docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
 140                 cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, dpkg-deb,
 141                 du, dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
 142                 freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head,
 143                 hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
 144                 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod,
 145                 makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
 146                 more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps,
 147                 pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep,
 148                 sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet,
 149                 test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
 150                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes,
 151                 zcat, [
 152                 </para>
 153         </sect1>
 154
 155         <sect1 id="ar">
 156             <title>ar</title>
 157
 158                 <para>
 159                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 160                 </para>
 161
 162                 <para>
 163                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 164                 </para>
 165
 166                 <para>
 167                 Options:
 168                 </para>
 169
 170                 <para>
 171                 <screen>
 172                         o       Preserve original dates
 173                         p       Extract to stdout
 174                         t       List
 175                         x       Extract
 176                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 177                 </screen>
 178                 </para>
 179         </sect1>
 180
 181         <sect1 id="basename">
 182             <title>basename</title>
 183                 <para>
 184                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 185                 </para>
 186
 187                 <para>
 188                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 189                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 190                 </para>
 191
 192                 <para>
 193                 Example:
 194                 </para>
 195
 196                 <para>
 197                 <screen>
 198                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 199                         foo
 200                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 201                         bin
 202                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 203                         bar
 204                 </screen>
 205                 </para>
 206         </sect1>
 207
 208         <sect1 id="cat">
 209             <title>cat</title>
 210
 211                 <para>
 212                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 213                 </para>
 214
 215                 <para>
 216                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 217                 output.
 218                 </para>
 219
 220                 <para>
 221                 Example:
 222                 </para>
 223
 224                 <para>
 225                 <screen>
 226                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 227                         110716.72 17.67
 228                 </screen>
 229                 </para>
 230         </sect1>
 231
 232         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 233             <title>chgrp</title>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 237                 </para>
 238
 239                 <para>
 240                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 241                 </para>
 242
 243                 <para>
 244                 Options:
 245                 </para>
 246
 247                 <para>
 248                 <screen>
 249                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 250                 </screen>
 251                 </para>
 252
 253                 <para>
 254                 Example:
 255                 </para>
 256
 257                 <para>
 258                 <screen>
 259                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 260                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 261                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 262                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 263                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 264                 </screen>
 265                 </para>
 266         </sect1>
 267
 268         <sect1 id="chmod">
 269             <title>chmod</title>
 270
 271                 <para>
 272                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 273                 </para>
 274
 275                 <para>
 276                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 277                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 278                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 279                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 280                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 281                 </para>
 282
 283                 <para>
 284                 WHO may be chosen from
 285                 </para>
 286
 287                 <para>
 288                 <screen>
 289                         u       User who owns the file
 290                         g       Users in the file's Group
 291                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 292                         a       All users
 293                 </screen>
 294                 </para>
 295
 296                 <para>
 297                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 298                 </para>
 299
 300                 <para>
 301                 <screen>
 302                         +       Add a permission
 303                         -       Remove a permission
 304                         =       Assign a permission
 305                 </screen>
 306                 </para>
 307
 308                 <para>
 309                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 310                 </para>
 311
 312                 <para>
 313                 <screen>
 314                         r       Read
 315                         w       Write
 316                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 317                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 318                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 319                 </screen>
 320                 </para>
 321
 322                 <para>
 323                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 324                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 325                 </para>
 326
 327                 <para>
 328                 <screen>
 329                         4       Read
 330                         2       Write
 331                         1       Execute
 332                 </screen>
 333                 </para>
 334
 335                 <para>
 336                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 337                 </para>
 338
 339                 <para>
 340                 <screen>
 341                         4       Set user ID
 342                         2       Set group ID
 343                         1       Sticky bit
 344                 </screen>
 345                 </para>
 346
 347                 <para>
 348                 Options:
 349                 </para>
 350
 351                 <para>
 352                 <screen>
 353                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 354                 </screen>
 355                 </para>
 356
 357                 <para>
 358                 Example:
 359                 </para>
 360
 361                 <para>
 362                 <screen>
 363                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 364                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 365                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 366                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 367                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 368                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 369                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 370                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 371                 </screen>
 372                 </para>
 373         </sect1>
 374
 375         <sect1 id="chown">
 376             <title>chown</title>
 377                 <para>
 378                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 379                 </para>
 380
 381                 <para>
 382                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 383                 </para>
 384
 385                 <para>
 386                 Options:
 387                 </para>
 388
 389                 <para>
 390                 <screen>
 391                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 392                 </screen>
 393                 </para>
 394
 395                 <para>
 396                 Example:
 397                 </para>
 398
 399                 <para>
 400                 <screen>
 401                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 402                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 403                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 404                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 405                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 406                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 407                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 408                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 409                 </screen>
 410                 </para>
 411         </sect1>
 412
 413         <sect1 id="chroot">
 414             <title>chroot</title>
 415                 <para>
 416                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 417                 </para>
 418
 419                 <para>
 420                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 421                 </para>
 422
 423                 <para>
 424                 Example:
 425                 </para>
 426
 427                 <para>
 428                 <screen>
 429                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 430                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 431                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 432                         $ chroot /mnt
 433                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 434                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 435                 </screen>
 436                 </para>
 437         </sect1>
 438
 439         <sect1 id="chvt">
 440             <title>chvt</title>
 441                 <para>
 442                 Usage: chvt N
 443                 </para>
 444
 445                 <para>
 446                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="clear">
 451             <title>clear</title>
 452
 453                 <para>
 454                 Usage: clear
 455                 </para>
 456
 457                 <para>
 458                 Clear the screen.
 459                 </para>
 460         </sect1>
 461
 462         <sect1 id="cp">
 463             <title>cp</title>
 464
 465                 <para>
 466                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 467                 </para>
 468
 469                 <para>
 470                 <screen>
 471                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 472                 </screen>
 473                 </para>
 474
 475                 <para>
 476                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 477                 DIRECTORY.
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 Options:
 482                 </para>
 483
 484                 <para>
 485                 <screen>
 486                         -a      Same as -dpR
 487                         -d      Preserve links
 488                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 489                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 490                 </screen>
 491                 </para>
 492         </sect1>
 493
 494         <sect1 id="cut">
 495             <title>cut</title>
 496
 497                 <para>
 498                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 499                 </para>
 500
 501                 <para>
 502                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 503                 </para>
 504
 505                 <para>
 506                 Options:
 507                 </para>
 508
 509                 <para>
 510                 <screen>
 511                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 512                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 513                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 514                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 515                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 516                                 -n      Ignored
 517                 </screen>
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 Example:
 522                 </para>
 523
 524                 <para>
 525                 <screen>
 526                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 527                         Hello
 528                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 529                         world
 530                 </screen>
 531                 </para>
 532         </sect1>
 533
 534         <sect1 id="date">
 535             <title>date</title>
 536
 537                 <para>
 538                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 539                 </para>
 540
 541                 <para>
 542                 <screen>
 543                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 544                 </screen>
 545                 </para>
 546
 547                 <para>
 548                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 549                 </para>
 550
 551                 <para>
 552                 Options:
 553                 </para>
 554
 555                 <para>
 556                 <screen>
 557                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 558                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 559                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 560                 </screen>
 561                 </para>
 562
 563                 <para>
 564                 Example:
 565                 </para>
 566
 567                 <para>
 568                 <screen>
 569                         $ date
 570                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573         </sect1>
 574
 575         <sect1 id="dc">
 576             <title>dc</title>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 580                 </para>
 581
 582                 <para>
 583                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 584                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 585                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 586                 stdin.
 587                 </para>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 591                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 592                 </para>
 593
 594                 <para>
 595                 Example:
 596                 </para>
 597
 598                 <para>
 599                 <screen>
 600                         $ dc 2 2 +
 601                         4
 602                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 603                         16
 604                         $ dc 0 1 and
 605                         0
 606                         $ dc 0 1 or
 607                         1
 608                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 609                         64
 610                 </screen>
 611                 </para>
 612         </sect1>
 613
 614         <sect1 id="dd">
 615             <title>dd</title>
 616
 617                 <para>
 618                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 619                 </para>
 620
 621                 <para>
 622                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 623                 options.
