docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arping, ash, awk, basename,
 140                 bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot,
 141                 chvt, clear, cmp, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd,
 142                 deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg,
 143                 dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, dutmp, echo, egrep, env, expr,
 144                 false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk,
 145                 fsck.minix, ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip,
 146                 halt, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock,
 147                 id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, ip, ipcalc, iplink,
 148                 iproute, iptunnel, kill, killall, klogd, lash, length, linuxrc,
 149                 ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread,
 150                 losetup, ls, lsmod, makedevs, md5sum, mesg, minit, mkdir, mkfifo,
 151                 mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, msh,
 152                 msvc, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nslookup, od, openvt, passwd,
 153                 patch, pidfilehack, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff,
 154                 printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset,
 155                 rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run-parts, sed, setkeycodes,
 156                 sha1sum, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings, stty, su, sulogin,
 157                 swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, telnetd,
 158                 test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, udhcpc,
 159                 udhcpd, umount, uname, uncompress, uniq, unix2dos, unzip,
 160                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, watch,
 161                 watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, [
 162
 163                 </para>
 164         </sect1>
 165
 166         <sect1 id="ar">
 167             <title>ar</title>
 168
 169                 <para>
 170                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 171                 </para>
 172
 173                 <para>
 174                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 175                 </para>
 176
 177                 <para>
 178                 Options:
 179                 </para>
 180
 181                 <para>
 182                 <screen>
 183                         o       Preserve original dates
 184                         p       Extract to stdout
 185                         t       List
 186                         x       Extract
 187                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 188                 </screen>
 189                 </para>
 190         </sect1>
 191
 192         <sect1 id="basename">
 193             <title>basename</title>
 194                 <para>
 195                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 196                 </para>
 197
 198                 <para>
 199                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 200                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 201                 </para>
 202
 203                 <para>
 204                 Example:
 205                 </para>
 206
 207                 <para>
 208                 <screen>
 209                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 210                         foo
 211                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 212                         bin
 213                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 214                         bar
 215                 </screen>
 216                 </para>
 217         </sect1>
 218
 219         <sect1 id="cat">
 220             <title>cat</title>
 221
 222                 <para>
 223                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 224                 </para>
 225
 226                 <para>
 227                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 228                 output.
 229                 </para>
 230
 231                 <para>
 232                 Example:
 233                 </para>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 <screen>
 237                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 238                         110716.72 17.67
 239                 </screen>
 240                 </para>
 241         </sect1>
 242
 243         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 244             <title>chgrp</title>
 245
 246                 <para>
 247                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 248                 </para>
 249
 250                 <para>
 251                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 252                 </para>
 253
 254                 <para>
 255                 Options:
 256                 </para>
 257
 258                 <para>
 259                 <screen>
 260                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 261                 </screen>
 262                 </para>
 263
 264                 <para>
 265                 Example:
 266                 </para>
 267
 268                 <para>
 269                 <screen>
 270                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 271                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 272                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 273                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 274                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 275                 </screen>
 276                 </para>
 277         </sect1>
 278
 279         <sect1 id="chmod">
 280             <title>chmod</title>
 281
 282                 <para>
 283                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 284                 </para>
 285
 286                 <para>
 287                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 288                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 289                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 290                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 291                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 292                 </para>
 293
 294                 <para>
 295                 WHO may be chosen from
 296                 </para>
 297
 298                 <para>
 299                 <screen>
 300                         u       User who owns the file
 301                         g       Users in the file's Group
 302                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 303                         a       All users
 304                 </screen>
 305                 </para>
 306
 307                 <para>
 308                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 309                 </para>
 310
 311                 <para>
 312                 <screen>
 313                         +       Add a permission
 314                         -       Remove a permission
 315                         =       Assign a permission
 316                 </screen>
 317                 </para>
 318
 319                 <para>
 320                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 321                 </para>
 322
 323                 <para>
 324                 <screen>
 325                         r       Read
 326                         w       Write
 327                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 328                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 329                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 330                 </screen>
 331                 </para>
 332
 333                 <para>
 334                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 335                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 336                 </para>
 337
 338                 <para>
 339                 <screen>
 340                         4       Read
 341                         2       Write
 342                         1       Execute
 343                 </screen>
 344                 </para>
 345
 346                 <para>
 347                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 348                 </para>
 349
 350                 <para>
 351                 <screen>
 352                         4       Set user ID
 353                         2       Set group ID
 354                         1       Sticky bit
 355                 </screen>
 356                 </para>
 357
 358                 <para>
 359                 Options:
 360                 </para>
 361
 362                 <para>
 363                 <screen>
 364                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 365                 </screen>
 366                 </para>
 367
 368                 <para>
 369                 Example:
 370                 </para>
 371
 372                 <para>
 373                 <screen>
 374                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 375                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 376                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 377                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 378                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 379                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 380                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 381                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 382                 </screen>
 383                 </para>
 384         </sect1>
 385
 386         <sect1 id="chown">
 387             <title>chown</title>
 388                 <para>
 389                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 390                 </para>
 391
 392                 <para>
 393                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 394                 </para>
 395
 396                 <para>
 397                 Options:
 398                 </para>
 399
 400                 <para>
 401                 <screen>
 402                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 403                 </screen>
 404                 </para>
 405
 406                 <para>
 407                 Example:
 408                 </para>
 409
 410                 <para>
 411                 <screen>
 412                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 413                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 414                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 415                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 416                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 417                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 418                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 419                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 420                 </screen>
 421                 </para>
 422         </sect1>
 423
 424         <sect1 id="chroot">
 425             <title>chroot</title>
 426                 <para>
 427                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 428                 </para>
 429
 430                 <para>
 431                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 432                 </para>
 433
 434                 <para>
 435                 Example:
 436                 </para>
 437
 438                 <para>
 439                 <screen>
 440                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 441                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 442                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 443                         $ chroot /mnt
 444                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 445                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 446                 </screen>
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="chvt">
 451             <title>chvt</title>
 452                 <para>
 453                 Usage: chvt N
 454                 </para>
 455
 456                 <para>
 457                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 458                 </para>
 459         </sect1>
 460
 461         <sect1 id="clear">
 462             <title>clear</title>
 463
 464                 <para>
 465                 Usage: clear
 466                 </para>
 467
 468                 <para>
 469                 Clear the screen.
 470                 </para>
 471         </sect1>
 472
 473         <sect1 id="cp">
 474             <title>cp</title>
 475
 476                 <para>
 477                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 <screen>
 482                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 483                 </screen>
 484                 </para>
 485
 486                 <para>
 487                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 488                 DIRECTORY.
 489                 </para>
 490
 491                 <para>
 492                 Options:
 493                 </para>
 494
 495                 <para>
 496                 <screen>
 497                         -a      Same as -dpR
 498                         -d      Preserve links
 499                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 500                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 501                 </screen>
 502                 </para>
 503         </sect1>
 504
 505         <sect1 id="cut">
 506             <title>cut</title>
 507
 508                 <para>
 509                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 510                 </para>
 511
 512                 <para>
 513                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 514                 </para>
 515
 516                 <para>
 517                 Options:
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 <screen>
 522                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 523                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 524                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 525                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 526                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 527                                 -n      Ignored
 528                 </screen>
 529                 </para>
 530
 531                 <para>
 532                 Example:
 533                 </para>
 534
 535                 <para>
 536                 <screen>
 537                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 538                         Hello
 539                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 540                         world
 541                 </screen>
 542                 </para>
 543         </sect1>
 544
 545         <sect1 id="date">
 546             <title>date</title>
 547
 548                 <para>
 549                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 550                 </para>
 551
 552                 <para>
 553                 <screen>
 554                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 555                 </screen>
 556                 </para>
 557
 558                 <para>
 559                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 560                 </para>
 561
 562                 <para>
 563                 Options:
 564                 </para>
 565
 566                 <para>
 567                 <screen>
 568                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 569                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 570                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573
 574                 <para>
 575                 Example:
 576                 </para>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 <screen>
 580                         $ date
 581                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 582                 </screen>
 583                 </para>
 584         </sect1>
 585
 586         <sect1 id="dc">
 587             <title>dc</title>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 591                 </para>
 592
 593                 <para>
 594                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 595                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 596                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 597                 stdin.
