docs/busybox.sgml

   1 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [ ]>
   2 <book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
   3  <bookinfo>
   4   <title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
   5
   6   <legalnotice>
   7    <para>
   8      This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
   9      it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
  10      License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  11      version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
  12      version.
  13    </para>
  14
  15    <para>
  16      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
  17      useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
  18      warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
  19      See the GNU General Public License for more details.
  20    </para>
  21
  22    <para>
  23      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
  24      License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
  25      Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  26      MA 02111-1307 USA
  27    </para>
  28
  29    <para>
  30      For more details see the file COPYING in the source
  31      distribution of Linux.
  32    </para>
  33   </legalnotice>
  34  </bookinfo>
  35
  36 <toc></toc>
  37   <chapter id="Introduction">
  38      <title>Introduction</title>
  39
  40         <para>
  41         BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
  42         small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
  43         utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
  44         grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  45         for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
  46         fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
  47         that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
  48         like their GNU counterparts.
  49         </para>
  50
  51         <para>
  52         BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  53         mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  54         commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  55         your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
  56         shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
  57         </para>
  58   </chapter>
  59
  60   <chapter id="Syntax">
  61      <title>How to use BusyBox</title>
  62         <sect1 id="How-to-use-BusyBox">
  63             <title>Syntax</title>
  64
  65             <para>
  66             <screen>
  67              BusyBox &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]  # or
  68             </screen>
  69             </para>
  70
  71             <para>
  72             <screen>
  73              &lt;function&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked
  74             </screen>
  75             </para>
  76         </sect1>
  77
  78         <sect1 id="Invoking-BusyBox">
  79             <title>Invoking BusyBox</title>
  80
  81             <para>
  82             When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
  83             BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
  84             has been invoked.
  85             </para>
  86
  87             <para>
  88             For example, entering
  89             </para>
  90
  91             <para>
  92             <screen>
  93                     ln -s ./BusyBox ls
  94                     ./ls
  95             </screen>
  96             </para>
  97
  98             <para>
  99             will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
 100             into BusyBox).
 101             </para>
 102
 103             <para>
 104             You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
 105             command line. For example, entering
 106             </para>
 107
 108             <para>
 109             <screen>
 110                     ./BusyBox ls
 111             </screen>
 112             </para>
 113
 114             <para>
 115             will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
 116             </para>
 117
 118         </sect1>
 119
 120         <sect1 id="Common-options">
 121             <title>Common options</title>
 122
 123             <para>
 124             Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
 125             a terse runtime description of their behavior.
 126             </para>
 127         </sect1>
 128   </chapter>
 129
 130   <chapter id="Commands">
 131      <title>BusyBox Commands</title>
 132         <sect1 id="Available-BusyBox-Commands">
 133             <title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
 134                 <para>
 135                 Currently defined functions include:
 136                 </para>
 137
 138                 <para>
 139                 ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear,
 140                 cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du,
 141                 dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
 142                 freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head,
 143                 hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
 144                 loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod,
 145                 makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp,
 146                 more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps,
 147                 pwd, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep,
 148                 sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet,
 149                 test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
 150                 uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes,
 151                 zcat, [
 152                 </para>
 153         </sect1>
 154
 155         <sect1 id="ar">
 156             <title>ar</title>
 157
 158                 <para>
 159                 Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
 160                 </para>
 161
 162                 <para>
 163                 Extract or list files from an ar archive.
 164                 </para>
 165
 166                 <para>
 167                 Options:
 168                 </para>
 169
 170                 <para>
 171                 <screen>
 172                         o       Preserve original dates
 173                         p       Extract to stdout
 174                         t       List
 175                         x       Extract
 176                         v       Verbosely list files processed
 177                 </screen>
 178                 </para>
 179         </sect1>
 180
 181         <sect1 id="basename">
 182             <title>basename</title>
 183                 <para>
 184                 Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
 185                 </para>
 186
 187                 <para>
 188                 Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
 189                 any trailing SUFFIX.
 190                 </para>
 191
 192                 <para>
 193                 Example:
 194                 </para>
 195
 196                 <para>
 197                 <screen>
 198                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
 199                         foo
 200                         $ basename /usr/local/bin/
 201                         bin
 202                         $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
 203                         bar
 204                 </screen>
 205                 </para>
 206         </sect1>
 207
 208         <sect1 id="cat">
 209             <title>cat</title>
 210
 211                 <para>
 212                 Usage: cat [FILE]...
 213                 </para>
 214
 215                 <para>
 216                 Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
 217                 output.
 218                 </para>
 219
 220                 <para>
 221                 Example:
 222                 </para>
 223
 224                 <para>
 225                 <screen>
 226                         $ cat /proc/uptime
 227                         110716.72 17.67
 228                 </screen>
 229                 </para>
 230         </sect1>
 231
 232         <sect1 id="chgrp">
 233             <title>chgrp</title>
 234
 235                 <para>
 236                 Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
 237                 </para>
 238
 239                 <para>
 240                 Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
 241                 </para>
 242
 243                 <para>
 244                 Options:
 245                 </para>
 246
 247                 <para>
 248                 <screen>
 249                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 250                 </screen>
 251                 </para>
 252
 253                 <para>
 254                 Example:
 255                 </para>
 256
 257                 <para>
 258                 <screen>
 259                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 260                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 261                         $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
 262                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 263                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 264                 </screen>
 265                 </para>
 266         </sect1>
 267
 268         <sect1 id="chmod">
 269             <title>chmod</title>
 270
 271                 <para>
 272                 Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
 273                 </para>
 274
 275                 <para>
 276                 Change file access permissions for the specified
 277                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
 278                 combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
 279                 selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
 280                 <literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
 281                 </para>
 282
 283                 <para>
 284                 WHO may be chosen from
 285                 </para>
 286
 287                 <para>
 288                 <screen>
 289                         u       User who owns the file
 290                         g       Users in the file's Group
 291                         o       Other users not in the file's group
 292                         a       All users
 293                 </screen>
 294                 </para>
 295
 296                 <para>
 297                 OPERATOR may be chosen from
 298                 </para>
 299
 300                 <para>
 301                 <screen>
 302                         +       Add a permission
 303                         -       Remove a permission
 304                         =       Assign a permission
 305                 </screen>
 306                 </para>
 307
 308                 <para>
 309                 PERMISSION may be chosen from
 310                 </para>
 311
 312                 <para>
 313                 <screen>
 314                         r       Read
 315                         w       Write
 316                         x       Execute (or access for directories)
 317                         s       Set user (or group) ID bit
 318                         t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
 319                 </screen>
 320                 </para>
 321
 322                 <para>
 323                 Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
 324                 numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
 325                 </para>
 326
 327                 <para>
 328                 <screen>
 329                         4       Read
 330                         2       Write
 331                         1       Execute
 332                 </screen>
 333                 </para>
 334
 335                 <para>
 336                 An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
 337                 </para>
 338
 339                 <para>
 340                 <screen>
 341                         4       Set user ID
 342                         2       Set group ID
 343                         1       Sticky bit
 344                 </screen>
 345                 </para>
 346
 347                 <para>
 348                 Options:
 349                 </para>
 350
 351                 <para>
 352                 <screen>
 353                         -R      Change files and directories recursively.
 354                 </screen>
 355                 </para>
 356
 357                 <para>
 358                 Example:
 359                 </para>
 360
 361                 <para>
 362                 <screen>
 363                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 364                         -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 365                         $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
 366                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 367                         -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
 368                         $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
 369                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 370                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 371                 </screen>
 372                 </para>
 373         </sect1>
 374
 375         <sect1 id="chown">
 376             <title>chown</title>
 377                 <para>
 378                 Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP] FILE...