 624                 </para>
 625
 626                 <para>
 627                 Options:
 628                 </para>
 629
 630                 <para>
 631                 <screen>
 632                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 633                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 634                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 635                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 636                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 637                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 638                 </screen>
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 643                 or M (x1024^2).
 644                 </para>
 645
 646                 <para>
 647                 Example:
 648                 </para>
 649
 650                 <para>
 651                 <screen>
 652                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 653                         4+0 records in
 654                         4+0 records out
 655                 </screen>
 656                 </para>
 657         </sect1>
 658
 659         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 660             <title>deallocvt</title>
 661
 662                 <para>
 663                 Usage: deallocvt N
 664                 </para>
 665
 666                 <para>
 667                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 668                 </para>
 669         </sect1>
 670
 671         <sect1 id="df">
 672             <title>df</title>
 673
 674                 <para>
 675                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 676                 </para>
 677
 678                 <para>
 679                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 680                 </para>
 681
 682                 <para>
 683                 Example:
 684                 </para>
 685
 686                 <para>
 687                 <screen>
 688                         $ df
 689                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 690                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 691                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 692                         $ df /dev/sda3
 693                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 694                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 695                 </screen>
 696                 </para>
 697         </sect1>
 698
 699         <sect1 id="dirname">
 700             <title>dirname</title>
 701
 702                 <para>
 703                 Usage: dirname NAME
 704                 </para>
 705
 706                 <para>
 707                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 708                 </para>
 709
 710                 <para>
 711                 Example:
 712                 </para>
 713
 714                 <para>
 715                 <screen>
 716                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 717                         /tmp
 718                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 719                         /tmp
 720                 </screen>
 721                 </para>
 722         </sect1>
 723
 724         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 725             <title>dmesg</title>
 726
 727                 <para>
 728                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 729                 </para>
 730
 731                 <para>
 732                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 733                 </para>
 734
 735                 <para>
 736                 Options:
 737                 </para>
 738
 739                 <para>
 740                 <screen>
 741                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 742                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 743                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 744                 </screen>
 745                 </para>
 746         </sect1>
 747
 748         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 749             <title>dos2unix</title>
 750
 751                 <para>
 752                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 753                 </para>
 754
 755                 <para>
 756                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 757                 </para>
 758
 759         </sect1>
 760
 761         <sect1 id="dpkg-deb">
 762             <title>dpkg-deb</title>
 763
 764                 <para>
 765                 Usage: dpkg-deb [OPTION] archive [directory]
 766                 </para>
 767
 768                 <para>
 769                 Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
 770                 </para>
 771
 772                 <para>
 773                 Options:
 774                 </para>
 775
 776                 <para>
 777                 <screen>
 778                         -c      List the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package
 779                         -e      Extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory.
 780                                 If  no  directory  is specified then a subdirectory DEBIAN in the current directory is used.
 781                         -x      Silently extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory.
 782                         -X      Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory, listing the files as it goes.
 783                         If required the specified directory (but not its parents) will be created.
 784                 </screen>
 785                 <para>
 786
 787                 <para>
 788                 Example:
 789                 </para>
 790
 791                 <para>
 792                 <screen>
 793                         dpkg-deb -e ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb
 794                         dpkg-deb -x ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb ./unpack_dir
 795                 </screen>
 796                 </para>
 797         </sect1>
 798
 799         <sect1 id="du">
 800             <title>du</title>
 801
 802                 <para>
 803                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 804                 </para>
 805
 806                 <para>
 807                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 808                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
 809                 1024 bytes).
 810                 </para>
 811
 812                 <para>
 813                 Options:
 814                 </para>
 815
 816                 <para>
 817                 <screen>
 818                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 819                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 820                 </screen>
 821                 </para>
 822
 823                 <para>
 824                 Example:
 825                 </para>
 826
 827                 <para>
 828                 <screen>
 829                         $ du
 830                         16      ./CVS
 831                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 832                         80      ./kernel-patches
 833                         12      ./tests/CVS
 834                         36      ./tests
 835                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 836                         16      ./scripts
 837                         12      ./docs/CVS
 838                         104     ./docs
 839                         2417    .
 840                 </screen>
 841                 </para>
 842         </sect1>
 843
 844         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 845             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 846
 847                 <para>
 848                 Usage: dumpkmap
 849                 </para>
 850
 851                 <para>
 852                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
 853                 </para>
 854
 855                 <para>
 856                 Example:
 857                 </para>
 858
 859                 <para>
 860                 <screen>
 861                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 862                 </screen>
 863                 </para>
 864         </sect1>
 865
 866         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 867             <title>dutmp</title>
 868
 869                 <para>
 870                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 871                 </para>
 872
 873                 <para>
 874                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 875                 stdin to stdout.
 876                 </para>
 877
 878                 <para>
 879                 Example:
 880                 </para>
 881
 882                 <para>
 883                 <screen>
 884                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 885                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 886                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 887                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 888                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 889                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 890                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 891                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 892                 </screen>
 893                 </para>
 894         </sect1>
 895
 896         <sect1 id="echo">
 897             <title>echo</title>
 898
 899                 <para>
 900                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 901                 </para>
 902
 903                 <para>
 904                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 905                 </para>
 906
 907                 <para>
 908                 Options:
 909                 </para>
 910
 911                 <para>
 912                 <screen>
 913                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 914                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 915                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 916                 </screen>
 917                 </para>
 918
 919                 <para>
 920                 Example:
 921                 </para>
 922
 923                 <para>
 924                 <screen>
 925                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 926                         Erik is cool
 927                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 928                         Erik
 929                         is
 930                         cool
 931                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 932                         Erik\nis\ncool
 933                 </screen>
 934                 </para>
 935         </sect1>
 936
 937         <sect1 id="expr">
 938             <title>expr</title>
 939
 940                 <para>
 941                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 942                 </para>
 943
 944                 <para>
 945                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 946                 </para>
 947
 948                 <para>
 949                 EXPRESSION may be:
 950                 </para>
 951
 952                 <para>
 953                 <screen>
 954                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 955                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 956                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 957                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 958                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 959                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 960                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 961                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 962                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 963                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 964                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 965                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 966                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 967                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 968                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 969                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 970                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 971                         length STRING               length of STRING
 972                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 973                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 974                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 975                 </screen>
 976                 </para>
 977
 978                 <para>
 979                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 980                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 981                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 982                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 983                 of characters matched or 0.
 984                 </para>
 985
 986         </sect1>
 987
 988
 989         <sect1 id="false">
 990             <title>false</title>
 991
 992                 <para>
 993                 Usage: false
 994                 </para>
 995
 996                 <para>
 997                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
 998                 </para>
 999
1000                 <para>
1001                 Example:
1002                 </para>
1003
1004                 <para>
1005                 <screen>
1006                         $ false
1007                         $ echo $?
1008                         1
1009                 </screen>
1010                 </para>
1011         </sect1>
1012
1013         <sect1 id="fbset">
1014             <title>fbset</title>
1015
1016                 <para>
1017                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
1018                 </para>
1019
1020                 <para>
1021                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
1022                 </para>
1023
1024                 <para>
1025                 Options:
1026                 </para>
1027
1028                 <para>
1029                 <screen>
1030                         -h                                              Display option summary
1031                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
1032                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
1033                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
1034                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
1035                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
1036                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
1037                 </screen>
1038                 </para>
1039
1040                 <para>
1041                 Example:
1042                 </para>
1043
1044                 <para>
1045                 <screen>
1046                         $ fbset
1047                         mode "1024x768-76"
1048                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1049                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1050                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1051                                         accel false
1052                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1053                         endmode
1054                 </screen>
1055                 </para>
1056         </sect1>
1057
1058         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1059             <title>fdflush</title>
1060
1061                 <para>
1062                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1063                 </para>
1064
1065                 <para>
1066                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1067                 </para>
1068         </sect1>
1069
1070         <sect1 id="find">
1071             <title>find</title>
1072
1073                 <para>
1074                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1075                 </para>
1076
1077                 <para>
1078                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1079                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1080                 '-print'.