 598                 </para>
 599
 600                 <para>
 601                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 602                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 603                 </para>
 604
 605                 <para>
 606                 Example:
 607                 </para>
 608
 609                 <para>
 610                 <screen>
 611                         $ dc 2 2 +
 612                         4
 613                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 614                         16
 615                         $ dc 0 1 and
 616                         0
 617                         $ dc 0 1 or
 618                         1
 619                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 620                         64
 621                 </screen>
 622                 </para>
 623         </sect1>
 624
 625         <sect1 id="dd">
 626             <title>dd</title>
 627
 628                 <para>
 629                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 630                 </para>
 631
 632                 <para>
 633                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 634                 options.
 635                 </para>
 636
 637                 <para>
 638                 Options:
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 <screen>
 643                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 644                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 645                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 646                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 647                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 648                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 649                 </screen>
 650                 </para>
 651
 652                 <para>
 653                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 654                 or M (x1024^2).
 655                 </para>
 656
 657                 <para>
 658                 Example:
 659                 </para>
 660
 661                 <para>
 662                 <screen>
 663                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 664                         4+0 records in
 665                         4+0 records out
 666                 </screen>
 667                 </para>
 668         </sect1>
 669
 670         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 671             <title>deallocvt</title>
 672
 673                 <para>
 674                 Usage: deallocvt N
 675                 </para>
 676
 677                 <para>
 678                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 679                 </para>
 680         </sect1>
 681
 682         <sect1 id="df">
 683             <title>df</title>
 684
 685                 <para>
 686                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 687                 </para>
 688
 689                 <para>
 690                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 691                 </para>
 692
 693                 <para>
 694                 Example:
 695                 </para>
 696
 697                 <para>
 698                 <screen>
 699                         $ df
 700                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 701                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 702                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 703                         $ df /dev/sda3
 704                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 705                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 706                 </screen>
 707                 </para>
 708         </sect1>
 709
 710         <sect1 id="dirname">
 711             <title>dirname</title>
 712
 713                 <para>
 714                 Usage: dirname NAME
 715                 </para>
 716
 717                 <para>
 718                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 719                 </para>
 720
 721                 <para>
 722                 Example:
 723                 </para>
 724
 725                 <para>
 726                 <screen>
 727                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 728                         /tmp
 729                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 730                         /tmp
 731                 </screen>
 732                 </para>
 733         </sect1>
 734
 735         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 736             <title>dmesg</title>
 737
 738                 <para>
 739                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 740                 </para>
 741
 742                 <para>
 743                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 744                 </para>
 745
 746                 <para>
 747                 Options:
 748                 </para>
 749
 750                 <para>
 751                 <screen>
 752                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 753                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 754                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 755                 </screen>
 756                 </para>
 757         </sect1>
 758
 759         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 760             <title>dos2unix</title>
 761
 762                 <para>
 763                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 764                 </para>
 765
 766                 <para>
 767                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 768                 </para>
 769
 770         </sect1>
 771
 772         <sect1 id="dpkg-deb">
 773             <title>dpkg-deb</title>
 774
 775                 <para>
 776                 Usage: dpkg-deb [OPTION] archive [directory]
 777                 </para>
 778
 779                 <para>
 780                 Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool
 781                 </para>
 782
 783                 <para>
 784                 Options:
 785                 </para>
 786
 787                 <para>
 788                 <screen>
 789                         -c      List the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package
 790                         -e      Extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory.
 791                                 If  no  directory  is specified then a subdirectory DEBIAN in the current directory is used.
 792                         -x      Silently extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory.
 793                         -X      Extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory, listing the files as it goes.
 794                         If required the specified directory (but not its parents) will be created.
 795                 </screen>
 796                 <para>
 797
 798                 <para>
 799                 Example:
 800                 </para>
 801
 802                 <para>
 803                 <screen>
 804                         dpkg-deb -e ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb
 805                         dpkg-deb -x ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb ./unpack_dir
 806                 </screen>
 807                 </para>
 808         </sect1>
 809
 810         <sect1 id="du">
 811             <title>du</title>
 812
 813                 <para>
 814                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 815                 </para>
 816
 817                 <para>
 818                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 819                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.,
 820                 1024 bytes).
 821                 </para>
 822
 823                 <para>
 824                 Options:
 825                 </para>
 826
 827                 <para>
 828                 <screen>
 829                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 830                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 831                 </screen>
 832                 </para>
 833
 834                 <para>
 835                 Example:
 836                 </para>
 837
 838                 <para>
 839                 <screen>
 840                         $ du
 841                         16      ./CVS
 842                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 843                         80      ./kernel-patches
 844                         12      ./tests/CVS
 845                         36      ./tests
 846                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 847                         16      ./scripts
 848                         12      ./docs/CVS
 849                         104     ./docs
 850                         2417    .
 851                 </screen>
 852                 </para>
 853         </sect1>
 854
 855         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 856             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 857
 858                 <para>
 859                 Usage: dumpkmap
 860                 </para>
 861
 862                 <para>
 863                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
 864                 </para>
 865
 866                 <para>
 867                 Example:
 868                 </para>
 869
 870                 <para>
 871                 <screen>
 872                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 873                 </screen>
 874                 </para>
 875         </sect1>
 876
 877         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 878             <title>dutmp</title>
 879
 880                 <para>
 881                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 882                 </para>
 883
 884                 <para>
 885                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 886                 stdin to stdout.
 887                 </para>
 888
 889                 <para>
 890                 Example:
 891                 </para>
 892
 893                 <para>
 894                 <screen>
 895                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 896                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 897                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 898                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 899                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 900                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 901                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 902                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 903                 </screen>
 904                 </para>
 905         </sect1>
 906
 907         <sect1 id="echo">
 908             <title>echo</title>
 909
 910                 <para>
 911                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 912                 </para>
 913
 914                 <para>
 915                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 916                 </para>
 917
 918                 <para>
 919                 Options:
 920                 </para>
 921
 922                 <para>
 923                 <screen>
 924                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 925                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 926                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 927                 </screen>
 928                 </para>
 929
 930                 <para>
 931                 Example:
 932                 </para>
 933
 934                 <para>
 935                 <screen>
 936                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 937                         Erik is cool
 938                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 939                         Erik
 940                         is
 941                         cool
 942                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 943                         Erik\nis\ncool
 944                 </screen>
 945                 </para>
 946         </sect1>
 947
 948         <sect1 id="expr">
 949             <title>expr</title>
 950
 951                 <para>
 952                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 953                 </para>
 954
 955                 <para>
 956                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 957                 </para>
 958
 959                 <para>
 960                 EXPRESSION may be:
 961                 </para>
 962
 963                 <para>
 964                 <screen>
 965                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 966                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 967                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 968                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 969                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 970                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 971                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 972                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 973                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 974                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 975                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 976                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 977                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 978                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 979                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 980                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 981                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 982                         length STRING               length of STRING
 983                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 984                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 985                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 986                 </screen>
 987                 </para>
 988
 989                 <para>
 990                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 991                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 992                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 993                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 994                 of characters matched or 0.
 995                 </para>
 996
 997         </sect1>
 998
 999
1000         <sect1 id="false">
1001             <title>false</title>
1002
1003                 <para>
1004                 Usage: false
1005                 </para>
1006
1007                 <para>
1008                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
1009                 </para>
1010
1011                 <para>
1012                 Example:
1013                 </para>
1014
1015                 <para>
1016                 <screen>
1017                         $ false
1018                         $ echo $?
1019                         1
1020                 </screen>
1021                 </para>
1022         </sect1>
1023
1024         <sect1 id="fbset">
1025             <title>fbset</title>
1026
1027                 <para>
1028                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
1029                 </para>
1030
1031                 <para>
1032                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
1033                 </para>
1034
1035                 <para>
1036                 Options:
1037                 </para>
1038
1039                 <para>
1040                 <screen>
1041                         -h                                              Display option summary
1042                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
1043                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
1044                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
1045                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
1046                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
1047                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
1048                 </screen>
1049                 </para>
1050
1051                 <para>
1052                 Example:
1053                 </para>
1054
1055                 <para>
1056                 <screen>
1057                         $ fbset
1058                         mode "1024x768-76"
1059                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1060                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1061                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1062                                         accel false
1063                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1064                         endmode
1065                 </screen>
1066                 </para>
1067         </sect1>
1068
1069         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1070             <title>fdflush</title>
1071
1072                 <para>
1073                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1074                 </para>
1075
1076                 <para>
1077                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1078                 </para>
1079         </sect1>
1080
1081         <sect1 id="find">
1082             <title>find</title>
1083
1084                 <para>
1085                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1086                 </para>
1087
1088                 <para>
1089                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1090                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1091                 '-print'.