 379                 </para>
 380
 381                 <para>
 382                 Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
 383                 </para>
 384
 385                 <para>
 386                 Options:
 387                 </para>
 388
 389                 <para>
 390                 <screen>
 391                         -R      Change files and directories recursively
 392                 </screen>
 393                 </para>
 394
 395                 <para>
 396                 Example:
 397                 </para>
 398
 399                 <para>
 400                 <screen>
 401                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 402                         -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 403                         $ chown root /tmp/foo
 404                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
 405                         -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 406                         $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
 407                         ls -l /tmp/foo
 408                         -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
 409                 </screen>
 410                 </para>
 411         </sect1>
 412
 413         <sect1 id="chroot">
 414             <title>chroot</title>
 415                 <para>
 416                 Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
 417                 </para>
 418
 419                 <para>
 420                 Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
 421                 </para>
 422
 423                 <para>
 424                 Example:
 425                 </para>
 426
 427                 <para>
 428                 <screen>
 429                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 430                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -&gt; /BusyBox
 431                         $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
 432                         $ chroot /mnt
 433                         $ ls -l /bin/ls
 434                         -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
 435                 </screen>
 436                 </para>
 437         </sect1>
 438
 439         <sect1 id="chvt">
 440             <title>chvt</title>
 441                 <para>
 442                 Usage: chvt N
 443                 </para>
 444
 445                 <para>
 446                 Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
 447                 </para>
 448         </sect1>
 449
 450         <sect1 id="clear">
 451             <title>clear</title>
 452
 453                 <para>
 454                 Usage: clear
 455                 </para>
 456
 457                 <para>
 458                 Clear the screen.
 459                 </para>
 460         </sect1>
 461
 462         <sect1 id="cp">
 463             <title>cp</title>
 464
 465                 <para>
 466                 Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
 467                 </para>
 468
 469                 <para>
 470                 <screen>
 471                    or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
 472                 </screen>
 473                 </para>
 474
 475                 <para>
 476                 Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
 477                 DIRECTORY.
 478                 </para>
 479
 480                 <para>
 481                 Options:
 482                 </para>
 483
 484                 <para>
 485                 <screen>
 486                         -a      Same as -dpR
 487                         -d      Preserve links
 488                         -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
 489                         -R      Copy directories recursively
 490                 </screen>
 491                 </para>
 492         </sect1>
 493
 494         <sect1 id="cut">
 495             <title>cut</title>
 496
 497                 <para>
 498                 Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 499                 </para>
 500
 501                 <para>
 502                 Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
 503                 </para>
 504
 505                 <para>
 506                 Options:
 507                 </para>
 508
 509                 <para>
 510                 <screen>
 511                                 -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
 512                                 -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
 513                                 -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
 514                                 -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
 515                                 -f N    Print only these fields
 516                                 -n      Ignored
 517                 </screen>
 518                 </para>
 519
 520                 <para>
 521                 Example:
 522                 </para>
 523
 524                 <para>
 525                 <screen>
 526                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
 527                         Hello
 528                         $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
 529                         world
 530                 </screen>
 531                 </para>
 532         </sect1>
 533
 534         <sect1 id="date">
 535             <title>date</title>
 536
 537                 <para>
 538                 Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
 539                 </para>
 540
 541                 <para>
 542                 <screen>
 543                   or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
 544                 </screen>
 545                 </para>
 546
 547                 <para>
 548                 Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
 549                 </para>
 550
 551                 <para>
 552                 Options:
 553                 </para>
 554
 555                 <para>
 556                 <screen>
 557                         -R      Output RFC-822 compliant date string
 558                         -s      Set time described by STRING
 559                         -u      Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
 560                 </screen>
 561                 </para>
 562
 563                 <para>
 564                 Example:
 565                 </para>
 566
 567                 <para>
 568                 <screen>
 569                         $ date
 570                         Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
 571                 </screen>
 572                 </para>
 573         </sect1>
 574
 575         <sect1 id="dc">
 576             <title>dc</title>
 577
 578                 <para>
 579                 Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
 580                 </para>
 581
 582                 <para>
 583                 This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
 584                 following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
 585                 no arguments are given, dc will process input from
 586                 stdin.
 587                 </para>
 588
 589                 <para>
 590                 The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
 591                 from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
 592                 </para>
 593
 594                 <para>
 595                 Example:
 596                 </para>
 597
 598                 <para>
 599                 <screen>
 600                         $ dc 2 2 +
 601                         4
 602                         $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
 603                         16
 604                         $ dc 0 1 and
 605                         0
 606                         $ dc 0 1 or
 607                         1
 608                         $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
 609                         64
 610                 </screen>
 611                 </para>
 612         </sect1>
 613
 614         <sect1 id="dd">
 615             <title>dd</title>
 616
 617                 <para>
 618                 Usage: dd [OPTION]...
 619                 </para>
 620
 621                 <para>
 622                 Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
 623                 options.
 624                 </para>
 625
 626                 <para>
 627                 Options:
 628                 </para>
 629
 630                 <para>
 631                 <screen>
 632                         if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
 633                         of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
 634                         bs=N    Read and write N bytes at a time
 635                         count=N Copy only N input blocks
 636                         skip=N  Skip N input blocks
 637                         seek=N  Skip N output blocks
 638                 </screen>
 639                 </para>
 640
 641                 <para>
 642                 Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
 643                 or M (x1024^2).
 644                 </para>
 645
 646                 <para>
 647                 Example:
 648                 </para>
 649
 650                 <para>
 651                 <screen>
 652                         $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
 653                         4+0 records in
 654                         4+0 records out
 655                 </screen>
 656                 </para>
 657         </sect1>
 658
 659         <sect1 id="deallocvt">
 660             <title>deallocvt</title>
 661
 662                 <para>
 663                 Usage: deallocvt N
 664                 </para>
 665
 666                 <para>
 667                 Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
 668                 </para>
 669         </sect1>
 670
 671         <sect1 id="df">
 672             <title>df</title>
 673
 674                 <para>
 675                 Usage: df [FILE]...
 676                 </para>
 677
 678                 <para>
 679                 Print the filesystem space used and space available.
 680                 </para>
 681
 682                 <para>
 683                 Example:
 684                 </para>
 685
 686                 <para>
 687                 <screen>
 688                         $ df
 689                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 690                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 691                         /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
 692                         $ df /dev/sda3
 693                         Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
 694                         /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
 695                 </screen>
 696                 </para>
 697         </sect1>
 698
 699         <sect1 id="dirname">
 700             <title>dirname</title>
 701
 702                 <para>
 703                 Usage: dirname NAME
 704                 </para>
 705
 706                 <para>
 707                 Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
 708                 </para>
 709
 710                 <para>
 711                 Example:
 712                 </para>
 713
 714                 <para>
 715                 <screen>
 716                         $ dirname /tmp/foo
 717                         /tmp
 718                         $ dirname /tmp/foo/
 719                         /tmp
 720                 </screen>
 721                 </para>
 722         </sect1>
 723
 724         <sect1 id="dmesg">
 725             <title>dmesg</title>
 726
 727                 <para>
 728                 Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
 729                 </para>
 730
 731                 <para>
 732                 Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
 733                 </para>
 734
 735                 <para>
 736                 Options:
 737                 </para>
 738
 739                 <para>
 740                 <screen>
 741                         -c              Clear the ring buffer after printing
 742                         -n LEVEL        Set the console logging level to LEVEL
 743                         -s BUFSIZE      Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
 744                 </screen>
 745                 </para>
 746         </sect1>
 747
 748         <sect1 id="dos2unix">
 749             <title>dos2unix</title>
 750
 751                 <para>
 752                 Usage: dos2unix < dosfile > unixfile
 753                 </para>
 754
 755                 <para>
 756                 Converts a text file from dos format to unix format.
 757                 </para>
 758
 759         </sect1>
 760
 761         <sect1 id="du">
 762             <title>du</title>
 763
 764                 <para>
 765                 Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
 766                 </para>
 767
 768                 <para>
 769                 Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
 770                 directory.  Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
 771                 1024 bytes).
 772                 </para>
 773
 774                 <para>
 775                 Options:
 776                 </para>
 777
 778                 <para>
 779                 <screen>
 780                         -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
 781                         -s      Display only a total for each argument
 782                 </screen>
 783                 </para>
 784
 785                 <para>
 786                 Example:
 787                 </para>
 788
 789                 <para>
 790                 <screen>
 791                         $ du
 792                         16      ./CVS
 793                         12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
 794                         80      ./kernel-patches
 795                         12      ./tests/CVS
 796                         36      ./tests
 797                         12      ./scripts/CVS
 798                         16      ./scripts
 799                         12      ./docs/CVS
 800                         104     ./docs
 801                         2417    .