1081                 </para>
1082
1083                 <para>
1084                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1085                 </para>
1086
1087                 <para>
1088                 <screen>
1089                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1090                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1091                         -print          Print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout
1092                 </screen>
1093                 </para>
1094
1095                 <para>
1096                 Example:
1097                 </para>
1098
1099                 <para>
1100                 <screen>
1101                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1102                         /etc/passwd
1103                 </screen>
1104                 </para>
1105         </sect1>
1106
1107         <sect1 id="free">
1108             <title>free</title>
1109
1110                 <para>
1111                 Usage: free
1112                 </para>
1113
1114                 <para>
1115                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1116                 </para>
1117
1118                 <para>
1119                 Example:
1120                 </para>
1121
1122                 <para>
1123                 <screen>
1124                         $ free
1125                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1126                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1127                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1128                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1129                 </screen>
1130                 </para>
1131         </sect1>
1132
1133         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1134             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1135
1136                 <para>
1137                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1138                 </para>
1139
1140                 <para>
1141                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1142                 </para>
1143
1144                 <para>
1145                 Example:
1146                 </para>
1147
1148                 <para>
1149                 <screen>
1150                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1151                 </screen>
1152                 </para>
1153         </sect1>
1154
1155         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1156             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1157
1158                 <para>
1159                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1160                 </para>
1161
1162                 <para>
1163                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1164                 DEVICE.
1165                 </para>
1166
1167                 <para>
1168                 Options:
1169                 </para>
1170
1171                 <para>
1172                 <screen>
1173                         -l      List all filenames
1174                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1175                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1176                         -v      Verbose
1177                         -s      Output super-block information
1178                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1179                         -f      Force file system check.
1180                 </screen>
1181                 </para>
1182         </sect1>
1183
1184         <sect1 id="getopt">
1185             <title>getopt</title>
1186
1187                 <para>
1188                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1189                 </para>
1190
1191                 <para>
1192                 Parse command options
1193                 </para>
1194
1195                 <para>
1196                 <screen>
1197                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1198                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1199                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1200                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1201                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1202                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1203                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1204                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1205                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1206                 </screen>
1207                 </para>
1208
1209
1210                 <para>
1211                 Example:
1212                 </para>
1213
1214                 <para>
1215                 <screen>
1216                         $ cat getopt.test
1217                         #!/bin/sh
1218                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1219                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1220                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1221                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1222                         while true ; do
1223                           case $1 in
1224                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1225                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1226                             -c|--c-long)
1227                               case "$2" in
1228                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1229                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1230                               esac ;;
1231                             --) shift ; break ;;
1232                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1233                           esac
1234                         done
1235                 </screen>
1236                 </para>
1237         </sect1>
1238
1239         <sect1 id="grep">
1240             <title>grep</title>
1241
1242                 <para>
1243                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1244                 </para>
1245
1246                 <para>
1247                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1248                 </para>
1249
1250                 <para>
1251                 Options:
1252                 </para>
1253
1254                 <para>
1255                 <screen>
1256                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1257                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1258                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1259                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1260                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1261                 </screen>
1262                 </para>
1263
1264                 <para>
1265                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1266                 </para>
1267
1268                 <para>
1269                 Example:
1270                 </para>
1271
1272                 <para>
1273                 <screen>
1274                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1275                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1276                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1277                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1278                 </screen>
1279                 </para>
1280         </sect1>
1281
1282         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1283             <title>gunzip</title>
1284
1285                 <para>
1286                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1287                 </para>
1288
1289                 <para>
1290                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1291                 </para>
1292
1293                 <para>
1294                 Options:
1295                 </para>
1296
1297                 <para>
1298                 <screen>
1299                         -c      Write output to standard output
1300                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1301                 </screen>
1302                 </para>
1303
1304                 <para>
1305                 Example:
1306                 </para>
1307
1308                 <para>
1309                 <screen>
1310                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1311                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1312                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1313                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1314                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1315                 </screen>
1316                 </para>
1317         </sect1>
1318
1319         <sect1 id="gzip">
1320             <title>gzip</title>
1321
1322                 <para>
1323                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1324                 </para>
1325
1326                 <para>
1327                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1328                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1329                 </para>
1330
1331                 <para>
1332                 Options:
1333                 </para>
1334
1335                 <para>
1336                 <screen>
1337                         -c      Write output to standard output
1338                         -d      decompress
1339                 </screen>
1340                 </para>
1341
1342                 <para>
1343                 Example:
1344                 </para>
1345
1346                 <para>
1347                 <screen>
1348                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1349                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1350                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1351                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1352                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1353                 </screen>
1354                 </para>
1355         </sect1>
1356
1357         <sect1 id="halt">
1358             <title>halt</title>
1359
1360                 <para>
1361                 Usage: halt
1362                 </para>
1363
1364                 <para>
1365                 Halt the system.
1366                 </para>
1367         </sect1>
1368
1369         <sect1 id="head">
1370             <title>head</title>
1371
1372                 <para>
1373                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1374                 </para>
1375
1376                 <para>
1377                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1378                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1379                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1380                 read standard input.
1381                 </para>
1382
1383                 <para>
1384                 Options:
1385                 </para>
1386
1387                 <para>
1388                 <screen>
1389                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1390                 </screen>
1391                 </para>
1392
1393                 <para>
1394                 Example:
1395                 </para>
1396
1397                 <para>
1398                 <screen>
1399                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1400                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1401                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1402                 </screen>
1403                 </para>
1404         </sect1>
1405
1406         <sect1 id="hostid">
1407             <title>hostid</title>
1408
1409                 <para>
1410                 Usage: hostid
1411                 </para>
1412
1413                 <para>
1414                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1415                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1416                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1417                 </para>
1418         </sect1>
1419
1420         <sect1 id="hostname">
1421             <title>hostname</title>
1422
1423                 <para>
1424                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1425                 </para>
1426
1427                 <para>
1428                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1429                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1430                 host name will be set.
1431                 </para>
1432
1433                 <para>
1434                 Options:
1435                 </para>
1436
1437                 <para>
1438                 <screen>
1439                         -s              Short
1440                         -i              Addresses for the hostname
1441                         -d              DNS domain name
1442                         -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1443                 </screen>
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 Example:
1448                 </para>
1449
1450                 <para>
1451                 <screen>
1452                         $ hostname
1453                         slag
1454                 </screen>
1455                 </para>
1456         </sect1>
1457
1458         <sect1 id="id">
1459             <title>id</title>
1460
1461                 <para>
1462                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1463                 </para>
1464
1465                 <para>
1466                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1467                 </para>
1468
1469                 <para>
1470                 Options:
1471                 </para>
1472
1473                 <para>
1474                 <screen>
1475                         -g      Print only the group ID
1476                         -u      Print only the user ID
1477                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1478                 </screen>
1479                 </para>
1480
1481                 <para>
1482                 Example:
1483                 </para>
1484
1485                 <para>
1486                 <screen>
1487                         $ id
1488                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1489                 </screen>
1490                 </para>
1491         </sect1>
1492
1493         <sect1 id="init">
1494             <title>init</title>
1495
1496                 <para>
1497                 Usage: init
1498                 </para>
1499
1500                 <para>
1501                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1502                 </para>
1503
1504                 <para>
1505                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1506                 kernel.
1507                 </para>
1508
1509                 <para>
1510                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1511                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1512                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1513                 sysvinit.
1514                 </para>
1515
1516                 <para>
1517                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1518                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1519                 </para>
1520
1521                 <para>
1522                 <screen>
1523                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1524                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1525                 </screen>
1526                 </para>
1527
1528                 <para>
1529                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1530                 console, it will also run:
1531                 </para>
1532
1533                 <para>
1534                 <screen>
1535                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1536                 </screen>
1537                 </para>
1538
1539                 <para>
1540                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1541                 entry format is as follows:
1542                 </para>
1543
1544                 <para>
1545                 <screen>
1546                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1547                 </screen>
1548                 </para>
1549
1550                 <sect2>
1551                     <title>id</title>
1552                         <para>
1553
1554                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1555                         The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1556                         for the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field
1557                         are appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this
1558                         field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange
1559                         results.  If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set
1560                         to the console.  Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial
1561                         console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is
1562                         either the serial console or /dev/null will be run.  BusyBox init
1563                         does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1564
1565                         </para>
1566                 </sect2>
1567
1568                 <sect2>
1569                     <title>runlevels</title>
1570
1571                         <para>
1572                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1573                         </para>
1574                 </sect2>
1575
1576                 <sect2>
1577                     <title>action</title>
1578
1579
1580                         <para>
1581                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1582                         once, and ctrlaltdel.