1092                 </para>
1093
1094                 <para>
1095                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1096                 </para>
1097
1098                 <para>
1099                 <screen>
1100                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1101                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1102                         -type X         Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
1103                         -perm PERMS     Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN); or exactly (NNN)
1104                         -mtime TIME     Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N); or exactly (N) days
1105                 </screen>
1106                 </para>
1107
1108                 <para>
1109                 Example:
1110                 </para>
1111
1112                 <para>
1113                 <screen>
1114                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1115                         /etc/passwd
1116                 </screen>
1117                 </para>
1118         </sect1>
1119
1120         <sect1 id="free">
1121             <title>free</title>
1122
1123                 <para>
1124                 Usage: free
1125                 </para>
1126
1127                 <para>
1128                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1129                 </para>
1130
1131                 <para>
1132                 Example:
1133                 </para>
1134
1135                 <para>
1136                 <screen>
1137                         $ free
1138                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1139                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1140                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1141                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1142                 </screen>
1143                 </para>
1144         </sect1>
1145
1146         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1147             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1148
1149                 <para>
1150                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1151                 </para>
1152
1153                 <para>
1154                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1155                 </para>
1156
1157                 <para>
1158                 Example:
1159                 </para>
1160
1161                 <para>
1162                 <screen>
1163                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1164                 </screen>
1165                 </para>
1166         </sect1>
1167
1168         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1169             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1170
1171                 <para>
1172                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1173                 </para>
1174
1175                 <para>
1176                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1177                 DEVICE.
1178                 </para>
1179
1180                 <para>
1181                 Options:
1182                 </para>
1183
1184                 <para>
1185                 <screen>
1186                         -l      List all filenames
1187                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1188                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1189                         -v      Verbose
1190                         -s      Output super-block information
1191                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1192                         -f      Force file system check.
1193                 </screen>
1194                 </para>
1195         </sect1>
1196
1197         <sect1 id="getopt">
1198             <title>getopt</title>
1199
1200                 <para>
1201                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1202                 </para>
1203
1204                 <para>
1205                 Parse command options
1206                 </para>
1207
1208                 <para>
1209                 <screen>
1210                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1211                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1212                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1213                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1214                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1215                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1216                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1217                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1218                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1219                 </screen>
1220                 </para>
1221
1222
1223                 <para>
1224                 Example:
1225                 </para>
1226
1227                 <para>
1228                 <screen>
1229                         $ cat getopt.test
1230                         #!/bin/sh
1231                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1232                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1233                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1234                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1235                         while true ; do
1236                           case $1 in
1237                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1238                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1239                             -c|--c-long)
1240                               case "$2" in
1241                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1242                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1243                               esac ;;
1244                             --) shift ; break ;;
1245                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1246                           esac
1247                         done
1248                 </screen>
1249                 </para>
1250         </sect1>
1251
1252         <sect1 id="grep">
1253             <title>grep</title>
1254
1255                 <para>
1256                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1257                 </para>
1258
1259                 <para>
1260                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1261                 </para>
1262
1263                 <para>
1264                 Options:
1265                 </para>
1266
1267                 <para>
1268                 <screen>
1269                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1270                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1271                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1272                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1273                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1274                 </screen>
1275                 </para>
1276
1277                 <para>
1278                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1279                 </para>
1280
1281                 <para>
1282                 Example:
1283                 </para>
1284
1285                 <para>
1286                 <screen>
1287                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1288                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1289                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1290                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1291                 </screen>
1292                 </para>
1293         </sect1>
1294
1295         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1296             <title>gunzip</title>
1297
1298                 <para>
1299                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1300                 </para>
1301
1302                 <para>
1303                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1304                 </para>
1305
1306                 <para>
1307                 Options:
1308                 </para>
1309
1310                 <para>
1311                 <screen>
1312                         -c      Write output to standard output
1313                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1314                 </screen>
1315                 </para>
1316
1317                 <para>
1318                 Example:
1319                 </para>
1320
1321                 <para>
1322                 <screen>
1323                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1324                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1325                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1326                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1327                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1328                 </screen>
1329                 </para>
1330         </sect1>
1331
1332         <sect1 id="gzip">
1333             <title>gzip</title>
1334
1335                 <para>
1336                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1337                 </para>
1338
1339                 <para>
1340                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1341                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Options:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         -c      Write output to standard output
1351                         -d      decompress
1352                 </screen>
1353                 </para>
1354
1355                 <para>
1356                 Example:
1357                 </para>
1358
1359                 <para>
1360                 <screen>
1361                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1362                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1363                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1364                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1365                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1366                 </screen>
1367                 </para>
1368         </sect1>
1369
1370         <sect1 id="halt">
1371             <title>halt</title>
1372
1373                 <para>
1374                 Usage: halt
1375                 </para>
1376
1377                 <para>
1378                 Halt the system.
1379                 </para>
1380         </sect1>
1381
1382         <sect1 id="head">
1383             <title>head</title>
1384
1385                 <para>
1386                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1387                 </para>
1388
1389                 <para>
1390                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1391                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1392                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1393                 read standard input.
1394                 </para>
1395
1396                 <para>
1397                 Options:
1398                 </para>
1399
1400                 <para>
1401                 <screen>
1402                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1403                 </screen>
1404                 </para>
1405
1406                 <para>
1407                 Example:
1408                 </para>
1409
1410                 <para>
1411                 <screen>
1412                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1413                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1414                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1415                 </screen>
1416                 </para>
1417         </sect1>
1418
1419         <sect1 id="hostid">
1420             <title>hostid</title>
1421
1422                 <para>
1423                 Usage: hostid
1424                 </para>
1425
1426                 <para>
1427                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1428                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1429                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1430                 </para>
1431         </sect1>
1432
1433         <sect1 id="hostname">
1434             <title>hostname</title>
1435
1436                 <para>
1437                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1438                 </para>
1439
1440                 <para>
1441                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1442                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1443                 host name will be set.
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 Options:
1448                 </para>
1449
1450                 <para>
1451                 <screen>
1452                         -s              Short
1453                         -i              Addresses for the hostname
1454                         -d              DNS domain name
1455                         -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1456                 </screen>
1457                 </para>
1458
1459                 <para>
1460                 Example:
1461                 </para>
1462
1463                 <para>
1464                 <screen>
1465                         $ hostname
1466                         slag
1467                 </screen>
1468                 </para>
1469         </sect1>
1470
1471         <sect1 id="id">
1472             <title>id</title>
1473
1474                 <para>
1475                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1476                 </para>
1477
1478                 <para>
1479                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1480                 </para>
1481
1482                 <para>
1483                 Options:
1484                 </para>
1485
1486                 <para>
1487                 <screen>
1488                         -g      Print only the group ID
1489                         -u      Print only the user ID
1490                         -n      print a name instead of a number (with for -ug)
1491                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1492                 </screen>
1493                 </para>
1494
1495                 <para>
1496                 Example:
1497                 </para>
1498
1499                 <para>
1500                 <screen>
1501                         $ id
1502                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1503                 </screen>
1504                 </para>
1505         </sect1>
1506
1507         <sect1 id="init">
1508             <title>init</title>
1509
1510                 <para>
1511                 Usage: init
1512                 </para>
1513
1514                 <para>
1515                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1516                 </para>
1517
1518                 <para>
1519                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1520                 kernel.
1521                 </para>
1522
1523                 <para>
1524                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1525                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1526                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1527                 sysvinit.
1528                 </para>
1529
1530                 <para>
1531                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1532                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1533                 </para>
1534
1535                 <para>
1536                 <screen>
1537                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1538                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1539                 </screen>
1540                 </para>
1541
1542                 <para>
1543                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1544                 console, it will also run:
1545                 </para>
1546
1547                 <para>
1548                 <screen>
1549                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1550                 </screen>
1551                 </para>
1552
1553                 <para>
1554                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1555                 entry format is as follows:
1556                 </para>
1557
1558                 <para>
1559                 <screen>
1560                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1561                 </screen>
1562                 </para>
1563
1564                 <sect2>
1565                     <title>id</title>
1566                         <para>
1567
1568                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
1569                         The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1570                         for the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field
1571                         are appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this
1572                         field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange
1573                         results.  If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set
1574                         to the console.  Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial
1575                         console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is
1576                         either the serial console or /dev/null will be run.  BusyBox init
1577                         does nothing with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1578
1579                         </para>
1580                 </sect2>
1581
1582                 <sect2>
1583                     <title>runlevels</title>
1584
1585                         <para>
1586                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1587                         </para>
1588                 </sect2>
1589
1590                 <sect2>
1591                     <title>action</title>
1592
1593
1594                         <para>
1595                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1596                         once, and ctrlaltdel.