 802                 </screen>
 803                 </para>
 804         </sect1>
 805
 806         <sect1 id="dumpkmap">
 807             <title>dumpkmap</title>
 808
 809                 <para>
 810                 Usage: dumpkmap
 811                 </para>
 812
 813                 <para>
 814                 Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output.
 815                 </para>
 816
 817                 <para>
 818                 Example:
 819                 </para>
 820
 821                 <para>
 822                 <screen>
 823                         $ dumpkmap &lt; keymap
 824                 </screen>
 825                 </para>
 826         </sect1>
 827
 828         <sect1 id="dutmp">
 829             <title>dutmp</title>
 830
 831                 <para>
 832                 Usage: dutmp [FILE]
 833                 </para>
 834
 835                 <para>
 836                 Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
 837                 stdin to stdout.
 838                 </para>
 839
 840                 <para>
 841                 Example:
 842                 </para>
 843
 844                 <para>
 845                 <screen>
 846                         $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
 847                         8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
 848                         2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
 849                         1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
 850                         8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
 851                         6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
 852                         6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
 853                         7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
 854                 </screen>
 855                 </para>
 856         </sect1>
 857
 858         <sect1 id="echo">
 859             <title>echo</title>
 860
 861                 <para>
 862                 Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
 863                 </para>
 864
 865                 <para>
 866                 Print ARGs to stdout.
 867                 </para>
 868
 869                 <para>
 870                 Options:
 871                 </para>
 872
 873                 <para>
 874                 <screen>
 875                         -n      Suppress trailing newline
 876                         -e      Enable interpretation of escaped characters
 877                         -E      Disable interpretation of escaped characters
 878                 </screen>
 879                 </para>
 880
 881                 <para>
 882                 Example:
 883                 </para>
 884
 885                 <para>
 886                 <screen>
 887                         $ echo "Erik is cool"
 888                         Erik is cool
 889                         $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
 890                         Erik
 891                         is
 892                         cool
 893                         $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
 894                         Erik\nis\ncool
 895                 </screen>
 896                 </para>
 897         </sect1>
 898
 899         <sect1 id="expr">
 900             <title>expr</title>
 901
 902                 <para>
 903                 Usage: expr EXPRESSION
 904                 </para>
 905
 906                 <para>
 907                 Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.
 908                 </para>
 909
 910                 <para>
 911                 EXPRESSION may be:
 912                 </para>
 913
 914                 <para>
 915                 <screen>
 916                         ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
 917                         ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
 918                         ARG1 &lt  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
 919                         ARG1 &lt= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
 920                         ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
 921                         ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
 922                         ARG1 &gt= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
 923                         ARG1 &gt  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
 924                         ARG1 +  ARG2    arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
 925                         ARG1 -  ARG2    arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
 926                         ARG1 *  ARG2    arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
 927                         ARG1 /  ARG2    arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 928                         ARG1 %  ARG2    arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
 929                         STRING : REGEXP             anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
 930                         match STRING REGEXP         same as STRING : REGEXP
 931                         substr STRING POS LENGTH    substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
 932                         index STRING CHARS          index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
 933                         length STRING               length of STRING
 934                         quote TOKEN                 interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
 935                                                         keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
 936                         ( EXPRESSION )              value of EXPRESSION
 937                 </screen>
 938                 </para>
 939
 940                 <para>
 941                 Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
 942                 Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
 943                 lexicographical.  Pattern matches return the string matched between
 944                 \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
 945                 of characters matched or 0.
 946                 </para>
 947
 948         </sect1>
 949
 950
 951         <sect1 id="false">
 952             <title>false</title>
 953
 954                 <para>
 955                 Usage: false
 956                 </para>
 957
 958                 <para>
 959                 Return an exit code of FALSE (1).
 960                 </para>
 961
 962                 <para>
 963                 Example:
 964                 </para>
 965
 966                 <para>
 967                 <screen>
 968                         $ false
 969                         $ echo $?
 970                         1
 971                 </screen>
 972                 </para>
 973         </sect1>
 974
 975         <sect1 id="fbset">
 976             <title>fbset</title>
 977
 978                 <para>
 979                 Usage: fbset [OPTION]... [MODE]
 980                 </para>
 981
 982                 <para>
 983                 Show and modify frame buffer device settings.
 984                 </para>
 985
 986                 <para>
 987                 Options:
 988                 </para>
 989
 990                 <para>
 991                 <screen>
 992                         -h                                              Display option summary
 993                         -fb DEVICE                                      Operate on DEVICE
 994                         -db FILE                                        Use FILE for mode database
 995                         -g XRES YRES VXRES VYRES DEPTH                  Set all geometry parameters
 996                         -t PIXCLOCK LEFT RIGHT UPPER LOWER HSLEN VSLEN  Set all timing parameters
 997                         -xres RES                                       Set visible horizontal resolution
 998                         -yres RES                                       Set visible vertical resolution
 999                 </screen>
1000                 </para>
1001
1002                 <para>
1003                 Example:
1004                 </para>
1005
1006                 <para>
1007                 <screen>
1008                         $ fbset
1009                         mode "1024x768-76"
1010                                         # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
1011                                         geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
1012                                         timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
1013                                         accel false
1014                                         rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
1015                         endmode
1016                 </screen>
1017                 </para>
1018         </sect1>
1019
1020         <sect1 id="fdflush">
1021             <title>fdflush</title>
1022
1023                 <para>
1024                 Usage: fdflush DEVICE
1025                 </para>
1026
1027                 <para>
1028                 Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change on DEVICE.
1029                 </para>
1030         </sect1>
1031
1032         <sect1 id="find">
1033             <title>find</title>
1034
1035                 <para>
1036                 Usage: find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]
1037                 </para>
1038
1039                 <para>
1040                 Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default
1041                 PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is
1042                 '-print'.
1043                 </para>
1044
1045                 <para>
1046                 EXPRESSION may consist of:
1047                 </para>
1048
1049                 <para>
1050                 <screen>
1051                         -follow         Dereference symbolic links
1052                         -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN
1053                         -print          Print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout
1054                 </screen>
1055                 </para>
1056
1057                 <para>
1058                 Example:
1059                 </para>
1060
1061                 <para>
1062                 <screen>
1063                         $ find / -name /etc/passwd
1064                         /etc/passwd
1065                 </screen>
1066                 </para>
1067         </sect1>
1068
1069         <sect1 id="free">
1070             <title>free</title>
1071
1072                 <para>
1073                 Usage: free
1074                 </para>
1075
1076                 <para>
1077                 Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
1078                 </para>
1079
1080                 <para>
1081                 Example:
1082                 </para>
1083
1084                 <para>
1085                 <screen>
1086                         $ free
1087                         total         used         free       shared      buffers
1088                           Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
1089                          Swap:       128516         8404       120112
1090                         Total:       386144       257128       129016
1091                 </screen>
1092                 </para>
1093         </sect1>
1094
1095         <sect1 id="freeramdisk">
1096             <title>freeramdisk</title>
1097
1098                 <para>
1099                 Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
1100                 </para>
1101
1102                 <para>
1103                 Free all memory used by the ramdisk DEVICE.
1104                 </para>
1105
1106                 <para>
1107                 Example:
1108                 </para>
1109
1110                 <para>
1111                 <screen>
1112                         $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
1113                 </screen>
1114                 </para>
1115         </sect1>
1116
1117         <sect1 id="fsck.minix">
1118             <title>fsck.minix</title>
1119
1120                 <para>
1121                 Usage: fsck.minix [OPTION]... DEVICE
1122                 </para>
1123
1124                 <para>
1125                 Perform a consistency check on the MINIX filesystem on
1126                 DEVICE.
1127                 </para>
1128
1129                 <para>
1130                 Options:
1131                 </para>
1132
1133                 <para>
1134                 <screen>
1135                         -l      List all filenames
1136                         -r      Perform interactive repairs
1137                         -a      Perform automatic repairs
1138                         -v      Verbose
1139                         -s      Output super-block information
1140                         -m      Activate MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
1141                         -f      Force file system check.