1583                         </para>
1584
1585
1586                         <para>
1587                         The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
1588                         that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
1589                         process exits.
1590                         </para>
1591
1592                         <para>
1593                         Run only-once actions:
1594                         </para>
1595
1596                         <para>
1597                         'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
1598                         sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
1599                         completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
1600                         'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
1601                         the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asyncronous,
1602                         therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'ctrlaltdel'
1603                         actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
1604                         (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
1605                          idea).
1606                         </para>
1607
1608                         <para>
1609                         Run repeatedly actions:
1610                         </para>
1611
1612                         <para>
1613                         'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
1614                         started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
1615                         it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
1616                         respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
1617                         respawn, except that before running the specified process it
1618                         displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
1619                         and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
1620                         specified process.
1621                         </para>
1622
1623                         <para>
1624                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
1625                         error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
1626                         run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
1627                         </para>
1628
1629                 </sect2>
1630
1631                 <sect2>
1632                     <title>process</title>
1633
1634                         <para>
1635                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1636                         command line.
1637                         </para>
1638                 </sect2>
1639
1640                 <sect2>
1641                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1642
1643                     <para>
1644                     <screen>
1645                             # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1646                             #
1647                             ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1648
1649                             # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1650                             #
1651                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1652                             ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1653                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1654                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1655                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1656                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1657
1658                             # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1659                             #
1660                             tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1661                             tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1662
1663                             # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1664                             #
1665                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1666                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1667                             #
1668                             # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1669                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
1670
1671                             # Stuff to do before rebooting
1672                             ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1673                             ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1674                     </screen>
1675                     </para>
1676                 </sect2>
1677         </sect1>
1678
1679         <sect1 id="insmod">
1680             <title>insmod</title>
1681
1682                 <para>
1683                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1684                 </para>
1685
1686                 <para>
1687                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1688                 </para>
1689
1690                 <para>
1691                 Options:
1692                 </para>
1693
1694                 <para>
1695                 <screen>
1696                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1697                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1698                         -v      Verbose output
1699                         -x      Do not export externs
1700                 </screen>
1701                 </para>
1702         </sect1>
1703
1704         <sect1 id="kill">
1705             <title>kill</title>
1706
1707                 <para>
1708                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1709                 </para>
1710
1711                 <para>
1712                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1713                 PID(s).
1714                 </para>
1715
1716                 <para>
1717                 Options:
1718                 </para>
1719
1720                 <para>
1721                 <screen>
1722                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1723                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1724                 </screen>
1725                 </para>
1726
1727                 <para>
1728                 Example:
1729                 </para>
1730
1731                 <para>
1732                 <screen>
1733                         $ ps | grep apache
1734                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1735                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1736                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1737                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1738                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1739                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1740                         $ kill 252
1741                 </screen>
1742                 </para>
1743         </sect1>
1744
1745         <sect1 id="killall">
1746             <title>killall</title>
1747
1748                 <para>
1749                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1750                 </para>
1751
1752                 <para>
1753                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1754                 NAME(s).
1755                 </para>
1756
1757                 <para>
1758                 Options:
1759                 </para>
1760
1761                 <para>
1762                 <screen>
1763                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1764                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1765                 </screen>
1766                 </para>
1767
1768                 <para>
1769                 Example:
1770                 </para>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 <screen>
1774                         $ killall apache
1775                 </screen>
1776                 </para>
1777         </sect1>
1778
1779         <sect1 id="length">
1780             <title>length</title>
1781
1782                 <para>
1783                 Usage: length STRING
1784                 </para>
1785
1786                 <para>
1787                 Print the length of STRING.
1788                 </para>
1789
1790                 <para>
1791                 Example:
1792                 </para>
1793
1794                 <para>
1795                 <screen>
1796                         $ length "Hello"
1797                         5
1798                 </screen>
1799                 </para>
1800         </sect1>
1801
1802         <sect1 id="ln">
1803             <title>ln</title>
1804
1805                 <para>
1806                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1807                 </para>
1808
1809                 <para>
1810                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1811                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1812                 arguments are non-options.
1813                 </para>
1814
1815                 <para>
1816                 Options:
1817                 </para>
1818
1819                 <para>
1820                 <screen>
1821                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1822                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1823                 </screen>
1824                 </para>
1825
1826                 <para>
1827                 Example:
1828                 </para>
1829
1830                 <para>
1831                 <screen>
1832                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1833                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1834                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1835                 </screen>
1836                 </para>
1837         </sect1>
1838
1839         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1840             <title>loadacm</title>
1841
1842                 <para>
1843                 Usage: loadacm
1844                 </para>
1845
1846                 <para>
1847                 Load an acm from stdin.
1848                 </para>
1849
1850                 <para>
1851                 Example:
1852                 </para>
1853
1854                 <para>
1855                 <screen>
1856                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1857                 </screen>
1858                 </para>
1859         </sect1>
1860
1861         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1862             <title>loadfont</title>
1863
1864                 <para>
1865                 Usage: loadfont
1866                 </para>
1867
1868                 <para>
1869                 Load a console font from stdin.
1870                 </para>
1871
1872                 <para>
1873                 Example:
1874                 </para>
1875
1876                 <para>
1877                 <screen>
1878                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1879                 </screen>
1880                 </para>
1881         </sect1>
1882
1883         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1884             <title>loadkmap</title>
1885
1886                 <para>
1887                 Usage: loadkmap
1888                 </para>
1889
1890                 <para>
1891                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1892                 </para>
1893
1894                 <para>
1895                 Example:
1896                 </para>
1897
1898                 <para>
1899                 <screen>
1900                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1901                 </screen>
1902                 </para>
1903         </sect1>
1904
1905         <sect1 id="logger">
1906             <title>logger</title>
1907
1908                 <para>
1909                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1910                 </para>
1911
1912                 <para>
1913                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is omitted, log
1914                 stdin.
1915                 </para>
1916
1917                 <para>
1918                 Options:
1919                 </para>
1920
1921                 <para>
1922                 <screen>
1923                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1924                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1925                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1926                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1927                 </screen>
1928                 </para>
1929
1930                 <para>
1931                 Example:
1932                 </para>
1933
1934                 <para>
1935                 <screen>
1936                         $ logger "hello"
1937                 </screen>
1938                 </para>
1939         </sect1>
1940
1941         <sect1 id="logname">
1942             <title>logname</title>
1943
1944                 <para>
1945                 Usage: logname
1946                 </para>
1947
1948                 <para>
1949                 Print the name of the current user.
1950                 </para>
1951
1952                 <para>
1953                 Example:
1954                 </para>
1955
1956                 <para>
1957                 <screen>
1958                         $ logname
1959                         root
1960                 </screen>
1961                 </para>
1962         </sect1>
1963
1964         <sect1 id="ls">
1965             <title>ls</title>
1966
1967                 <para>
1968                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1969                 </para>
1970
1971                 <para>
1972
1973                 </para>
1974
1975                 <para>
1976                 Options:
1977                 </para>
1978
1979                 <para>
1980                 <screen>
1981                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1982                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1983                                 modification of file status information)
1984                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
1985                         -e      List both full date and full time
1986                         -l      Use a long listing format
1987                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1988                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1989                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
1990                                 access of the file)
1991                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
1992                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
1993                         -C      List entries by columns
1994                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1995                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
1996                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
1997                 </screen>
1998                 </para>
1999
2000                 <para>
2001                 Example:
2002                 </para>
2003
2004                 <para>
2005                 <screen>
2006                 </screen>
2007                 </para>
2008         </sect1>
2009
2010         <sect1 id="lsmod">
2011             <title>lsmod</title>
2012
2013                 <para>
2014                 Usage: lsmod
2015                 </para>
2016
2017                 <para>
2018                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
2019                 </para>
2020         </sect1>
2021
2022         <sect1 id="makedevs">
2023             <title>makedevs</title>
2024
2025                 <para>
2026                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2027                 </para>
2028
2029                 <para>
2030                 Create a range of block or character special files.
2031                 </para>
2032
2033                 <para>
2034                 TYPE may be:
2035                 </para>
2036
2037                 <para>
2038                 <screen>
2039                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2040                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2041                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2042                 </screen>
2043                 </para>
2044
2045                 <para>
2046                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
2047                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
2048                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
2049                 argument, the base device is created as well.