1597                         </para>
1598
1599
1600                         <para>
1601                         The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
1602                         that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
1603                         process exits.
1604                         </para>
1605
1606                         <para>
1607                         Run only-once actions:
1608                         </para>
1609
1610                         <para>
1611                         'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
1612                         sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
1613                         completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
1614                         'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
1615                         the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asyncronous,
1616                         therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'ctrlaltdel'
1617                         actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
1618                         (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
1619                          idea).
1620                         </para>
1621
1622                         <para>
1623                         Run repeatedly actions:
1624                         </para>
1625
1626                         <para>
1627                         'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
1628                         started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
1629                         it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
1630                         respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
1631                         respawn, except that before running the specified process it
1632                         displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
1633                         and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
1634                         specified process.
1635                         </para>
1636
1637                         <para>
1638                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
1639                         error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
1640                         run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
1641                         </para>
1642
1643                 </sect2>
1644
1645                 <sect2>
1646                     <title>process</title>
1647
1648                         <para>
1649                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1650                         command line.
1651                         </para>
1652                 </sect2>
1653
1654                 <sect2>
1655                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1656
1657                     <para>
1658                     <screen>
1659                             # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1660                             #
1661                             ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1662
1663                             # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1664                             #
1665                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1666                             ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1667                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1668                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1669                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1670                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1671
1672                             # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1673                             #
1674                             tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1675                             tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1676
1677                             # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1678                             #
1679                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1680                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1681                             #
1682                             # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1683                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
1684
1685                             # Stuff to do before rebooting
1686                             ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1687                             ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1688                     </screen>
1689                     </para>
1690                 </sect2>
1691         </sect1>
1692
1693         <sect1 id="insmod">
1694             <title>insmod</title>
1695
1696                 <para>
1697                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1698                 </para>
1699
1700                 <para>
1701                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1702                 </para>
1703
1704                 <para>
1705                 Options:
1706                 </para>
1707
1708                 <para>
1709                 <screen>
1710                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1711                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1712                         -v      Verbose output
1713                         -x      Do not export externs
1714                         -L      Prevent simultaneous loads of the same module
1715                 </screen>
1716                 </para>
1717         </sect1>
1718
1719         <sect1 id="kill">
1720             <title>kill</title>
1721
1722                 <para>
1723                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1724                 </para>
1725
1726                 <para>
1727                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1728                 PID(s).
1729                 </para>
1730
1731                 <para>
1732                 Options:
1733                 </para>
1734
1735                 <para>
1736                 <screen>
1737                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1738                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1739                 </screen>
1740                 </para>
1741
1742                 <para>
1743                 Example:
1744                 </para>
1745
1746                 <para>
1747                 <screen>
1748                         $ ps | grep apache
1749                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1750                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1751                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1752                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1753                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1754                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1755                         $ kill 252
1756                 </screen>
1757                 </para>
1758         </sect1>
1759
1760         <sect1 id="killall">
1761             <title>killall</title>
1762
1763                 <para>
1764                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1765                 </para>
1766
1767                 <para>
1768                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1769                 NAME(s).
1770                 </para>
1771
1772                 <para>
1773                 Options:
1774                 </para>
1775
1776                 <para>
1777                 <screen>
1778                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1779                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1780                 </screen>
1781                 </para>
1782
1783                 <para>
1784                 Example:
1785                 </para>
1786
1787                 <para>
1788                 <screen>
1789                         $ killall apache
1790                 </screen>
1791                 </para>
1792         </sect1>
1793
1794         <sect1 id="length">
1795             <title>length</title>
1796
1797                 <para>
1798                 Usage: length STRING
1799                 </para>
1800
1801                 <para>
1802                 Print the length of STRING.
1803                 </para>
1804
1805                 <para>
1806                 Example:
1807                 </para>
1808
1809                 <para>
1810                 <screen>
1811                         $ length "Hello"
1812                         5
1813                 </screen>
1814                 </para>
1815         </sect1>
1816
1817         <sect1 id="ln">
1818             <title>ln</title>
1819
1820                 <para>
1821                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1822                 </para>
1823
1824                 <para>
1825                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1826                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1827                 arguments are non-options.
1828                 </para>
1829
1830                 <para>
1831                 Options:
1832                 </para>
1833
1834                 <para>
1835                 <screen>
1836                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1837                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1838                 </screen>
1839                 </para>
1840
1841                 <para>
1842                 Example:
1843                 </para>
1844
1845                 <para>
1846                 <screen>
1847                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1848                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1849                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1850                 </screen>
1851                 </para>
1852         </sect1>
1853
1854         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1855             <title>loadacm</title>
1856
1857                 <para>
1858                 Usage: loadacm
1859                 </para>
1860
1861                 <para>
1862                 Load an acm from stdin.
1863                 </para>
1864
1865                 <para>
1866                 Example:
1867                 </para>
1868
1869                 <para>
1870                 <screen>
1871                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1872                 </screen>
1873                 </para>
1874         </sect1>
1875
1876         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1877             <title>loadfont</title>
1878
1879                 <para>
1880                 Usage: loadfont
1881                 </para>
1882
1883                 <para>
1884                 Load a console font from stdin.
1885                 </para>
1886
1887                 <para>
1888                 Example:
1889                 </para>
1890
1891                 <para>
1892                 <screen>
1893                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1894                 </screen>
1895                 </para>
1896         </sect1>
1897
1898         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1899             <title>loadkmap</title>
1900
1901                 <para>
1902                 Usage: loadkmap
1903                 </para>
1904
1905                 <para>
1906                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1907                 </para>
1908
1909                 <para>
1910                 Example:
1911                 </para>
1912
1913                 <para>
1914                 <screen>
1915                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1916                 </screen>
1917                 </para>
1918         </sect1>
1919
1920         <sect1 id="logger">
1921             <title>logger</title>
1922
1923                 <para>
1924                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1925                 </para>
1926
1927                 <para>
1928                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is omitted, log
1929                 stdin.
1930                 </para>
1931
1932                 <para>
1933                 Options:
1934                 </para>
1935
1936                 <para>
1937                 <screen>
1938                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1939                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1940                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1941                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1942                 </screen>
1943                 </para>
1944
1945                 <para>
1946                 Example:
1947                 </para>
1948
1949                 <para>
1950                 <screen>
1951                         $ logger "hello"
1952                 </screen>
1953                 </para>
1954         </sect1>
1955
1956         <sect1 id="logname">
1957             <title>logname</title>
1958
1959                 <para>
1960                 Usage: logname
1961                 </para>
1962
1963                 <para>
1964                 Print the name of the current user.
1965                 </para>
1966
1967                 <para>
1968                 Example:
1969                 </para>
1970
1971                 <para>
1972                 <screen>
1973                         $ logname
1974                         root
1975                 </screen>
1976                 </para>
1977         </sect1>
1978
1979         <sect1 id="ls">
1980             <title>ls</title>
1981
1982                 <para>
1983                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1984                 </para>
1985
1986                 <para>
1987
1988                 </para>
1989
1990                 <para>
1991                 Options:
1992                 </para>
1993
1994                 <para>
1995                 <screen>
1996                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1997                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1998                                 modification of file status information)
1999                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
2000                         -e      List both full date and full time
2001                         -l      Use a long listing format
2002                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
2003                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
2004                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
2005                                 access of the file)
2006                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
2007                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
2008                         -C      List entries by columns
2009                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
2010                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
2011                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
2012                 </screen>
2013                 </para>
2014
2015                 <para>
2016                 Example:
2017                 </para>
2018
2019                 <para>
2020                 <screen>
2021                 </screen>
2022                 </para>
2023         </sect1>
2024
2025         <sect1 id="lsmod">
2026             <title>lsmod</title>
2027
2028                 <para>
2029                 Usage: lsmod
2030                 </para>
2031
2032                 <para>
2033                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
2034                 </para>
2035         </sect1>
2036
2037         <sect1 id="makedevs">
2038             <title>makedevs</title>
2039
2040                 <para>
2041                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
2042                 </para>
2043
2044                 <para>
2045                 Create a range of block or character special files.
2046                 </para>
2047
2048                 <para>
2049                 TYPE may be:
2050                 </para>
2051
2052                 <para>
2053                 <screen>
2054                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2055                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2056                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2057                 </screen>
2058                 </para>
2059
2060                 <para>
2061                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
2062                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
2063                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
2064                 argument, the base device is created as well.