1142                 </screen>
1143                 </para>
1144         </sect1>
1145
1146         <sect1 id="getopt">
1147             <title>getopt</title>
1148
1149                 <para>
1150                 Usage: getopt [OPTIONS]...
1151                 </para>
1152
1153                 <para>
1154                 Parse command options
1155                 </para>
1156
1157                 <para>
1158                 <screen>
1159                    -a, --alternative            Allow long options starting with single -\n"
1160                    -l, --longoptions=longopts   Long options to be recognized\n"
1161                    -n, --name=progname          The name under which errors are reported\n"
1162                    -o, --options=optstring      Short options to be recognized\n"
1163                    -q, --quiet                  Disable error reporting by getopt(3)\n"
1164                    -Q, --quiet-output           No normal output\n"
1165                    -s, --shell=shell            Set shell quoting conventions\n"
1166                    -T, --test                   Test for getopt(1) version\n"
1167                    -u, --unqote                 Do not quote the output\n"
1168                 </screen>
1169                 </para>
1170
1171
1172                 <para>
1173                 Example:
1174                 </para>
1175
1176                 <para>
1177                 <screen>
1178                         $ cat getopt.test
1179                         #!/bin/sh
1180                         GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
1181                                 -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
1182                         if [ $? != 0 ] ; then  exit 1 ; fi
1183                         eval set -- "$GETOPT"
1184                         while true ; do
1185                           case $1 in
1186                             -a|--a-long) echo "Option a" ; shift ;;
1187                             -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1188                             -c|--c-long)
1189                               case "$2" in
1190                                 "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2 ;;
1191                                 *)  echo "Option c, argument \`$2'" ; shift 2 ;;
1192                               esac ;;
1193                             --) shift ; break ;;
1194                             *) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
1195                           esac
1196                         done
1197                 </screen>
1198                 </para>
1199         </sect1>
1200
1201         <sect1 id="grep">
1202             <title>grep</title>
1203
1204                 <para>
1205                 Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
1206                 </para>
1207
1208                 <para>
1209                 Search for PATTERN in each FILE or stdin.
1210                 </para>
1211
1212                 <para>
1213                 Options:
1214                 </para>
1215
1216                 <para>
1217                 <screen>
1218                         -h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
1219                         -i      Ignore case distinctions
1220                         -n      Print line number with output lines
1221                         -q      Be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
1222                         -v      Select non-matching lines
1223                 </screen>
1224                 </para>
1225
1226                 <para>
1227                 This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
1228                 </para>
1229
1230                 <para>
1231                 Example:
1232                 </para>
1233
1234                 <para>
1235                 <screen>
1236                         $ grep root /etc/passwd
1237                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1238                         $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
1239                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1240                 </screen>
1241                 </para>
1242         </sect1>
1243
1244         <sect1 id="gunzip">
1245             <title>gunzip</title>
1246
1247                 <para>
1248                 Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
1249                 </para>
1250
1251                 <para>
1252                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-').
1253                 </para>
1254
1255                 <para>
1256                 Options:
1257                 </para>
1258
1259                 <para>
1260                 <screen>
1261                         -c      Write output to standard output
1262                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
1263                 </screen>
1264                 </para>
1265
1266                 <para>
1267                 Example:
1268                 </para>
1269
1270                 <para>
1271                 <screen>
1272                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1273                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1274                         $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1275                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1276                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1277                 </screen>
1278                 </para>
1279         </sect1>
1280
1281         <sect1 id="gzip">
1282             <title>gzip</title>
1283
1284                 <para>
1285                 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
1286                 </para>
1287
1288                 <para>
1289                 Compress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') with maximum
1290                 compression to FILE.gz (or stdout if FILE is '-').
1291                 </para>
1292
1293                 <para>
1294                 Options:
1295                 </para>
1296
1297                 <para>
1298                 <screen>
1299                         -c      Write output to standard output
1300                 </screen>
1301                 </para>
1302
1303                 <para>
1304                 Example:
1305                 </para>
1306
1307                 <para>
1308                 <screen>
1309                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1310                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1311                         $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
1312                         $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
1313                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
1314                 </screen>
1315                 </para>
1316         </sect1>
1317
1318         <sect1 id="halt">
1319             <title>halt</title>
1320
1321                 <para>
1322                 Usage: halt
1323                 </para>
1324
1325                 <para>
1326                 Halt the system.
1327                 </para>
1328         </sect1>
1329
1330         <sect1 id="head">
1331             <title>head</title>
1332
1333                 <para>
1334                 Usage: head [OPTION] FILE...
1335                 </para>
1336
1337                 <para>
1338                 Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
1339                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
1340                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
1341                 read standard input.
1342                 </para>
1343
1344                 <para>
1345                 Options:
1346                 </para>
1347
1348                 <para>
1349                 <screen>
1350                         -n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
1351                 </screen>
1352                 </para>
1353
1354                 <para>
1355                 Example:
1356                 </para>
1357
1358                 <para>
1359                 <screen>
1360                         $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
1361                         root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
1362                         daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
1363                 </screen>
1364                 </para>
1365         </sect1>
1366
1367         <sect1 id="hostid">
1368             <title>hostid</title>
1369
1370                 <para>
1371                 Usage: hostid
1372                 </para>
1373
1374                 <para>
1375                 Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
1376                 machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
1377                 among all UNIX systems in existence.
1378                 </para>
1379         </sect1>
1380
1381         <sect1 id="hostname">
1382             <title>hostname</title>
1383
1384                 <para>
1385                 Usage: hostname [OPTION]... [HOSTNAME|-F FILE]
1386                 </para>
1387
1388                 <para>
1389                 Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a
1390                 hostname is given (or a file with the -F parameter), the
1391                 host name will be set.
1392                 </para>
1393
1394                 <para>
1395                 Options:
1396                 </para>
1397
1398                 <para>
1399                 <screen>
1400                         -s              Short
1401                         -i              Addresses for the hostname
1402                         -d              DNS domain name
1403                         -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
1404                 </screen>
1405                 </para>
1406
1407                 <para>
1408                 Example:
1409                 </para>
1410
1411                 <para>
1412                 <screen>
1413                         $ hostname
1414                         slag
1415                 </screen>
1416                 </para>
1417         </sect1>
1418
1419         <sect1 id="id">
1420             <title>id</title>
1421
1422                 <para>
1423                 Usage: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
1424                 </para>
1425
1426                 <para>
1427                 Print information for USERNAME or the current user.
1428                 </para>
1429
1430                 <para>
1431                 Options:
1432                 </para>
1433
1434                 <para>
1435                 <screen>
1436                         -g      Print only the group ID
1437                         -u      Print only the user ID
1438                         -r      Print the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
1439                 </screen>
1440                 </para>
1441
1442                 <para>
1443                 Example:
1444                 </para>
1445
1446                 <para>
1447                 <screen>
1448                         $ id
1449                         uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
1450                 </screen>
1451                 </para>
1452         </sect1>
1453
1454         <sect1 id="init">
1455             <title>init</title>
1456
1457                 <para>
1458                 Usage: init
1459                 </para>
1460
1461                 <para>
1462                 Init is the parent of all processes.
1463                 </para>
1464
1465                 <para>
1466                 This version of init is designed to be run only by the
1467                 kernel.
1468                 </para>
1469
1470                 <para>
1471                 BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
1472                 runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
1473                 ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
1474                 sysvinit.
