3741                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3742                 FILE, read stdin.
3743                 </para>
3744
3745                 <para>
3746                 Options:
3747                 </para>
3748
3749                 <para>
3750                 <screen>
3751                         -c      Print the byte counts
3752                         -l      Print the newline counts
3753                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3754                         -w      Print the word counts
3755                 </screen>
3756                 </para>
3757
3758                 <para>
3759                 Example:
3760                 </para>
3761
3762                 <para>
3763                 <screen>
3764                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3765                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3766                 </screen>
3767                 </para>
3768         </sect1>
3769
3770         <sect1 id="which">
3771             <title>which</title>
3772
3773                 <para>
3774                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3775                 </para>
3776
3777                 <para>
3778                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3779                 </para>
3780
3781                 <para>
3782                 Example:
3783                 </para>
3784
3785                 <para>
3786                 <screen>
3787                         $ which login
3788                         /bin/login
3789                 </screen>
3790                 </para>
3791         </sect1>
3792
3793         <sect1 id="whoami">
3794             <title>whoami</title>
3795
3796                 <para>
3797                 Usage: whoami
3798                 </para>
3799
3800                 <para>
3801                 Print the user name associated with the current
3802                 effective user id.
3803                 </para>
3804
3805                 <para>
3806                 Example:
3807                 </para>
3808
3809                 <para>
3810                 <screen>
3811                         $ whoami
3812                         andersen
3813                 </screen>
3814                 </para>
3815         </sect1>
3816
3817         <sect1 id="xargs">
3818             <title>xargs</title>
3819
3820                 <para>
3821                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3822                 </para>
3823
3824                 <para>
3825                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3826                 </para>
3827
3828                 <para>
3829                 Options:
3830                 </para>
3831
3832                 <para>
3833                 <screen>
3834                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3835                 </screen>
3836                 </para>
3837
3838
3839                 <para>
3840                 Example:
3841                 </para>
3842
3843                 <para>
3844                 <screen>
3845                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3846                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3847                 </screen>
3848                 </para>
3849         </sect1>
3850
3851         <sect1 id="yes">
3852             <title>yes</title>
3853
3854                 <para>
3855                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3856                 </para>
3857
3858                 <para>
3859                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3860                 or `y'.
3861                 </para>
3862         </sect1>
3863
3864         <sect1 id="zcat">
3865             <title>zcat</title>
3866
3867                 <para>
3868                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3869                 </para>
3870
3871                 <para>
3872                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3873                 </para>
3874
3875                 <para>
3876                 Options:
3877                 </para>
3878
3879                 <para>
3880                 <screen>
3881                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3882                 </screen>
3883                 </para>
3884
3885                 <para>
3886                 Example:
3887                 </para>
3888
3889                 <para>
3890                 <screen>
3891                 </screen>
3892                 </para>
3893         </sect1>
3894   </chapter>
3895
3896   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3897     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3898
3899         <para>
3900         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3901         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3902         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3903         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3904         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3905         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3906         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3907         libraries installed.
3908         </para>
3909
3910         <para>
3911         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3912         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3913         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3914         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3915         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3916         </para>
3917   </chapter>
3918
3919   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3920     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3921
3922         <para>
3923         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3924         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3925         etc...
3926         </para>
3927   </chapter>
3928
3929   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3930     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3931
3932         <para>
3933         Erik Andersen &lt;andersen@codepoet.org&gt;
3934         </para>
3935   </chapter>
3936
3937   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3938     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3939
3940         <para>
3941         The following people have made significant contributions to
3942         BusyBox -- whether they know it or not.
3943         </para>
3944
3945         <para>
3946         Erik Andersen &lt;andersen@codepoet.org&gt;
3947         </para>
3948
3949         <para>
3950         Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;
3951         </para>
3952
3953         <para>
3954         John Beppu &lt;beppu@codepoet.org&gt;
3955         </para>
3956
3957         <para>
3958         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3959         </para>
3960
3961         <para>
3962         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3963         </para>
3964
3965         <para>
3966         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3967         </para>
3968
3969         <para>
3970         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3971         </para>
3972
3973         <para>
3974         Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;
3975         </para>
3976
3977         <para>
3978         Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu&gt;
3979         </para>
3980
3981         <para>
3982         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3983         </para>
3984
3985         <para>
3986         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3987         </para>
3988
3989         <para>
3990         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3991         </para>
3992
3993         <para>
3994         Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;
3995         </para>
3996
3997         <para>
3998         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3999         </para>
4000
4001         <para>
4002         Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;
4003         </para>
4004
4005         <para>
4006         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
4007         </para>
4008
4009         <para>
4010         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@codepoet.org&gt;
4011         </para>
4012
4013         <para>
4014         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
4015         </para>
4016
4017         <para>
4018         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
4019         </para>
4020
4021         <para>
4022         Vladimir Oleynik &lt;dzo@simtreas.ru&gt;
4023         </para>
4024
4025
4026   </chapter>
4027 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->