2050                 </para>
2051
2052                 <para>
2053                 Example:
2054                 </para>
2055
2056                 <para>
2057                 <screen>
2058                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2059                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2060                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2061                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2062                 </screen>
2063                 </para>
2064         </sect1>
2065
2066         <sect1 id="md5sum">
2067             <title>md5sum</title>
2068
2069                 <para>
2070                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2071                 </para>
2072
2073                 <para>
2074                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2075                 </para>
2076
2077                 <para>
2078                 Options:
2079                 </para>
2080
2081                 <para>
2082                 <screen>
2083                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2084                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2085                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2086                         -g      Read a string
2087                 </screen>
2088                 </para>
2089
2090                 <para>
2091                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2092                 checksums:
2093                 </para>
2094
2095                 <para>
2096                 <screen>
2097                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2098                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2099                 </screen>
2100                 </para>
2101
2102                 <para>
2103                 Example:
2104                 </para>
2105
2106                 <para>
2107                 <screen>
2108                         $ md5sum busybox
2109                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2110                         $ md5sum -c
2111                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2112                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2113                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2114                         ^D
2115                 </screen>
2116                 </para>
2117         </sect1>
2118
2119         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2120             <title>mkdir</title>
2121
2122                 <para>
2123                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2124                 </para>
2125
2126                 <para>
2127                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2128                 </para>
2129
2130                 <para>
2131                 Options:
2132                 </para>
2133
2134                 <para>
2135                 <screen>
2136                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2137                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2138                 </screen>
2139                 </para>
2140
2141                 <para>
2142                 Example:
2143                 </para>
2144
2145                 <para>
2146                 <screen>
2147                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2148                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2149                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2150                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2151                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2152                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2153                 </screen>
2154                 </para>
2155         </sect1>
2156
2157         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2158             <title>mkfifo</title>
2159
2160                 <para>
2161                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2162                 </para>
2163
2164                 <para>
2165                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2166                 </para>
2167
2168                 <para>
2169                 Options:
2170                 </para>
2171
2172                 <para>
2173                 <screen>
2174                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2175                 </screen>
2176                 </para>
2177         </sect1>
2178
2179         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2180             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2181
2182                 <para>
2183                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2184                 </para>
2185
2186                 <para>
2187                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2188                 </para>
2189
2190                 <para>
2191                 Options:
2192                 </para>
2193
2194                 <para>
2195                 <screen>
2196                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2197                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2198                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2199                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2200                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2201                 </screen>
2202                 </para>
2203         </sect1>
2204
2205         <sect1 id="mknod">
2206             <title>mknod</title>
2207
2208                 <para>
2209                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2210                 </para>
2211
2212                 <para>
2213                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2214                 </para>
2215
2216                 <para>
2217                 Options:
2218                 </para>
2219
2220                 <para>
2221                 <screen>
2222                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2223                 </screen>
2224                 </para>
2225
2226                 <para>
2227                 TYPE may be:
2228                 </para>
2229
2230                 <para>
2231                 <screen>
2232                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2233                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2234                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2235                 </screen>
2236                 </para>
2237
2238                 <para>
2239                 Example:
2240                 </para>
2241
2242                 <para>
2243                 <screen>
2244                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2245                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2246                 </screen>
2247                 </para>
2248         </sect1>
2249
2250         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2251             <title>mkswap</title>
2252
2253                 <para>
2254                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2255                 </para>
2256
2257                 <para>
2258                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2259                 </para>
2260
2261                 <para>
2262                 Options:
2263                 </para>
2264
2265                 <para>
2266                 <screen>
2267                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2268                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2269                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2270                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2271                 </screen>
2272                 </para>
2273         </sect1>
2274
2275         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2276             <title>mktemp</title>
2277
2278                 <para>
2279                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2280                 </para>
2281
2282                 <para>
2283                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2284                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.
2285                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2286                 </para>
2287
2288                 <para>
2289                 Example:
2290                 </para>
2291
2292                 <para>
2293                 <screen>
2294                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2295                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2296                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2297                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2298                 </screen>
2299                 </para>
2300         </sect1>
2301
2302         <sect1 id="more">
2303             <title>more</title>
2304
2305                 <para>
2306                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2307                 </para>
2308
2309                 <para>
2310                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2311                 </para>
2312
2313                 <para>
2314                 Example:
2315                 </para>
2316
2317                 <para>
2318                 <screen>
2319                         $ dmesg | more
2320                 </screen>
2321                 </para>
2322         </sect1>
2323
2324         <sect1 id="mount">
2325             <title>mount</title>
2326
2327                 <para>
2328                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2329                 </para>
2330
2331                 <para>
2332                 <screen>
2333                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2334                 </screen>
2335                 </para>
2336
2337                 <para>
2338                 Mount filesystems.
2339                 </para>
2340
2341                 <para>
2342                 Options:
2343                 </para>
2344
2345                 <para>
2346                 <screen>
2347                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2348                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2349                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2350                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2351                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2352                 </screen>
2353                 </para>
2354
2355                 <para>
2356                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2357                 </para>
2358
2359                 <para>
2360                 <screen>
2361                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2362                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2363                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2364                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2365                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2366                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2367                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2368                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2369                 </screen>
2370                 </para>
2371
2372                 <para>
2373                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2374                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2375                 </para>
2376
2377                 <para>
2378                 Example:
2379                 </para>
2380
2381                 <para>
2382                 <screen>
2383                         $ mount
2384                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2385                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2386                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2387                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2388                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2389                 </screen>
2390                 </para>
2391         </sect1>
2392
2393         <sect1 id="mt">
2394             <title>mt</title>
2395
2396                 <para>
2397                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2398                 </para>
2399
2400                 <para>
2401                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2402                 </para>
2403
2404                 <para>
2405                 Options:
2406                 </para>
2407
2408                 <para>
2409                 <screen>
2410                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2411                 </screen>
2412                 </para>
2413         </sect1>
2414
2415         <sect1 id="mv">
2416             <title>mv</title>
2417
2418                 <para>
2419                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2420                 </para>
2421
2422                 <para>
2423                 <screen>
2424                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2425                 </screen>
2426                 </para>
2427
2428                 <para>
2429                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2430                 </para>
2431
2432                 <para>
2433                 Example:
2434                 </para>
2435
2436                 <para>
2437                 <screen>
2438                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2439                 </screen>
2440                 </para>
2441         </sect1>
2442
2443         <sect1 id="nc">
2444             <title>nc</title>
2445
2446                 <para>
2447                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2448                 </para>
2449
2450                 <para>
2451                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT.
2452                 </para>
2453
2454                 <para>
2455                 Example:
2456                 </para>
2457
2458                 <para>
2459                 <screen>
2460                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2461                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2462                         help
2463                         214-Commands supported:
2464                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2465                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2466                         quit
2467                         221 foobar closing connection
2468                 </screen>
2469                 </para>
2470         </sect1>
2471
2472         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2473             <title>nslookup</title>
2474
2475                 <para>
2476                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2477                 </para>
2478
2479                 <para>
2480                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2481                 HOST.
2482                 </para>
2483
2484                 <para>
2485                 Example:
2486                 </para>
2487
2488                 <para>
2489                 <screen>
2490                         $ nslookup localhost
2491                         Server:     default
2492                         Address:    default
2493
2494                         Name:       debian
2495                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2496                 </screen>
2497                 </para>
2498         </sect1>
2499
2500         <sect1 id="ping">
2501             <title>ping</title>
2502
2503                 <para>
2504                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2505                 </para>
2506
2507                 <para>
2508                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2509                 </para>
2510
2511                 <para>
2512                 Options:
2513                 </para>
2514
2515                 <para>
2516                 <screen>
2517                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2518                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2519                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2520                 </screen>
2521                 </para>
2522
2523                 <para>
2524                 Example:
2525                 </para>
2526
2527                 <para>
2528                 <screen>
2529                         $ ping localhost
2530                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2531                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2532
2533                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2534                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2535                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2536                 </screen>
2537                 </para>
2538         </sect1>
2539
2540         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2541             <title>poweroff</title>
2542
2543                 <para>
2544                 Usage: poweroff
2545                 </para>
2546
2547                 <para>
2548                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2549                 off power upon halting.