1475                 </para>
1476
1477                 <para>
1478                 BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
1479                 inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:
1480                 </para>
1481
1482                 <para>
1483                 <screen>
1484                         ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1485                         ::askfirst:/bin/sh
1486                 </screen>
1487                 </para>
1488
1489                 <para>
1490                 If it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial
1491                 console, it will also run:
1492                 </para>
1493
1494                 <para>
1495                 <screen>
1496                         tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
1497                 </screen>
1498                 </para>
1499
1500                 <para>
1501                 If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab
1502                 entry format is as follows:
1503                 </para>
1504
1505                 <para>
1506                 <screen>
1507                         &lt;id&gt;:&lt;runlevels&gt;:&lt;action&gt;:&lt;process&gt;
1508                 </screen>
1509                 </para>
1510
1511                 <sect2>
1512                     <title>id</title>
1513                         <para>
1514                         WARNING: This field has a non-traditional
1515                         meaning for BusyBox init!  The id field is used
1516                         by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty
1517                         for the specified process to run on.  The
1518                         contents of this field are appended to "/dev/"
1519                         and used as-is.  There is no need for this field
1520                         to be unique, although if it isn't you may have
1521                         strange results.  If this field is left blank,
1522                         it is completely ignored.  Also note that if
1523                         BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use,
1524                         then all entries containing non-empty id fields
1525                         will _not_ be run.  BusyBox init does nothing
1526                         with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
1527                         </para>
1528                 </sect2>
1529
1530                 <sect2>
1531                     <title>runlevels</title>
1532
1533                         <para>
1534                         The runlevels field is completely ignored.
1535                         </para>
1536                 </sect2>
1537
1538                 <sect2>
1539                     <title>action</title>
1540
1541
1542                         <para>
1543                         Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
1544                         once, and ctrlaltdel.
1545                         </para>
1546
1547
1548                         <para>
1549                         The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
1550                         that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
1551                         process exits.
1552                         </para>
1553
1554                         <para>
1555                         Run only-once actions:
1556                         </para>
1557
1558                         <para>
1559                         'sysinit' is the first item run on boot.  init waits until all
1560                         sysinit actions are completed before continuing.  Following the
1561                         completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
1562                         'wait' actions, like  'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
1563                         the specified task completes.  'once' actions are asyncronous,
1564                         therefore, init does not wait for them to complete.  'ctrlaltdel'
1565                         actions are run immediately before init causes the system to reboot
1566                         (unmounting filesystems with a 'ctrlaltdel' action is a very good
1567                          idea).
1568                         </para>
1569
1570                         <para>
1571                         Run repeatedly actions:
1572                         </para>
1573
1574                         <para>
1575                         'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions.  When a process
1576                         started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
1577                         it.  Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
1578                         respawning out of control.  The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
1579                         respawn, except that before running the specified process it
1580                         displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
1581                         and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
1582                         specified process.
1583                         </para>
1584
1585                         <para>
1586                         Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
1587                         error message, and then go along with its business.  All actions are
1588                         run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab.
1589                         </para>
1590
1591                 </sect2>
1592
1593                 <sect2>
1594                     <title>process</title>
1595
1596                         <para>
1597                         Specifies the process to be executed and its
1598                         command line.
1599                         </para>
1600                 </sect2>
1601
1602                 <sect2>
1603                     <title>Example /etc/inittab file</title>
1604
1605                     <para>
1606                     <screen>
1607                             # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
1608                             #
1609                             ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
1610
1611                             # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
1612                             #
1613                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
1614                             ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1615                             # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
1616                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1617                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1618                             tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
1619
1620                             # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
1621                             #
1622                             tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
1623                             tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
1624
1625                             # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
1626                             #
1627                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
1628                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
1629                             #
1630                             # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
1631                             #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
1632
1633                             # Stuff to do before rebooting
1634                             ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
1635                             ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff
1636                     </screen>
1637                     </para>
1638                 </sect2>
1639         </sect1>
1640
1641         <sect1 id="insmod">
1642             <title>insmod</title>
1643
1644                 <para>
1645                 Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
1646                 </para>
1647
1648                 <para>
1649                 Load MODULE into the kernel.
1650                 </para>
1651
1652                 <para>
1653                 Options:
1654                 </para>
1655
1656                 <para>
1657                 <screen>
1658                         -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
1659                         -k      Make module autoclean-able.
1660                         -v      Verbose output
1661                         -x      Do not export externs
1662                 </screen>
1663                 </para>
1664         </sect1>
1665
1666         <sect1 id="kill">
1667             <title>kill</title>
1668
1669                 <para>
1670                 Usage: kill [OPTION] PID...
1671                 </para>
1672
1673                 <para>
1674                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1675                 PID(s).
1676                 </para>
1677
1678                 <para>
1679                 Options:
1680                 </para>
1681
1682                 <para>
1683                 <screen>
1684                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1685                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1686                 </screen>
1687                 </para>
1688
1689                 <para>
1690                 Example:
1691                 </para>
1692
1693                 <para>
1694                 <screen>
1695                         $ ps | grep apache
1696                         252 root     root     S [apache]
1697                         263 www-data www-data S [apache]
1698                         264 www-data www-data S [apache]
1699                         265 www-data www-data S [apache]
1700                         266 www-data www-data S [apache]
1701                         267 www-data www-data S [apache]
1702                         $ kill 252
1703                 </screen>
1704                 </para>
1705         </sect1>
1706
1707         <sect1 id="killall">
1708             <title>killall</title>
1709
1710                 <para>
1711                 Usage: killall [OPTION] NAME...
1712                 </para>
1713
1714                 <para>
1715                 Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
1716                 NAME(s).
1717                 </para>
1718
1719                 <para>
1720                 Options:
1721                 </para>
1722
1723                 <para>
1724                 <screen>
1725                         -l      List all signal names and numbers
1726                         -SIG    Send signal SIG
1727                 </screen>
1728                 </para>
1729
1730                 <para>
1731                 Example:
1732                 </para>
1733
1734                 <para>
1735                 <screen>
1736                         $ killall apache
1737                 </screen>
1738                 </para>
1739         </sect1>
1740
1741         <sect1 id="length">
1742             <title>length</title>
1743
1744                 <para>
1745                 Usage: length STRING
1746                 </para>
1747
1748                 <para>
1749                 Print the length of STRING.
1750                 </para>
1751
1752                 <para>
1753                 Example:
1754                 </para>
1755
1756                 <para>
1757                 <screen>
1758                         $ length "Hello"
1759                         5
1760                 </screen>
1761                 </para>
1762         </sect1>
1763
1764         <sect1 id="ln">
1765             <title>ln</title>
1766
1767                 <para>
1768                 Usage: ln [OPTION]... TARGET FILE|DIRECTORY
1769                 </para>
1770
1771                 <para>
1772                 Create a link named FILE or DIRECTORY to the specified
1773                 TARGET.  You may use '--' to indicate that all following
1774                 arguments are non-options.
1775                 </para>
1776
1777                 <para>
1778                 Options:
1779                 </para>
1780
1781                 <para>
1782                 <screen>
1783                         -s      Make symbolic link instead of hard link
1784                         -f      Remove existing destination file
1785                 </screen>
1786                 </para>
1787
1788                 <para>
1789                 Example:
1790                 </para>
1791
1792                 <para>
1793                 <screen>
1794                         $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
1795                         $ ls -l /tmp/ls
1796                         lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -&gt; BusyBox*
1797                 </screen>
1798                 </para>
1799         </sect1>
1800
1801         <sect1 id="loadacm">
1802             <title>loadacm</title>
1803
1804                 <para>
1805                 Usage: loadacm
1806                 </para>
1807
1808                 <para>
1809                 Load an acm from stdin.
1810                 </para>
1811
1812                 <para>
1813                 Example:
1814                 </para>
1815
1816                 <para>
1817                 <screen>
1818                         $ loadacm &lt; /etc/i18n/acmname
1819                 </screen>
1820                 </para>
1821         </sect1>
1822
1823         <sect1 id="loadfont">
1824             <title>loadfont</title>
1825
1826                 <para>
1827                 Usage: loadfont
1828                 </para>
1829
1830                 <para>
1831                 Load a console font from stdin.
1832                 </para>
1833
1834                 <para>
1835                 Example:
1836                 </para>
1837
1838                 <para>
1839                 <screen>
1840                         $ loadfont &lt; /etc/i18n/fontname
1841                 </screen>
1842                 </para>
1843         </sect1>
1844
1845         <sect1 id="loadkmap">
1846             <title>loadkmap</title>
1847
1848                 <para>
1849                 Usage: loadkmap
1850                 </para>
1851
1852                 <para>
1853                 Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin.