2065                 </para>
2066
2067                 <para>
2068                 Example:
2069                 </para>
2070
2071                 <para>
2072                 <screen>
2073                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2074                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2075                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2076                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2077                 </screen>
2078                 </para>
2079         </sect1>
2080
2081         <sect1 id="md5sum">
2082             <title>md5sum</title>
2083
2084                 <para>
2085                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2086                 </para>
2087
2088                 <para>
2089                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2090                 </para>
2091
2092                 <para>
2093                 Options:
2094                 </para>
2095
2096                 <para>
2097                 <screen>
2098                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2099                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2100                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2101                         -g      Read a string
2102                 </screen>
2103                 </para>
2104
2105                 <para>
2106                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2107                 checksums:
2108                 </para>
2109
2110                 <para>
2111                 <screen>
2112                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2113                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2114                 </screen>
2115                 </para>
2116
2117                 <para>
2118                 Example:
2119                 </para>
2120
2121                 <para>
2122                 <screen>
2123                         $ md5sum busybox
2124                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2125                         $ md5sum -c
2126                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2127                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2128                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2129                         ^D
2130                 </screen>
2131                 </para>
2132         </sect1>
2133
2134         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2135             <title>mkdir</title>
2136
2137                 <para>
2138                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2139                 </para>
2140
2141                 <para>
2142                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2143                 </para>
2144
2145                 <para>
2146                 Options:
2147                 </para>
2148
2149                 <para>
2150                 <screen>
2151                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2152                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2153                 </screen>
2154                 </para>
2155
2156                 <para>
2157                 Example:
2158                 </para>
2159
2160                 <para>
2161                 <screen>
2162                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2163                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2164                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2165                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2166                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2167                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2168                 </screen>
2169                 </para>
2170         </sect1>
2171
2172         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2173             <title>mkfifo</title>
2174
2175                 <para>
2176                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2177                 </para>
2178
2179                 <para>
2180                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2181                 </para>
2182
2183                 <para>
2184                 Options:
2185                 </para>
2186
2187                 <para>
2188                 <screen>
2189                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2190                 </screen>
2191                 </para>
2192         </sect1>
2193
2194         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2195             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2196
2197                 <para>
2198                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2199                 </para>
2200
2201                 <para>
2202                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2203                 </para>
2204
2205                 <para>
2206                 Options:
2207                 </para>
2208
2209                 <para>
2210                 <screen>
2211                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2212                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2213                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2214                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2215                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2216                 </screen>
2217                 </para>
2218         </sect1>
2219
2220         <sect1 id="mknod">
2221             <title>mknod</title>
2222
2223                 <para>
2224                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2225                 </para>
2226
2227                 <para>
2228                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2229                 </para>
2230
2231                 <para>
2232                 Options:
2233                 </para>
2234
2235                 <para>
2236                 <screen>
2237                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2238                 </screen>
2239                 </para>
2240
2241                 <para>
2242                 TYPE may be:
2243                 </para>
2244
2245                 <para>
2246                 <screen>
2247                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2248                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2249                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2250                 </screen>
2251                 </para>
2252
2253                 <para>
2254                 Example:
2255                 </para>
2256
2257                 <para>
2258                 <screen>
2259                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2260                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2261                 </screen>
2262                 </para>
2263         </sect1>
2264
2265         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2266             <title>mkswap</title>
2267
2268                 <para>
2269                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2270                 </para>
2271
2272                 <para>
2273                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2274                 </para>
2275
2276                 <para>
2277                 Options:
2278                 </para>
2279
2280                 <para>
2281                 <screen>
2282                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2283                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2284                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2285                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2286                 </screen>
2287                 </para>
2288         </sect1>
2289
2290         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2291             <title>mktemp</title>
2292
2293                 <para>
2294                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2295                 </para>
2296
2297                 <para>
2298                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2299                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.,
2300                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2301                 </para>
2302
2303                 <para>
2304                 Example:
2305                 </para>
2306
2307                 <para>
2308                 <screen>
2309                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2310                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2311                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2312                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2313                 </screen>
2314                 </para>
2315         </sect1>
2316
2317         <sect1 id="more">
2318             <title>more</title>
2319
2320                 <para>
2321                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2322                 </para>
2323
2324                 <para>
2325                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2326                 </para>
2327
2328                 <para>
2329                 Example:
2330                 </para>
2331
2332                 <para>
2333                 <screen>
2334                         $ dmesg | more
2335                 </screen>
2336                 </para>
2337         </sect1>
2338
2339         <sect1 id="mount">
2340             <title>mount</title>
2341
2342                 <para>
2343                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2344                 </para>
2345
2346                 <para>
2347                 <screen>
2348                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2349                 </screen>
2350                 </para>
2351
2352                 <para>
2353                 Mount filesystems.
2354                 </para>
2355
2356                 <para>
2357                 Options:
2358                 </para>
2359
2360                 <para>
2361                 <screen>
2362                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2363                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2364                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2365                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2366                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2367                 </screen>
2368                 </para>
2369
2370                 <para>
2371                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2372                 </para>
2373
2374                 <para>
2375                 <screen>
2376                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2377                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2378                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2379                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2380                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2381                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2382                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2383                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2384                 </screen>
2385                 </para>
2386
2387                 <para>
2388                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2389                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2390                 </para>
2391
2392                 <para>
2393                 Example:
2394                 </para>
2395
2396                 <para>
2397                 <screen>
2398                         $ mount
2399                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2400                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2401                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2402                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2403                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2404                 </screen>
2405                 </para>
2406         </sect1>
2407
2408         <sect1 id="mt">
2409             <title>mt</title>
2410
2411                 <para>
2412                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2413                 </para>
2414
2415                 <para>
2416                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2417                 </para>
2418
2419                 <para>
2420                 Options:
2421                 </para>
2422
2423                 <para>
2424                 <screen>
2425                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2426                 </screen>
2427                 </para>
2428         </sect1>
2429
2430         <sect1 id="mv">
2431             <title>mv</title>
2432
2433                 <para>
2434                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2435                 </para>
2436
2437                 <para>
2438                 <screen>
2439                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2440                 </screen>
2441                 </para>
2442
2443                 <para>
2444                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2445                 </para>
2446
2447                 <para>
2448                 Example:
2449                 </para>
2450
2451                 <para>
2452                 <screen>
2453                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2454                 </screen>
2455                 </para>
2456         </sect1>
2457
2458         <sect1 id="nc">
2459             <title>nc</title>
2460
2461                 <para>
2462                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2463                 </para>
2464
2465                 <para>
2466                    or: nc -p PORT -l
2467                 </para>
2468
2469
2470                 <para>
2471                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT or listen for a connection on PORT.
2472                 </para>
2473
2474                 <para>
2475                 Example:
2476                 </para>
2477
2478                 <para>
2479                 <screen>
2480                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2481                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2482                         help
2483                         214-Commands supported:
2484                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2485                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2486                         quit
2487                         221 foobar closing connection
2488                 </screen>
2489                 </para>
2490         </sect1>
2491
2492         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2493             <title>nslookup</title>
2494
2495                 <para>
2496                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2497                 </para>
2498
2499                 <para>
2500                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2501                 HOST.
2502                 </para>
2503
2504                 <para>
2505                 Example:
2506                 </para>
2507
2508                 <para>
2509                 <screen>
2510                         $ nslookup localhost
2511                         Server:     default
2512                         Address:    default
2513
2514                         Name:       debian
2515                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2516                 </screen>
2517                 </para>
2518         </sect1>
2519
2520         <sect1 id="ping">
2521             <title>ping</title>
2522
2523                 <para>
2524                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2525                 </para>
2526
2527                 <para>
2528                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2529                 </para>
2530
2531                 <para>
2532                 Options:
2533                 </para>
2534
2535                 <para>
2536                 <screen>
2537                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2538                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2539                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2540                 </screen>
2541                 </para>
2542
2543                 <para>
2544                 Example:
2545                 </para>
2546
2547                 <para>
2548                 <screen>
2549                         $ ping localhost
2550                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2551                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2552
2553                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2554                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2555                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2556                 </screen>
2557                 </para>
2558         </sect1>
2559
2560         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2561             <title>poweroff</title>
2562
2563                 <para>
2564                 Usage: poweroff
2565                 </para>
2566
2567                 <para>
2568                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2569                 off power upon halting.
2570                 </para>
2571         </sect1>
2572
2573         <sect1 id="printf">
2574             <title>printf</title>
2575
2576                 <para>
2577                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2578                 </para>
2579
2580                 <para>
2581                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2582                 the C printf command.