2550                 </para>
2551         </sect1>
2552
2553         <sect1 id="printf">
2554             <title>printf</title>
2555
2556                 <para>
2557                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2558                 </para>
2559
2560                 <para>
2561                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2562                 the C printf command.
2563                 </para>
2564
2565                 <para>
2566                 Example:
2567                 </para>
2568
2569                 <para>
2570                 <screen>
2571                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2572                         Val=5
2573                 </screen>
2574                 </para>
2575         </sect1>
2576
2577         <sect1 id="ps">
2578             <title>ps</title>
2579
2580                 <para>
2581                 Usage: ps
2582                 </para>
2583
2584                 <para>
2585                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2586                 options.
2587                 </para>
2588
2589                 <para>
2590                 Options:
2591                 </para>
2592
2593                 <para>
2594                 <screen>
2595                 </screen>
2596                 </para>
2597
2598                 <para>
2599                 Example:
2600                 </para>
2601
2602                 <para>
2603                 <screen>
2604                         $ ps
2605                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2606                             1 root     root     S init
2607                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2608                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2609                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2610                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2611                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2612                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2613                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2614                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2615                 </screen>
2616                 </para>
2617         </sect1>
2618
2619         <sect1 id="pwd">
2620             <title>pwd</title>
2621
2622                 <para>
2623                 Usage: pwd
2624                 </para>
2625
2626                 <para>
2627                 Print the full filename of the current working
2628                 directory.
2629                 </para>
2630
2631                 <para>
2632                 Example:
2633                 </para>
2634
2635                 <para>
2636                 <screen>
2637                         $ pwd
2638                         /root
2639                 </screen>
2640                 </para>
2641         </sect1>
2642
2643         <sect1 id="rdate">
2644             <title>rdate</title>
2645
2646                 <para>
2647                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2648                 </para>
2649
2650                 <para>
2651                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2652                 </para>
2653
2654                 <para>
2655                 Options:
2656                 </para>
2657
2658                 <para>
2659                 <screen>
2660                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2661                         -p      Print the date and time.
2662                 </screen>
2663                 </para>
2664         </sect1>
2665
2666         <sect1 id="reboot">
2667             <title>reboot</title>
2668
2669                 <para>
2670                 Usage: reboot
2671                 </para>
2672
2673                 <para>
2674                 Reboot the system.
2675                 </para>
2676         </sect1>
2677
2678         <sect1 id="renice">
2679             <title>renice</title>
2680
2681                 <para>
2682                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2683                 </para>
2684
2685                 <para>
2686                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2687                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2688                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2689                 </para>
2690         </sect1>
2691
2692         <sect1 id="reset">
2693             <title>reset</title>
2694
2695                 <para>
2696                 Usage: reset
2697                 </para>
2698
2699                 <para>
2700                 Resets the screen.
2701                 </para>
2702         </sect1>
2703
2704         <sect1 id="rm">
2705             <title>rm</title>
2706
2707                 <para>
2708                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2709                 </para>
2710
2711                 <para>
2712                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2713                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2714                 </para>
2715
2716                 <para>
2717                 Options:
2718                 </para>
2719
2720                 <para>
2721                 <screen>
2722                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2723                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2724                 </screen>
2725                 </para>
2726
2727                 <para>
2728                 Example:
2729                 </para>
2730
2731                 <para>
2732                 <screen>
2733                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2734                 </screen>
2735                 </para>
2736         </sect1>
2737
2738         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2739             <title>rmdir</title>
2740
2741                 <para>
2742                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2743                 </para>
2744
2745                 <para>
2746                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2747                 </para>
2748
2749                 <para>
2750                 Example:
2751                 </para>
2752
2753                 <para>
2754                 <screen>
2755                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2756                 </screen>
2757                 </para>
2758         </sect1>
2759
2760         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2761             <title>rmmod</title>
2762
2763                 <para>
2764                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2765                 </para>
2766
2767                 <para>
2768                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2769                 </para>
2770
2771                 <para>
2772                 Options:
2773                 </para>
2774
2775                 <para>
2776                 <screen>
2777                         -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules
2778                 </screen>
2779                 </para>
2780
2781                 <para>
2782                 Example:
2783                 </para>
2784
2785                 <para>
2786                 <screen>
2787                         $ rmmod tulip
2788                 </screen>
2789                 </para>
2790         </sect1>
2791
2792         <sect1 id="sed">
2793             <title>sed</title>
2794
2795                 <para>
2796                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2797                 </para>
2798
2799                 <para>
2800                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2801                 </para>
2802
2803                 <para>
2804                 <screen>
2805                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2806                 </screen>
2807                 </para>
2808
2809                 <para>
2810                 ADDR can be:
2811                 </para>
2812
2813                 <para>
2814                 <screen>
2815                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2816                         $         Match last line
2817                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2818                 </screen>
2819                 </para>
2820
2821                 <para>
2822                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2823                 </para>
2824
2825                 <para>
2826                 COMMAND can be:
2827                 </para>
2828
2829                 <para>
2830                 <screen>
2831                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2832                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2833                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2834                         aTEXT
2835                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2836                 </screen>
2837                 </para>
2838
2839                 <para>
2840                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2841                 </para>
2842
2843                 <para>
2844                 Options:
2845                 </para>
2846
2847                 <para>
2848                 <screen>
2849                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2850                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2851                 </screen>
2852                 </para>
2853
2854                 <para>
2855                 Example:
2856                 </para>
2857
2858                 <para>
2859                 <screen>
2860                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2861                         bar
2862                 </screen>
2863                 </para>
2864         </sect1>
2865
2866         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2867             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2868
2869                 <para>
2870                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2871                 </para>
2872
2873                 <para>
2874                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2875                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2876                 </para>
2877
2878                 <para>
2879                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2880                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2881                 </para>
2882
2883                 <para>
2884                 Example:
2885                 </para>
2886
2887                 <para>
2888                 <screen>
2889                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2890                 </screen>
2891                 </para>
2892         </sect1>
2893
2894
2895         <sect1 id="sh">
2896             <title>sh</title>
2897
2898                 <para>
2899                 Usage: sh
2900                 </para>
2901
2902                 <para>
2903                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2904                 </para>
2905
2906                 <para>
2907                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2908                 </para>
2909
2910                 <para>
2911                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2912                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2913                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2914                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2915                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2916                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2917                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2918                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2919                 </para>
2920         </sect1>
2921
2922         <sect1 id="sleep">
2923             <title>sleep</title>
2924
2925                 <para>
2926                 Usage: sleep N
2927                 </para>
2928
2929                 <para>
2930                 Pause for N seconds.
2931                 </para>
2932
2933                 <para>
2934                 Example:
2935                 </para>
2936
2937                 <para>
2938                 <screen>
2939                         $ sleep 2
2940                         [2 second delay results]
2941                 </screen>
2942                 </para>
2943         </sect1>
2944
2945         <sect1 id="sort">
2946             <title>sort</title>
2947
2948                 <para>
2949                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2950                 </para>
2951
2952                 <para>
2953                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
2954                 </para>
2955
2956                 <para>
2957                 Options:
2958                 </para>
2959
2960                 <para>
2961                 <screen>
2962                         -n      Compare numerically
2963                         -r      Reverse after sorting
2964                 </screen>
2965                 </para>
2966
2967                 <para>
2968                 Example:
2969                 </para>
2970
2971                 <para>
2972                 <screen>
2973                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
2974                         a
2975                         b
2976                         c
2977                         d
2978                         e
2979                         f
2980                 </screen>
2981                 </para>
2982         </sect1>
2983
2984         <sect1 id="swapoff">
2985             <title>swapoff</title>
2986
2987                 <para>
2988                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2989                 </para>
2990
2991                 <para>
2992                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
2993                 </para>
2994
2995                 <para>
2996                 Options:
2997                 </para>
2998
2999                 <para>
3000                 <screen>
3001                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
3002                 </screen>
3003                 </para>
3004         </sect1>
3005
3006         <sect1 id="swapon">
3007             <title>swapon</title>
3008
3009                 <para>
3010                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3011                 </para>
3012
3013                 <para>
3014                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3015                 </para>
3016
3017                 <para>
3018                 Options:
3019                 </para>
3020
3021                 <para>
3022                 <screen>
3023                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
3024                 </screen>
3025                 </para>
3026         </sect1>
3027
3028         <sect1 id="sync">
3029             <title>sync</title>
3030
3031                 <para>
3032                 Usage: sync
3033                 </para>
3034
3035                 <para>
3036                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
3037                 </para>
3038         </sect1>
3039
3040         <sect1 id="syslogd">
3041             <title>syslogd</title>
3042
3043                 <para>
3044                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3045                 </para>
3046
3047                 <para>
3048                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
3049                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
3050                 /etc/syslog.conf.