1854                 </para>
1855
1856                 <para>
1857                 Example:
1858                 </para>
1859
1860                 <para>
1861                 <screen>
1862                         $ loadkmap &lt; /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
1863                 </screen>
1864                 </para>
1865         </sect1>
1866
1867         <sect1 id="logger">
1868             <title>logger</title>
1869
1870                 <para>
1871                 Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
1872                 </para>
1873
1874                 <para>
1875                 Write MESSAGE to the system log.  If MESSAGE is '-', log
1876                 stdin.
1877                 </para>
1878
1879                 <para>
1880                 Options:
1881                 </para>
1882
1883                 <para>
1884                 <screen>
1885                         -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
1886                         -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
1887                         -p      Enter the message with the specified priority
1888                                 This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair
1889                 </screen>
1890                 </para>
1891
1892                 <para>
1893                 Example:
1894                 </para>
1895
1896                 <para>
1897                 <screen>
1898                         $ logger "hello"
1899                 </screen>
1900                 </para>
1901         </sect1>
1902
1903         <sect1 id="logname">
1904             <title>logname</title>
1905
1906                 <para>
1907                 Usage: logname
1908                 </para>
1909
1910                 <para>
1911                 Print the name of the current user.
1912                 </para>
1913
1914                 <para>
1915                 Example:
1916                 </para>
1917
1918                 <para>
1919                 <screen>
1920                         $ logname
1921                         root
1922                 </screen>
1923                 </para>
1924         </sect1>
1925
1926         <sect1 id="ls">
1927             <title>ls</title>
1928
1929                 <para>
1930                 Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
1931                 </para>
1932
1933                 <para>
1934
1935                 </para>
1936
1937                 <para>
1938                 Options:
1939                 </para>
1940
1941                 <para>
1942                 <screen>
1943                         -a      Do not hide entries starting with .
1944                         -c      With  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
1945                                 modification of file status information)
1946                         -d      List directory entries instead of contents
1947                         -e      List both full date and full time
1948                         -l      Use a long listing format
1949                         -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
1950                         -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
1951                         -u      With -l: show access time (the time of last
1952                                 access of the file)
1953                         -x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
1954                         -A      Do not list implied . and ..
1955                         -C      List entries by columns
1956                         -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
1957                         -L      list entries pointed to by symbolic links
1958                         -R      List subdirectories recursively
1959                 </screen>
1960                 </para>
1961
1962                 <para>
1963                 Example:
1964                 </para>
1965
1966                 <para>
1967                 <screen>
1968                 </screen>
1969                 </para>
1970         </sect1>
1971
1972         <sect1 id="lsmod">
1973             <title>lsmod</title>
1974
1975                 <para>
1976                 Usage: lsmod
1977                 </para>
1978
1979                 <para>
1980                 List currently loaded kernel modules.
1981                 </para>
1982         </sect1>
1983
1984         <sect1 id="makedevs">
1985             <title>makedevs</title>
1986
1987                 <para>
1988                 Usage: makedevsf NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
1989                 </para>
1990
1991                 <para>
1992                 Create a range of block or character special files.
1993                 </para>
1994
1995                 <para>
1996                 TYPE may be:
1997                 </para>
1998
1999                 <para>
2000                 <screen>
2001                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2002                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2003                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2004                 </screen>
2005                 </para>
2006
2007                 <para>
2008                 FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create
2009                 the first device.  LAST specifies the number of the last
2010                 item that should be created. If 's' is the last
2011                 argument, the base device is created as well.
2012                 </para>
2013
2014                 <para>
2015                 Example:
2016                 </para>
2017
2018                 <para>
2019                 <screen>
2020                         $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
2021                         [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
2022                         $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
2023                         [creates hda,hda1-hda8]
2024                 </screen>
2025                 </para>
2026         </sect1>
2027
2028         <sect1 id="md5sum">
2029             <title>md5sum</title>
2030
2031                 <para>
2032                 Usage: md5sum [OPTION]... FILE...
2033                 </para>
2034
2035                 <para>
2036                 Print or check MD5 checksums.
2037                 </para>
2038
2039                 <para>
2040                 Options:
2041                 </para>
2042
2043                 <para>
2044                 <screen>
2045                         -b      Read files in binary mode
2046                         -c      Check MD5 sums against given list
2047                         -t      Read files in text mode (default)
2048                         -g      Read a string
2049                 </screen>
2050                 </para>
2051
2052                 <para>
2053                 The following two options are useful only when verifying
2054                 checksums:
2055                 </para>
2056
2057                 <para>
2058                 <screen>
2059                         -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
2060                         -w      Warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
2061                 </screen>
2062                 </para>
2063
2064                 <para>
2065                 Example:
2066                 </para>
2067
2068                 <para>
2069                 <screen>
2070                         $ md5sum busybox
2071                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2072                         $ md5sum -c
2073                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
2074                         6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324002  busybox
2075                         md5sum: MD5 check failed for 'busybox'
2076                         ^D
2077                 </screen>
2078                 </para>
2079         </sect1>
2080
2081         <sect1 id="mkdir">
2082             <title>mkdir</title>
2083
2084                 <para>
2085                 Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
2086                 </para>
2087
2088                 <para>
2089                 Create the DIRECTORY(s), if they do not already exist.
2090                 </para>
2091
2092                 <para>
2093                 Options:
2094                 </para>
2095
2096                 <para>
2097                 <screen>
2098                         -m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
2099                         -p      No error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
2100                 </screen>
2101                 </para>
2102
2103                 <para>
2104                 Example:
2105                 </para>
2106
2107                 <para>
2108                 <screen>
2109                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2110                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo
2111                         /tmp/foo: File exists
2112                         $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2113                         /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
2114                         $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
2115                 </screen>
2116                 </para>
2117         </sect1>
2118
2119         <sect1 id="mkfifo">
2120             <title>mkfifo</title>
2121
2122                 <para>
2123                 Usage: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME
2124                 </para>
2125
2126                 <para>
2127                 Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod NAME p').
2128                 </para>
2129
2130                 <para>
2131                 Options:
2132                 </para>
2133
2134                 <para>
2135                 <screen>
2136                         -m MODE Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2137                 </screen>
2138                 </para>
2139         </sect1>
2140
2141         <sect1 id="mkfs.minix">
2142             <title>mkfs.minix</title>
2143
2144                 <para>
2145                 Usage: mkfs.minix [OPTION]... NAME [BLOCKS]
2146                 </para>
2147
2148                 <para>
2149                 Make a MINIX filesystem.
2150                 </para>
2151
2152                 <para>
2153                 Options:
2154                 </para>
2155
2156                 <para>
2157                 <screen>
2158                         -c              Check the device for bad blocks
2159                         -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
2160                         -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
2161                         -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
2162                         -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
2163                 </screen>
2164                 </para>
2165         </sect1>
2166
2167         <sect1 id="mknod">
2168             <title>mknod</title>
2169
2170                 <para>
2171                 Usage: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
2172                 </para>
2173
2174                 <para>
2175                 Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
2176                 </para>
2177
2178                 <para>
2179                 Options:
2180                 </para>
2181
2182                 <para>
2183                 <screen>
2184                         -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
2185                 </screen>
2186                 </para>
2187
2188                 <para>
2189                 TYPE may be:
2190                 </para>
2191
2192                 <para>
2193                 <screen>
2194                         b       Make a block (buffered) device
2195                         c or u  Make a character (un-buffered) device
2196                         p       Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
2197                 </screen>
2198                 </para>
2199
2200                 <para>
2201                 Example:
2202                 </para>
2203
2204                 <para>
2205                 <screen>
2206                         $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
2207                         $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
2208                 </screen>
2209                 </para>
2210         </sect1>
2211
2212         <sect1 id="mkswap">
2213             <title>mkswap</title>
2214
2215                 <para>
2216                 Usage: mkswap [OPTION]... DEVICE [BLOCKS]
2217                 </para>
2218
2219                 <para>
2220                 Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
2221                 </para>
2222
2223                 <para>
2224                 Options:
2225                 </para>
2226
2227                 <para>
2228                 <screen>
2229                         -c      Check for read-ability.