2583                 </para>
2584
2585                 <para>
2586                 Example:
2587                 </para>
2588
2589                 <para>
2590                 <screen>
2591                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2592                         Val=5
2593                 </screen>
2594                 </para>
2595         </sect1>
2596
2597         <sect1 id="ps">
2598             <title>ps</title>
2599
2600                 <para>
2601                 Usage: ps
2602                 </para>
2603
2604                 <para>
2605                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2606                 options.
2607                 </para>
2608
2609                 <para>
2610                 Options:
2611                 </para>
2612
2613                 <para>
2614                 <screen>
2615                 </screen>
2616                 </para>
2617
2618                 <para>
2619                 Example:
2620                 </para>
2621
2622                 <para>
2623                 <screen>
2624                         $ ps
2625                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2626                             1 root     root     S init
2627                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2628                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2629                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2630                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2631                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2632                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2633                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2634                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2635                 </screen>
2636                 </para>
2637         </sect1>
2638
2639         <sect1 id="pwd">
2640             <title>pwd</title>
2641
2642                 <para>
2643                 Usage: pwd
2644                 </para>
2645
2646                 <para>
2647                 Print the full filename of the current working
2648                 directory.
2649                 </para>
2650
2651                 <para>
2652                 Example:
2653                 </para>
2654
2655                 <para>
2656                 <screen>
2657                         $ pwd
2658                         /root
2659                 </screen>
2660                 </para>
2661         </sect1>
2662
2663         <sect1 id="rdate">
2664             <title>rdate</title>
2665
2666                 <para>
2667                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2668                 </para>
2669
2670                 <para>
2671                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2672                 </para>
2673
2674                 <para>
2675                 Options:
2676                 </para>
2677
2678                 <para>
2679                 <screen>
2680                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2681                         -p      Print the date and time.
2682                 </screen>
2683                 </para>
2684         </sect1>
2685
2686         <sect1 id="reboot">
2687             <title>reboot</title>
2688
2689                 <para>
2690                 Usage: reboot
2691                 </para>
2692
2693                 <para>
2694                 Reboot the system.
2695                 </para>
2696         </sect1>
2697
2698         <sect1 id="renice">
2699             <title>renice</title>
2700
2701                 <para>
2702                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2703                 </para>
2704
2705                 <para>
2706                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2707                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2708                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2709                 </para>
2710         </sect1>
2711
2712         <sect1 id="reset">
2713             <title>reset</title>
2714
2715                 <para>
2716                 Usage: reset
2717                 </para>
2718
2719                 <para>
2720                 Resets the screen.
2721                 </para>
2722         </sect1>
2723
2724         <sect1 id="rm">
2725             <title>rm</title>
2726
2727                 <para>
2728                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2729                 </para>
2730
2731                 <para>
2732                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2733                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2734                 </para>
2735
2736                 <para>
2737                 Options:
2738                 </para>
2739
2740                 <para>
2741                 <screen>
2742                         -i              Always prompt before removing each destinations
2743                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2744                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2745                 </screen>
2746                 </para>
2747
2748                 <para>
2749                 Example:
2750                 </para>
2751
2752                 <para>
2753                 <screen>
2754                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2755                 </screen>
2756                 </para>
2757         </sect1>
2758
2759         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2760             <title>rmdir</title>
2761
2762                 <para>
2763                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2764                 </para>
2765
2766                 <para>
2767                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2768                 </para>
2769
2770                 <para>
2771                 Example:
2772                 </para>
2773
2774                 <para>
2775                 <screen>
2776                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2777                 </screen>
2778                 </para>
2779         </sect1>
2780
2781         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2782             <title>rmmod</title>
2783
2784                 <para>
2785                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2786                 </para>
2787
2788                 <para>
2789                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2790                 </para>
2791
2792                 <para>
2793                 Options:
2794                 </para>
2795
2796                 <para>
2797                 <screen>
2798                         -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)
2799                 </screen>
2800                 </para>
2801
2802                 <para>
2803                 Example:
2804                 </para>
2805
2806                 <para>
2807                 <screen>
2808                         $ rmmod tulip
2809                 </screen>
2810                 </para>
2811         </sect1>
2812
2813     <sect1 id="run-parts">
2814         <title>run-parts</title>
2815
2816                 <para>
2817                 Usage: run-parts [-t] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY
2818                 </para>
2819
2820                 <para>
2821                 Run a bunch of scripts in a directory.
2822                 </para>
2823
2824                 <para>
2825                 Options:
2826                 </para>
2827
2828                 <para>
2829                 <screen>
2830                         -t       Test only. It only print the file to be executed,
2831                         without execute them.
2832                         -a ARG   Pass ARG as an a argument to the programs executed.
2833                         -u MASK  Set the umask to MASK before executing the programs.
2834                 </screen>
2835                 </para>
2836         </sect1>
2837
2838
2839
2840         <sect1 id="sed">
2841             <title>sed</title>
2842
2843                 <para>
2844                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2845                 </para>
2846
2847                 <para>
2848                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2849                 </para>
2850
2851                 <para>
2852                 <screen>
2853                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2854                 </screen>
2855                 </para>
2856
2857                 <para>
2858                 ADDR can be:
2859                 </para>
2860
2861                 <para>
2862                 <screen>
2863                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2864                         $         Match last line
2865                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2866                 </screen>
2867                 </para>
2868
2869                 <para>
2870                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2871                 </para>
2872
2873                 <para>
2874                 COMMAND can be:
2875                 </para>
2876
2877                 <para>
2878                 <screen>
2879                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2880                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2881                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2882                         aTEXT
2883                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2884                 </screen>
2885                 </para>
2886
2887                 <para>
2888                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2889                 </para>
2890
2891                 <para>
2892                 Options:
2893                 </para>
2894
2895                 <para>
2896                 <screen>
2897                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2898                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2899                 </screen>
2900                 </para>
2901
2902                 <para>
2903                 Example:
2904                 </para>
2905
2906                 <para>
2907                 <screen>
2908                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2909                         bar
2910                 </screen>
2911                 </para>
2912         </sect1>
2913
2914         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2915             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2916
2917                 <para>
2918                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2919                 </para>
2920
2921                 <para>
2922                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2923                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2924                 </para>
2925
2926                 <para>
2927                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2928                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2929                 </para>
2930
2931                 <para>
2932                 Example:
2933                 </para>
2934
2935                 <para>
2936                 <screen>
2937                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2938                 </screen>
2939                 </para>
2940         </sect1>
2941
2942
2943         <sect1 id="sh">
2944             <title>sh</title>
2945
2946                 <para>
2947                 Usage: sh
2948                 </para>
2949
2950                 <para>
2951                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2952                 </para>
2953
2954                 <para>
2955                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2956                 </para>
2957
2958                 <para>
2959                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2960                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2961                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2962                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2963                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2964                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2965                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2966                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2967                 </para>
2968         </sect1>
2969
2970         <sect1 id="sleep">
2971             <title>sleep</title>
2972
2973                 <para>
2974                 Usage: sleep N
2975                 </para>
2976
2977                 <para>
2978                 Pause for N seconds.
2979                 </para>
2980
2981                 <para>
2982                 Example:
2983                 </para>
2984
2985                 <para>
2986                 <screen>
2987                         $ sleep 2
2988                         [2 second delay results]
2989                 </screen>
2990                 </para>
2991         </sect1>
2992
2993         <sect1 id="sort">
2994             <title>sort</title>
2995
2996                 <para>
2997                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2998                 </para>
2999
3000                 <para>
3001                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
3002                 </para>
3003
3004                 <para>
3005                 Options:
3006                 </para>
3007
3008                 <para>
3009                 <screen>
3010                         -n      Compare numerically
3011                         -r      Reverse after sorting
3012                 </screen>
3013                 </para>
3014
3015                 <para>
3016                 Example:
3017                 </para>
3018
3019                 <para>
3020                 <screen>
3021                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
3022                         a
3023                         b
3024                         c
3025                         d
3026                         e
3027                         f
3028                 </screen>
3029                 </para>
3030         </sect1>
3031
3032         <sect1 id="swapoff">
3033             <title>swapoff</title>
3034
3035                 <para>
3036                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3037                 </para>
3038
3039                 <para>
3040                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
3041                 </para>
3042
3043                 <para>
3044                 Options:
3045                 </para>
3046
3047                 <para>
3048                 <screen>
3049                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
3050                 </screen>
3051                 </para>
3052         </sect1>
3053
3054         <sect1 id="swapon">
3055             <title>swapon</title>
3056
3057                 <para>
3058                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
3059                 </para>
3060
3061                 <para>
3062                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
3063                 </para>
3064
3065                 <para>
3066                 Options:
3067                 </para>
3068
3069                 <para>
3070                 <screen>
3071                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
3072                 </screen>
3073                 </para>
3074         </sect1>
3075
3076         <sect1 id="sync">
3077             <title>sync</title>
3078
3079                 <para>
3080                 Usage: sync
3081                 </para>
3082
3083                 <para>
3084                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
3085                 </para>
3086         </sect1>
3087
3088         <sect1 id="syslogd">
3089             <title>syslogd</title>
3090
3091                 <para>
3092                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3093                 </para>
3094
3095                 <para>
3096                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
3097                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
3098                 /etc/syslog.conf.