3051                 </para>
3052
3053                 <para>
3054                 Options:
3055                 </para>
3056
3057                 <para>
3058                 <screen>
3059                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3060                         -n      Run as a foreground process
3061                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
3062                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3063                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
3064                         -L      Log locally as well as network logging (default is network only)
3065                 </screen>
3066                 </para>
3067
3068                 <para>
3069                 Example:
3070                 </para>
3071
3072                 <para>
3073                 <screen>
3074                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3075                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3076                 </screen>
3077                 </para>
3078         </sect1>
3079
3080         <sect1 id="tail">
3081             <title>tail</title>
3082
3083                 <para>
3084                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3085                 </para>
3086
3087                 <para>
3088                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3089                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3090                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3091                 read stdin.
3092                 </para>
3093
3094                 <para>
3095                 Options:
3096                 </para>
3097
3098                 <para>
3099                 <screen>
3100                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3101                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3102                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3103                 </screen>
3104                 </para>
3105
3106                 <para>
3107                 Example:
3108                 </para>
3109
3110                 <para>
3111                 <screen>
3112                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3113                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3114                 </screen>
3115                 </para>
3116         </sect1>
3117
3118         <sect1 id="tar">
3119             <title>tar</title>
3120
3121                 <para>
3122                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3123                 </para>
3124
3125                 <para>
3126
3127                 </para>
3128
3129                 <para>
3130                 MODE may be chosen from
3131                 </para>
3132
3133                 <para>
3134                 <screen>
3135                         c       Create
3136                         x       Extract
3137                         t       List
3138                 </screen>
3139                 </para>
3140
3141                 <para>
3142                 Options:
3143                 </para>
3144
3145                 <para>
3146                 <screen>
3147                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3148                         O                               Extract to stdout
3149                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3150                         v                               List files processed
3151                 </screen>
3152                 </para>
3153
3154                 <para>
3155                 Example:
3156                 </para>
3157
3158                 <para>
3159                 <screen>
3160                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3161                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3162                 </screen>
3163                 </para>
3164         </sect1>
3165
3166         <sect1 id="tee">
3167             <title>tee</title>
3168
3169                 <para>
3170                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3171                 </para>
3172
3173                 <para>
3174                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3175                 </para>
3176
3177                 <para>
3178                 Options:
3179                 </para>
3180
3181                 <para>
3182                 <screen>
3183                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3184                 </screen>
3185                 </para>
3186
3187                 <para>
3188                 Example:
3189                 </para>
3190
3191                 <para>
3192                 <screen>
3193                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3194                         Hello
3195                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3196                         Hello
3197                 </screen>
3198                 </para>
3199         </sect1>
3200
3201         <sect1 id="telnet">
3202             <title>telnet</title>
3203
3204                 <para>
3205                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3206                 </para>
3207
3208                 <para>
3209                 Establish interactive communication with another
3210                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3211                 </para>
3212         </sect1>
3213
3214         <sect1 id="test">
3215             <title>test, [</title>
3216
3217                 <para>
3218                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3219                 </para>
3220
3221                 <para>
3222                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3223                 </para>
3224
3225                 <para>
3226                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3227                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3228                 </para>
3229
3230                 <para>
3231                 Example:
3232                 </para>
3233
3234                 <para>
3235                 <screen>
3236                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3237                         $ echo $?
3238                         1
3239                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3240                         $ echo $?
3241                         0
3242                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3243                         $ echo $?
3244                         0
3245                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3246                         $ echo $?
3247                         1
3248                 </screen>
3249                 </para>
3250         </sect1>
3251
3252         <sect1 id="touch">
3253             <title>touch</title>
3254
3255                 <para>
3256                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3257                 </para>
3258
3259                 <para>
3260                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3261                 </para>
3262
3263                 <para>
3264                 Options:
3265                 </para>
3266
3267                 <para>
3268                 <screen>
3269                         -c      Do not create files
3270                 </screen>
3271                 </para>
3272
3273                 <para>
3274                 Example:
3275                 </para>
3276
3277                 <para>
3278                 <screen>
3279                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3280                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3281                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3282                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3283                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3284                 </screen>
3285                 </para>
3286         </sect1>
3287
3288         <sect1 id="tr">
3289             <title>tr</title>
3290
3291                 <para>
3292                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3293                 </para>
3294
3295                 <para>
3296                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3297                 writing to stdout.
3298                 </para>
3299
3300                 <para>
3301                 Options:
3302                 </para>
3303
3304                 <para>
3305                 <screen>
3306                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3307                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3308                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3309                 </screen>
3310                 </para>
3311
3312                 <para>
3313                 Example:
3314                 </para>
3315
3316                 <para>
3317                 <screen>
3318                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3319                         hello world
3320                 </screen>
3321                 </para>
3322         </sect1>
3323
3324         <sect1 id="true">
3325             <title>true</title>
3326
3327                 <para>
3328                 Usage: true
3329                 </para>
3330
3331                 <para>
3332                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3333                 </para>
3334
3335                 <para>
3336                 Example:
3337                 </para>
3338
3339                 <para>
3340                 <screen>
3341                         $ true
3342                         $ echo $?
3343                         0
3344                 </screen>
3345                 </para>
3346         </sect1>
3347
3348         <sect1 id="tty">
3349             <title>tty</title>
3350
3351                 <para>
3352                 Usage: tty
3353                 </para>
3354
3355                 <para>
3356                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3357                 </para>
3358
3359                 <para>
3360                 Options:
3361                 </para>
3362
3363                 <para>
3364                 <screen>
3365                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3366                 </screen>
3367                 </para>
3368
3369                 <para>
3370                 Example:
3371                 </para>
3372
3373                 <para>
3374                 <screen>
3375                         $ tty
3376                         /dev/tty2
3377                 </screen>
3378                 </para>
3379         </sect1>
3380
3381         <sect1 id="umount">
3382             <title>umount</title>
3383
3384                 <para>
3385                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3386                 </para>
3387
3388                 <para>
3389
3390                 </para>
3391
3392                 <para>
3393                 Options:
3394                 </para>
3395
3396                 <para>
3397                 <screen>
3398                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3399                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3400                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
3401                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3402                 </screen>
3403                 </para>
3404
3405                 <para>
3406                 Example:
3407                 </para>
3408
3409                 <para>
3410                 <screen>
3411                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3412                 </screen>
3413                 </para>
3414         </sect1>
3415
3416         <sect1 id="uname">
3417             <title>uname</title>
3418
3419                 <para>
3420                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3421                 </para>
3422
3423                 <para>
3424                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3425                 as -s.