2230                         -v0     Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
2231                         -v1     Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels &gt; 2.1.117).
2232                         BLOCKS  Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
2233                 </screen>
2234                 </para>
2235         </sect1>
2236
2237         <sect1 id="mktemp">
2238             <title>mktemp</title>
2239
2240                 <para>
2241                 Usage: mktemp TEMPLATE
2242                 </para>
2243
2244                 <para>
2245                 Creates a temporary file with its name based on
2246                 TEMPLATE.  TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e.
2247                 /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
2248                 </para>
2249
2250                 <para>
2251                 Example:
2252                 </para>
2253
2254                 <para>
2255                 <screen>
2256                         $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
2257                         /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2258                         $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2259                         -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
2260                 </screen>
2261                 </para>
2262         </sect1>
2263
2264         <sect1 id="more">
2265             <title>more</title>
2266
2267                 <para>
2268                 Usage: more [FILE]...
2269                 </para>
2270
2271                 <para>
2272                 Page through text one screenful at a time.
2273                 </para>
2274
2275                 <para>
2276                 Example:
2277                 </para>
2278
2279                 <para>
2280                 <screen>
2281                         $ dmesg | more
2282                 </screen>
2283                 </para>
2284         </sect1>
2285
2286         <sect1 id="mount">
2287             <title>mount</title>
2288
2289                 <para>
2290                 Usage: mount [OPTION]...
2291                 </para>
2292
2293                 <para>
2294                 <screen>
2295                    or: mount [OPTION]... DEVICE DIRECTORY
2296                 </screen>
2297                 </para>
2298
2299                 <para>
2300                 Mount filesystems.
2301                 </para>
2302
2303                 <para>
2304                 Options:
2305                 </para>
2306
2307                 <para>
2308                 <screen>
2309                         -a      Mount all filesystems in /etc/fstab
2310                         -o      One of the many filesystem options listed below
2311                         -r      Mount the filesystem read-only
2312                         -t TYPE Specify the filesystem type
2313                         -w      Mount the filesystem read-write
2314                 </screen>
2315                 </para>
2316
2317                 <para>
2318                 Options for use with the -o flag:
2319                 </para>
2320
2321                 <para>
2322                 <screen>
2323                         async/sync      Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
2324                         atime/noatime   Enable / disable updates to inode access times
2325                         dev/nodev       Allow / disallow use of special device files
2326                         exec/noexec     Allow / disallow use of executable files
2327                         loop            Mount a file via loop device
2328                         suid/nosuid     Allow / disallow set-user-id-root programs
2329                         remount         Remount a currently mounted filesystem
2330                         ro/rw           Mount filesystem read-only / read-write
2331                 </screen>
2332                 </para>
2333
2334                 <para>
2335                 There are even more flags that are filesystem specific.
2336                 You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
2337                 </para>
2338
2339                 <para>
2340                 Example:
2341                 </para>
2342
2343                 <para>
2344                 <screen>
2345                         $ mount
2346                         /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
2347                         proc on /proc type proc (rw)
2348                         devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
2349                         $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
2350                         $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
2351                 </screen>
2352                 </para>
2353         </sect1>
2354
2355         <sect1 id="mt">
2356             <title>mt</title>
2357
2358                 <para>
2359                 Usage: mt [OPTION] OPCODE VALUE
2360                 </para>
2361
2362                 <para>
2363                 Control magnetic tape drive operation.
2364                 </para>
2365
2366                 <para>
2367                 Options:
2368                 </para>
2369
2370                 <para>
2371                 <screen>
2372                         -f DEVICE       Control DEVICE
2373                 </screen>
2374                 </para>
2375         </sect1>
2376
2377         <sect1 id="mv">
2378             <title>mv</title>
2379
2380                 <para>
2381                 Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
2382                 </para>
2383
2384                 <para>
2385                 <screen>
2386                    or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
2387                 </screen>
2388                 </para>
2389
2390                 <para>
2391                 Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
2392                 </para>
2393
2394                 <para>
2395                 Example:
2396                 </para>
2397
2398                 <para>
2399                 <screen>
2400                         $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
2401                 </screen>
2402                 </para>
2403         </sect1>
2404
2405         <sect1 id="nc">
2406             <title>nc</title>
2407
2408                 <para>
2409                 Usage: nc HOST PORT
2410                 </para>
2411
2412                 <para>
2413                 Open a pipe to HOST:PORT.
2414                 </para>
2415
2416                 <para>
2417                 Example:
2418                 </para>
2419
2420                 <para>
2421                 <screen>
2422                         $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
2423                         220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
2424                         help
2425                         214-Commands supported:
2426                         214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
2427                         214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
2428                         quit
2429                         221 foobar closing connection
2430                 </screen>
2431                 </para>
2432         </sect1>
2433
2434         <sect1 id="nslookup">
2435             <title>nslookup</title>
2436
2437                 <para>
2438                 Usage: nslookup [HOST]
2439                 </para>
2440
2441                 <para>
2442                 Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given
2443                 HOST.
2444                 </para>
2445
2446                 <para>
2447                 Example:
2448                 </para>
2449
2450                 <para>
2451                 <screen>
2452                         $ nslookup localhost
2453                         Server:     default
2454                         Address:    default
2455
2456                         Name:       debian
2457                         Address:    127.0.0.1
2458                 </screen>
2459                 </para>
2460         </sect1>
2461
2462         <sect1 id="ping">
2463             <title>ping</title>
2464
2465                 <para>
2466                 Usage: ping [OPTION]... HOST
2467                 </para>
2468
2469                 <para>
2470                 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to HOST.
2471                 </para>
2472
2473                 <para>
2474                 Options:
2475                 </para>
2476
2477                 <para>
2478                 <screen>
2479                         -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings
2480                         -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
2481                         -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished
2482                 </screen>
2483                 </para>
2484
2485                 <para>
2486                 Example:
2487                 </para>
2488
2489                 <para>
2490                 <screen>
2491                         $ ping localhost
2492                         PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
2493                         64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
2494
2495                         --- debian ping statistics ---
2496                         1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
2497                         round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
2498                 </screen>
2499                 </para>
2500         </sect1>
2501
2502         <sect1 id="poweroff">
2503             <title>poweroff</title>
2504
2505                 <para>
2506                 Usage: poweroff
2507                 </para>
2508
2509                 <para>
2510                 Shut down the system, and request that the kernel turn
2511                 off power upon halting.
2512                 </para>
2513         </sect1>
2514
2515         <sect1 id="printf">
2516             <title>printf</title>
2517
2518                 <para>
2519                 Usage: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
2520                 </para>
2521
2522                 <para>
2523                 Format and print the given data in a manner similar to
2524                 the C printf command.
2525                 </para>
2526
2527                 <para>
2528                 Example:
2529                 </para>
2530
2531                 <para>
2532                 <screen>
2533                         $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
2534                         Val=5
2535                 </screen>
2536                 </para>
2537         </sect1>
2538
2539         <sect1 id="ps">
2540             <title>ps</title>
2541
2542                 <para>
2543                 Usage: ps
2544                 </para>
2545
2546                 <para>
2547                 Report process status.  This version of ps accepts no
2548                 options.
2549                 </para>
2550
2551                 <para>
2552                 Options:
2553                 </para>
2554
2555                 <para>
2556                 <screen>
2557                 </screen>
2558                 </para>
2559
2560                 <para>
2561                 Example:
2562                 </para>
2563
2564                 <para>
2565                 <screen>
2566                         $ ps
2567                           PID  Uid      Gid State Command
2568                             1 root     root     S init
2569                             2 root     root     S [kflushd]
2570                             3 root     root     S [kupdate]
2571                             4 root     root     S [kpiod]
2572                             5 root     root     S [kswapd]
2573                           742 andersen andersen S [bash]
2574                           743 andersen andersen S -bash
2575                           745 root     root     S [getty]
2576                          2990 andersen andersen R ps
2577                 </screen>
2578                 </para>
2579         </sect1>
2580
2581         <sect1 id="pwd">
2582             <title>pwd</title>
2583
2584                 <para>
2585                 Usage: pwd
2586                 </para>
2587
2588                 <para>
2589                 Print the full filename of the current working
2590                 directory.