3099                 </para>
3100
3101                 <para>
3102                 Options:
3103                 </para>
3104
3105                 <para>
3106                 <screen>
3107                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3108                         -n      Run as a foreground process
3109                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
3110                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3111                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log remotely to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
3112                         -L      Log locally as well as network logging (default is network only)
3113                         -C      Log to a circular buffer. Read this buffer using 'logread'
3114                 </screen>
3115                 </para>
3116
3117                 <para>
3118                 Example:
3119                 </para>
3120
3121                 <para>
3122                 <screen>
3123                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3124                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3125                 </screen>
3126                 </para>
3127         </sect1>
3128
3129         <sect1 id="tail">
3130             <title>tail</title>
3131
3132                 <para>
3133                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3134                 </para>
3135
3136                 <para>
3137                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3138                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3139                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3140                 read stdin.
3141                 </para>
3142
3143                 <para>
3144                 Options:
3145                 </para>
3146
3147                 <para>
3148                 <screen>
3149                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3150                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3151                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3152                 </screen>
3153                 </para>
3154
3155                 <para>
3156                 Example:
3157                 </para>
3158
3159                 <para>
3160                 <screen>
3161                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3162                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3163                 </screen>
3164                 </para>
3165         </sect1>
3166
3167         <sect1 id="tar">
3168             <title>tar</title>
3169
3170                 <para>
3171                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3172                 </para>
3173
3174                 <para>
3175
3176                 </para>
3177
3178                 <para>
3179                 MODE may be chosen from
3180                 </para>
3181
3182                 <para>
3183                 <screen>
3184                         c       Create
3185                         x       Extract
3186                         t       List
3187                 </screen>
3188                 </para>
3189
3190                 <para>
3191                 Options:
3192                 </para>
3193
3194                 <para>
3195                 <screen>
3196                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3197                         O                               Extract to stdout
3198                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3199                         v                               List files processed
3200                 </screen>
3201                 </para>
3202
3203                 <para>
3204                 Example:
3205                 </para>
3206
3207                 <para>
3208                 <screen>
3209                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3210                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3211                 </screen>
3212                 </para>
3213         </sect1>
3214
3215         <sect1 id="tee">
3216             <title>tee</title>
3217
3218                 <para>
3219                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3220                 </para>
3221
3222                 <para>
3223                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3224                 </para>
3225
3226                 <para>
3227                 Options:
3228                 </para>
3229
3230                 <para>
3231                 <screen>
3232                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3233                 </screen>
3234                 </para>
3235
3236                 <para>
3237                 Example:
3238                 </para>
3239
3240                 <para>
3241                 <screen>
3242                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3243                         Hello
3244                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3245                         Hello
3246                 </screen>
3247                 </para>
3248         </sect1>
3249
3250         <sect1 id="telnet">
3251             <title>telnet</title>
3252
3253                 <para>
3254                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3255                 </para>
3256
3257                 <para>
3258                 Establish interactive communication with another
3259                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3260                 </para>
3261         </sect1>
3262
3263         <sect1 id="test">
3264             <title>test, [</title>
3265
3266                 <para>
3267                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3268                 </para>
3269
3270                 <para>
3271                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3272                 </para>
3273
3274                 <para>
3275                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3276                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3277                 </para>
3278
3279                 <para>
3280                 Example:
3281                 </para>
3282
3283                 <para>
3284                 <screen>
3285                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3286                         $ echo $?
3287                         1
3288                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3289                         $ echo $?
3290                         0
3291                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3292                         $ echo $?
3293                         0
3294                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3295                         $ echo $?
3296                         1
3297                 </screen>
3298                 </para>
3299         </sect1>
3300
3301         <sect1 id="touch">
3302             <title>touch</title>
3303
3304                 <para>
3305                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3306                 </para>
3307
3308                 <para>
3309                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3310                 </para>
3311
3312                 <para>
3313                 Options:
3314                 </para>
3315
3316                 <para>
3317                 <screen>
3318                         -c      Do not create files
3319                 </screen>
3320                 </para>
3321
3322                 <para>
3323                 Example:
3324                 </para>
3325
3326                 <para>
3327                 <screen>
3328                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3329                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3330                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3331                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3332                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3333                 </screen>
3334                 </para>
3335         </sect1>
3336
3337         <sect1 id="tr">
3338             <title>tr</title>
3339
3340                 <para>
3341                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3342                 </para>
3343
3344                 <para>
3345                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3346                 writing to stdout.
3347                 </para>
3348
3349                 <para>
3350                 Options:
3351                 </para>
3352
3353                 <para>
3354                 <screen>
3355                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3356                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3357                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3358                 </screen>
3359                 </para>
3360
3361                 <para>
3362                 Example:
3363                 </para>
3364
3365                 <para>
3366                 <screen>
3367                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3368                         hello world
3369                 </screen>
3370                 </para>
3371         </sect1>
3372
3373         <sect1 id="true">
3374             <title>true</title>
3375
3376                 <para>
3377                 Usage: true
3378                 </para>
3379
3380                 <para>
3381                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3382                 </para>
3383
3384                 <para>
3385                 Example:
3386                 </para>
3387
3388                 <para>
3389                 <screen>
3390                         $ true
3391                         $ echo $?
3392                         0
3393                 </screen>
3394                 </para>
3395         </sect1>
3396
3397         <sect1 id="tty">
3398             <title>tty</title>
3399
3400                 <para>
3401                 Usage: tty
3402                 </para>
3403
3404                 <para>
3405                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3406                 </para>
3407
3408                 <para>
3409                 Options:
3410                 </para>
3411
3412                 <para>
3413                 <screen>
3414                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3415                 </screen>
3416                 </para>
3417
3418                 <para>
3419                 Example:
3420                 </para>
3421
3422                 <para>
3423                 <screen>
3424                         $ tty
3425                         /dev/tty2
3426                 </screen>
3427                 </para>
3428         </sect1>
3429
3430         <sect1 id="umount">
3431             <title>umount</title>
3432
3433                 <para>
3434                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3435                 </para>
3436
3437                 <para>
3438
3439                 </para>
3440
3441                 <para>
3442                 Options:
3443                 </para>
3444
3445                 <para>
3446                 <screen>
3447                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3448                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3449                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
3450                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3451                 </screen>
3452                 </para>
3453
3454                 <para>
3455                 Example:
3456                 </para>
3457
3458                 <para>
3459                 <screen>
3460                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3461                 </screen>
3462                 </para>
3463         </sect1>
3464
3465         <sect1 id="uname">
3466             <title>uname</title>
3467
3468                 <para>
3469                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3470                 </para>
3471
3472                 <para>
3473                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3474                 as -s.