3426                 </para>
3427
3428                 <para>
3429                 Options:
3430                 </para>
3431
3432                 <para>
3433                 <screen>
3434                         -a      Print all information
3435                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3436                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3437                         -r      Print the operating system release
3438                         -s      Print the operating system name
3439                         -p      Print the host processor type
3440                         -v      Print the operating system version
3441                 </screen>
3442                 </para>
3443
3444                 <para>
3445                 Example:
3446                 </para>
3447
3448                 <para>
3449                 <screen>
3450                         $ uname -a
3451                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3452                 </screen>
3453                 </para>
3454         </sect1>
3455
3456         <sect1 id="uniq">
3457             <title>uniq</title>
3458
3459                 <para>
3460                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3461                 </para>
3462
3463                 <para>
3464                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3465                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3466                 </para>
3467
3468                 <para>
3469                 Options:
3470                 </para>
3471
3472                 <para>
3473                 <screen>
3474                 -c              prefix lines by the number of occurrences
3475                 -d              only print duplicate lines
3476                 -u              only print unique lines
3477                 </screen>
3478                 </para>
3479
3480                 <para>
3481                 Example:
3482                 </para>
3483
3484                 <para>
3485                 <screen>
3486                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3487                         a
3488                         b
3489                         c
3490                 </screen>
3491                 </para>
3492         </sect1>
3493
3494         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3495             <title>unix2dos</title>
3496
3497                 <para>
3498                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3499                 </para>
3500
3501                 <para>
3502                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3503                 </para>
3504
3505         </sect1>
3506
3507         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3508             <title>unrpm</title>
3509
3510                 <para>
3511                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3512                 </para>
3513
3514                 <para>
3515                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3516                 </para>
3517
3518         </sect1>
3519
3520         <sect1 id="update">
3521             <title>update</title>
3522
3523                 <para>
3524                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3525                 </para>
3526
3527                 <para>
3528                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3529                 </para>
3530
3531                 <para>
3532                 Options:
3533                 </para>
3534
3535                 <para>
3536                 <screen>
3537                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3538                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3539                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3540                 </screen>
3541                 </para>
3542         </sect1>
3543
3544         <sect1 id="uptime">
3545             <title>uptime</title>
3546
3547                 <para>
3548                 Usage: uptime
3549                 </para>
3550
3551                 <para>
3552                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3553                 </para>
3554
3555                 <para>
3556                 Example:
3557                 </para>
3558
3559                 <para>
3560                 <screen>
3561                         $ uptime
3562                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3563                 </screen>
3564                 </para>
3565         </sect1>
3566
3567         <sect1 id="usleep">
3568             <title>usleep</title>
3569
3570                 <para>
3571                 Usage: usleep N
3572                 </para>
3573
3574                 <para>
3575                 Pause for N microseconds.
3576                 </para>
3577
3578                 <para>
3579                 Example:
3580                 </para>
3581
3582                 <para>
3583                 <screen>
3584                         $ usleep 1000000
3585                         [pauses for 1 second]
3586                 </screen>
3587                 </para>
3588         </sect1>
3589
3590         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3591             <title>uudecode</title>
3592
3593                 <para>
3594                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3595                 </para>
3596
3597                 <para>
3598                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3599                 </para>
3600
3601                 <para>
3602                 Options:
3603                 </para>
3604
3605                 <para>
3606                 <screen>
3607                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3608                 </screen>
3609                 </para>
3610
3611                 <para>
3612                 Example:
3613                 </para>
3614
3615                 <para>
3616                 <screen>
3617                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3618                         $ ls -l busybox
3619                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3620                 </screen>
3621                 </para>
3622         </sect1>
3623
3624         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3625             <title>uuencode</title>
3626
3627                 <para>
3628                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3629                 </para>
3630
3631                 <para>
3632                 Uuencode a file.
3633                 </para>
3634
3635                 <para>
3636                 Options:
3637                 </para>
3638
3639                 <para>
3640                 <screen>
3641                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3642                 </screen>
3643                 </para>
3644
3645                 <para>
3646                 Example:
3647                 </para>
3648
3649                 <para>
3650                 <screen>
3651                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3652                         begin 755 busybox
3653                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3654                         .....
3655                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3656                         $
3657                 </screen>
3658                 </para>
3659         </sect1>
3660
3661         <sect1 id="wc">
3662             <title>wc</title>
3663
3664                 <para>
3665                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3666                 </para>
3667
3668                 <para>
3669                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3670                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3671                 FILE, read stdin.
3672                 </para>
3673
3674                 <para>
3675                 Options:
3676                 </para>
3677
3678                 <para>
3679                 <screen>
3680                         -c      Print the byte counts
3681                         -l      Print the newline counts
3682                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3683                         -w      Print the word counts
3684                 </screen>
3685                 </para>
3686
3687                 <para>
3688                 Example:
3689                 </para>
3690
3691                 <para>
3692                 <screen>
3693                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3694                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3695                 </screen>
3696                 </para>
3697         </sect1>
3698
3699         <sect1 id="which">
3700             <title>which</title>
3701
3702                 <para>
3703                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3704                 </para>
3705
3706                 <para>
3707                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3708                 </para>
3709
3710                 <para>
3711                 Example:
3712                 </para>
3713
3714                 <para>
3715                 <screen>
3716                         $ which login
3717                         /bin/login
3718                 </screen>
3719                 </para>
3720         </sect1>
3721
3722         <sect1 id="whoami">
3723             <title>whoami</title>
3724
3725                 <para>
3726                 Usage: whoami
3727                 </para>
3728
3729                 <para>
3730                 Print the user name associated with the current
3731                 effective user id.
3732                 </para>
3733
3734                 <para>
3735                 Example:
3736                 </para>
3737
3738                 <para>
3739                 <screen>
3740                         $ whoami
3741                         andersen
3742                 </screen>
3743                 </para>
3744         </sect1>
3745
3746         <sect1 id="xargs">
3747             <title>xargs</title>
3748
3749                 <para>
3750                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3751                 </para>
3752
3753                 <para>
3754                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3755                 </para>
3756
3757                 <para>
3758                 Options:
3759                 </para>
3760
3761                 <para>
3762                 <screen>
3763                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3764                 </screen>
3765                 </para>
3766
3767
3768                 <para>
3769                 Example:
3770                 </para>
3771
3772                 <para>
3773                 <screen>
3774                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3775                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3776                 </screen>
3777                 </para>
3778         </sect1>
3779
3780         <sect1 id="yes">
3781             <title>yes</title>
3782
3783                 <para>
3784                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3785                 </para>
3786
3787                 <para>
3788                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3789                 or `y'.
3790                 </para>
3791         </sect1>
3792
3793         <sect1 id="zcat">
3794             <title>zcat</title>
3795
3796                 <para>
3797                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3798                 </para>
3799
3800                 <para>
3801                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3802                 </para>
3803
3804                 <para>
3805                 Options:
3806                 </para>
3807
3808                 <para>
3809                 <screen>
3810                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3811                 </screen>
3812                 </para>
3813
3814                 <para>
3815                 Example:
3816                 </para>
3817
3818                 <para>
3819                 <screen>
3820                 </screen>
3821                 </para>
3822         </sect1>
3823   </chapter>
3824
3825   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3826     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3827
3828         <para>
3829         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3830         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3831         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3832         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3833         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3834         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3835         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3836         libraries installed.
3837         </para>
3838
3839         <para>
3840         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3841         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3842         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3843         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3844         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3845         </para>
3846   </chapter>
3847
3848   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3849     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3850
3851         <para>
3852         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3853         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3854         etc...
3855         </para>
3856   </chapter>
3857
3858   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3859     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3860
3861         <para>
3862         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt; &lt;andersen@lineo.com&gt;
3863         </para>
3864   </chapter>
3865
3866   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3867     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3868
3869         <para>
3870         The following people have made significant contributions to
3871         BusyBox -- whether they know it or not.
3872         </para>
3873
3874         <para>
3875         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt;
3876         </para>
3877
3878         <para>
3879         Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;
3880         </para>
3881
3882         <para>
3883         John Beppu &lt;beppu@lineo.com&gt;
3884         </para>
3885
3886         <para>
3887         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3888         </para>
3889
3890         <para>
3891         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3892         </para>
3893
3894         <para>
3895         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3896         </para>
3897
3898         <para>
3899         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3900         </para>
3901
3902         <para>
3903         Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;
3904         </para>
3905
3906         <para>
3907         Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu&gt;
3908         </para>
3909
3910         <para>
3911         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3912         </para>
3913
3914         <para>
3915         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3916         </para>
3917
3918         <para>
3919         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3920         </para>
3921
3922         <para>
3923         Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;
3924         </para>
3925
3926         <para>
3927         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3928         </para>
3929
3930         <para>
3931         Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;
3932         </para>
3933
3934         <para>
3935         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3936         </para>
3937
3938         <para>
3939         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@lineo.com&gt;
3940         </para>
3941
3942         <para>
3943         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
3944         </para>
3945
3946         <para>
3947         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
3948         </para>
3949
3950
3951   </chapter>
3952 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->