3475                 </para>
3476
3477                 <para>
3478                 Options:
3479                 </para>
3480
3481                 <para>
3482                 <screen>
3483                         -a      Print all information
3484                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3485                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3486                         -r      Print the operating system release
3487                         -s      Print the operating system name
3488                         -p      Print the host processor type
3489                         -v      Print the operating system version
3490                 </screen>
3491                 </para>
3492
3493                 <para>
3494                 Example:
3495                 </para>
3496
3497                 <para>
3498                 <screen>
3499                         $ uname -a
3500                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3501                 </screen>
3502                 </para>
3503         </sect1>
3504
3505         <sect1 id="uniq">
3506             <title>uniq</title>
3507
3508                 <para>
3509                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3510                 </para>
3511
3512                 <para>
3513                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3514                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3515                 </para>
3516
3517                 <para>
3518                 Options:
3519                 </para>
3520
3521                 <para>
3522                 <screen>
3523                 -c              prefix lines by the number of occurrences
3524                 -d              only print duplicate lines
3525                 -u              only print unique lines
3526                 </screen>
3527                 </para>
3528
3529                 <para>
3530                 Example:
3531                 </para>
3532
3533                 <para>
3534                 <screen>
3535                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3536                         a
3537                         b
3538                         c
3539                 </screen>
3540                 </para>
3541         </sect1>
3542
3543         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3544             <title>unix2dos</title>
3545
3546                 <para>
3547                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3548                 </para>
3549
3550                 <para>
3551                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3552                 </para>
3553
3554         </sect1>
3555
3556         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3557             <title>unrpm</title>
3558
3559                 <para>
3560                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3561                 </para>
3562
3563                 <para>
3564                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3565                 </para>
3566
3567         </sect1>
3568
3569         <sect1 id="update">
3570             <title>update</title>
3571
3572                 <para>
3573                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3574                 </para>
3575
3576                 <para>
3577                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3578                 </para>
3579
3580                 <para>
3581                 Options:
3582                 </para>
3583
3584                 <para>
3585                 <screen>
3586                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3587                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3588                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3589                 </screen>
3590                 </para>
3591         </sect1>
3592
3593         <sect1 id="uptime">
3594             <title>uptime</title>
3595
3596                 <para>
3597                 Usage: uptime
3598                 </para>
3599
3600                 <para>
3601                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3602                 </para>
3603
3604                 <para>
3605                 Example:
3606                 </para>
3607
3608                 <para>
3609                 <screen>
3610                         $ uptime
3611                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3612                 </screen>
3613                 </para>
3614         </sect1>
3615
3616         <sect1 id="usleep">
3617             <title>usleep</title>
3618
3619                 <para>
3620                 Usage: usleep N
3621                 </para>
3622
3623                 <para>
3624                 Pause for N microseconds.
3625                 </para>
3626
3627                 <para>
3628                 Example:
3629                 </para>
3630
3631                 <para>
3632                 <screen>
3633                         $ usleep 1000000
3634                         [pauses for 1 second]
3635                 </screen>
3636                 </para>
3637         </sect1>
3638
3639         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3640             <title>uudecode</title>
3641
3642                 <para>
3643                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3644                 </para>
3645
3646                 <para>
3647                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3648                 </para>
3649
3650                 <para>
3651                 Options:
3652                 </para>
3653
3654                 <para>
3655                 <screen>
3656                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3657                 </screen>
3658                 </para>
3659
3660                 <para>
3661                 Example:
3662                 </para>
3663
3664                 <para>
3665                 <screen>
3666                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3667                         $ ls -l busybox
3668                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3669                 </screen>
3670                 </para>
3671         </sect1>
3672
3673         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3674             <title>uuencode</title>
3675
3676                 <para>
3677                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3678                 </para>
3679
3680                 <para>
3681                 Uuencode a file.
3682                 </para>
3683
3684                 <para>
3685                 Options:
3686                 </para>
3687
3688                 <para>
3689                 <screen>
3690                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3691                 </screen>
3692                 </para>
3693
3694                 <para>
3695                 Example:
3696                 </para>
3697
3698                 <para>
3699                 <screen>
3700                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3701                         begin 755 busybox
3702                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3703                         .....
3704                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3705                         $
3706                 </screen>
3707                 </para>
3708         </sect1>
3709
3710         <sect1 id="watchdog">
3711             <title>watchdog</title>
3712
3713                 <para>
3714                 Usage: watchdog device
3715                 </para>
3716
3717                 <para>
3718                 Periodically writes to watchdog device B<device>.
3719                 </para>
3720         </sect1>
3721
3722         <sect1 id="wc">
3723             <title>wc</title>
3724
3725                 <para>
3726                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3727                 </para>
3728
3729                 <para>
3730                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3731                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3732                 FILE, read stdin.
3733                 </para>
3734
3735                 <para>
3736                 Options:
3737                 </para>
3738
3739                 <para>
3740                 <screen>
3741                         -c      Print the byte counts
3742                         -l      Print the newline counts
3743                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3744                         -w      Print the word counts
3745                 </screen>
3746                 </para>
3747
3748                 <para>
3749                 Example:
3750                 </para>
3751
3752                 <para>
3753                 <screen>
3754                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3755                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3756                 </screen>
3757                 </para>
3758         </sect1>
3759
3760         <sect1 id="which">
3761             <title>which</title>
3762
3763                 <para>
3764                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3765                 </para>
3766
3767                 <para>
3768                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3769                 </para>
3770
3771                 <para>
3772                 Example:
3773                 </para>
3774
3775                 <para>
3776                 <screen>
3777                         $ which login
3778                         /bin/login
3779                 </screen>
3780                 </para>
3781         </sect1>
3782
3783         <sect1 id="whoami">
3784             <title>whoami</title>
3785
3786                 <para>
3787                 Usage: whoami
3788                 </para>
3789
3790                 <para>
3791                 Print the user name associated with the current
3792                 effective user id.
3793                 </para>
3794
3795                 <para>
3796                 Example:
3797                 </para>
3798
3799                 <para>
3800                 <screen>
3801                         $ whoami
3802                         andersen
3803                 </screen>
3804                 </para>
3805         </sect1>
3806
3807         <sect1 id="xargs">
3808             <title>xargs</title>
3809
3810                 <para>
3811                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3812                 </para>
3813
3814                 <para>
3815                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3816                 </para>
3817
3818                 <para>
3819                 Options:
3820                 </para>
3821
3822                 <para>
3823                 <screen>
3824                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3825                 </screen>
3826                 </para>
3827
3828
3829                 <para>
3830                 Example:
3831                 </para>
3832
3833                 <para>
3834                 <screen>
3835                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3836                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3837                 </screen>
3838                 </para>
3839         </sect1>
3840
3841         <sect1 id="yes">
3842             <title>yes</title>
3843
3844                 <para>
3845                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3846                 </para>
3847
3848                 <para>
3849                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3850                 or `y'.
3851                 </para>
3852         </sect1>
3853
3854         <sect1 id="zcat">
3855             <title>zcat</title>
3856
3857                 <para>
3858                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3859                 </para>
3860
3861                 <para>
3862                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3863                 </para>
3864
3865                 <para>
3866                 Options:
3867                 </para>
3868
3869                 <para>
3870                 <screen>
3871                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3872                 </screen>
3873                 </para>
3874
3875                 <para>
3876                 Example:
3877                 </para>
3878
3879                 <para>
3880                 <screen>
3881                 </screen>
3882                 </para>
3883         </sect1>
3884   </chapter>
3885
3886   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3887     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3888
3889         <para>
3890         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3891         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3892         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3893         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3894         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3895         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3896         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3897         libraries installed.
3898         </para>
3899
3900         <para>
3901         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3902         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3903         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3904         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3905         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3906         </para>
3907   </chapter>
3908
3909   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3910     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3911
3912         <para>
3913         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3914         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3915         etc...
3916         </para>
3917   </chapter>
3918
3919   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3920     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3921
3922         <para>
3923         Erik Andersen &lt;andersen@codepoet.org&gt;
3924         </para>
3925   </chapter>
3926
3927   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3928     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3929
3930         <para>
3931         The following people have made significant contributions to
3932         BusyBox -- whether they know it or not.
3933         </para>
3934
3935         <para>
3936         Erik Andersen &lt;andersen@codepoet.org&gt;
3937         </para>
3938
3939         <para>
3940         Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;
3941         </para>
3942
3943         <para>
3944         John Beppu &lt;beppu@codepoet.org&gt;
3945         </para>
3946
3947         <para>
3948         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3949         </para>
3950
3951         <para>
3952         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3953         </para>
3954
3955         <para>
3956         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3957         </para>
3958
3959         <para>
3960         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3961         </para>
3962
3963         <para>
3964         Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;
3965         </para>
3966
3967         <para>
3968         Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu&gt;
3969         </para>
3970
3971         <para>
3972         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3973         </para>
3974
3975         <para>
3976         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3977         </para>
3978
3979         <para>
3980         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3981         </para>
3982
3983         <para>
3984         Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;
3985         </para>
3986
3987         <para>
3988         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3989         </para>
3990
3991         <para>
3992         Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;
3993         </para>
3994
3995         <para>
3996         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3997         </para>
3998
3999         <para>
4000         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@codepoet.org&gt;
4001         </para>
4002
4003         <para>
4004         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
4005         </para>
4006
4007         <para>
4008         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
4009         </para>
4010
4011         <para>
4012         Vladimir Oleynik &lt;dzo@simtreas.ru&gt;
4013         </para>
4014
4015
4016   </chapter>
4017 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->