2591                 </para>
2592
2593                 <para>
2594                 Example:
2595                 </para>
2596
2597                 <para>
2598                 <screen>
2599                         $ pwd
2600                         /root
2601                 </screen>
2602                 </para>
2603         </sect1>
2604
2605         <sect1 id="rdate">
2606             <title>rdate</title>
2607
2608                 <para>
2609                 Usage: rdate [OPTION] HOST
2610                 </para>
2611
2612                 <para>
2613                 Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST.
2614                 </para>
2615
2616                 <para>
2617                 Options:
2618                 </para>
2619
2620                 <para>
2621                 <screen>
2622                         -s      Set the system date and time (default).
2623                         -p      Print the date and time.
2624                 </screen>
2625                 </para>
2626         </sect1>
2627
2628         <sect1 id="reboot">
2629             <title>reboot</title>
2630
2631                 <para>
2632                 Usage: reboot
2633                 </para>
2634
2635                 <para>
2636                 Reboot the system.
2637                 </para>
2638         </sect1>
2639
2640         <sect1 id="renice">
2641             <title>renice</title>
2642
2643                 <para>
2644                 Usage: renice priority pid [pid ...]
2645                 </para>
2646
2647                 <para>
2648                 Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range
2649                 from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0
2650                 (default priority) to -20 (almost nothing else ever gets to run).
2651                 </para>
2652         </sect1>
2653
2654         <sect1 id="reset">
2655             <title>reset</title>
2656
2657                 <para>
2658                 Usage: reset
2659                 </para>
2660
2661                 <para>
2662                 Resets the screen.
2663                 </para>
2664         </sect1>
2665
2666         <sect1 id="rm">
2667             <title>rm</title>
2668
2669                 <para>
2670                 Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
2671                 </para>
2672
2673                 <para>
2674                 Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).  You may use '--' to
2675                 indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
2676                 </para>
2677
2678                 <para>
2679                 Options:
2680                 </para>
2681
2682                 <para>
2683                 <screen>
2684                         -f              Remove existing destinations, never prompt
2685                         -r or -R        Remove the contents of directories recursively
2686                 </screen>
2687                 </para>
2688
2689                 <para>
2690                 Example:
2691                 </para>
2692
2693                 <para>
2694                 <screen>
2695                         $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
2696                 </screen>
2697                 </para>
2698         </sect1>
2699
2700         <sect1 id="rmdir">
2701             <title>rmdir</title>
2702
2703                 <para>
2704                 Usage: rmdir DIRECTORY...
2705                 </para>
2706
2707                 <para>
2708                 Remove DIRECTORY(s) if they are empty.
2709                 </para>
2710
2711                 <para>
2712                 Example:
2713                 </para>
2714
2715                 <para>
2716                 <screen>
2717                         $ rmdir /tmp/foo
2718                 </screen>
2719                 </para>
2720         </sect1>
2721
2722         <sect1 id="rmmod">
2723             <title>rmmod</title>
2724
2725                 <para>
2726                 Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
2727                 </para>
2728
2729                 <para>
2730                 Unload MODULE(s) from the kernel.
2731                 </para>
2732
2733                 <para>
2734                 Options:
2735                 </para>
2736
2737                 <para>
2738                 <screen>
2739                         -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules
2740                 </screen>
2741                 </para>
2742
2743                 <para>
2744                 Example:
2745                 </para>
2746
2747                 <para>
2748                 <screen>
2749                         $ rmmod tulip
2750                 </screen>
2751                 </para>
2752         </sect1>
2753
2754         <sect1 id="sed">
2755             <title>sed</title>
2756
2757                 <para>
2758                 Usage: sed [OPTION]... SCRIPT [FILE]...
2759                 </para>
2760
2761                 <para>
2762                 Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
2763                 </para>
2764
2765                 <para>
2766                 <screen>
2767                 ADDR [!] COMMAND
2768                 </screen>
2769                 </para>
2770
2771                 <para>
2772                 ADDR can be:
2773                 </para>
2774
2775                 <para>
2776                 <screen>
2777                         NUMBER    Match specified line number
2778                         $         Match last line
2779                         /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
2780                 </screen>
2781                 </para>
2782
2783                 <para>
2784                 ! inverts the meaning of the match
2785                 </para>
2786
2787                 <para>
2788                 COMMAND can be:
2789                 </para>
2790
2791                 <para>
2792                 <screen>
2793                         s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
2794                                 which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
2795                                 and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
2796                         aTEXT
2797                                 which appends TEXT after the pattern space
2798                 </screen>
2799                 </para>
2800
2801                 <para>
2802                 This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
2803                 </para>
2804
2805                 <para>
2806                 Options:
2807                 </para>
2808
2809                 <para>
2810                 <screen>
2811                         -e      Add the script to the commands to be executed
2812                         -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
2813                 </screen>
2814                 </para>
2815
2816                 <para>
2817                 Example:
2818                 </para>
2819
2820                 <para>
2821                 <screen>
2822                         $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
2823                         bar
2824                 </screen>
2825                 </para>
2826         </sect1>
2827
2828         <sect1 id="setkeycodes">
2829             <title>setkeycodes</title>
2830
2831                 <para>
2832                 Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
2833                 </para>
2834
2835                 <para>
2836                 Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
2837                 allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
2838                 </para>
2839
2840                 <para>
2841                 SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and
2842                 KEYCODE is given in decimal.
2843                 </para>
2844
2845                 <para>
2846                 Example:
2847                 </para>
2848
2849                 <para>
2850                 <screen>
2851                         $ setkeycodes e030 127
2852                 </screen>
2853                 </para>
2854         </sect1>
2855
2856
2857         <sect1 id="sh">
2858             <title>sh</title>
2859
2860                 <para>
2861                 Usage: sh
2862                 </para>
2863
2864                 <para>
2865                 lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
2866                 </para>
2867
2868                 <para>
2869                 This command does not yet have proper documentation.
2870                 </para>
2871
2872                 <para>
2873                 Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It
2874                 properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be
2875                 used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a
2876                 sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does
2877                 not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need
2878                 things like ``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use
2879                 ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and
2880                 extremely small shell, this will do the job.
2881                 </para>
2882         </sect1>
2883
2884         <sect1 id="sleep">
2885             <title>sleep</title>
2886
2887                 <para>
2888                 Usage: sleep N
2889                 </para>
2890
2891                 <para>
2892                 Pause for N seconds.
2893                 </para>
2894
2895                 <para>
2896                 Example:
2897                 </para>
2898
2899                 <para>
2900                 <screen>
2901                         $ sleep 2
2902                         [2 second delay results]
2903                 </screen>
2904                 </para>
2905         </sect1>
2906
2907         <sect1 id="sort">
2908             <title>sort</title>
2909
2910                 <para>
2911                 Usage: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
2912                 </para>
2913
2914                 <para>
2915                 Sort lines of text in FILE(s).
2916                 </para>
2917
2918                 <para>
2919                 Options:
2920                 </para>
2921
2922                 <para>
2923                 <screen>
2924                         -n      Compare numerically
2925                         -r      Reverse after sorting
2926                 </screen>
2927                 </para>
2928
2929                 <para>
2930                 Example:
2931                 </para>
2932
2933                 <para>
2934                 <screen>
2935                         $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
2936                         a
2937                         b
2938                         c
2939                         d
2940                         e
2941                         f
2942                 </screen>
2943                 </para>
2944         </sect1>
2945
2946         <sect1 id="swapoff">
2947             <title>swapoff</title>
2948
2949                 <para>
2950                 Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2951                 </para>
2952
2953                 <para>
2954                 Stop swapping virtual memory pages on DEVICE.
2955                 </para>
2956
2957                 <para>
2958                 Options:
2959                 </para>
2960
2961                 <para>
2962                 <screen>
2963                         -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices
2964                 </screen>
2965                 </para>
2966         </sect1>
2967
2968         <sect1 id="swapon">
2969             <title>swapon</title>
2970
2971                 <para>
2972                 Usage: swapon [OPTION] [DEVICE]
2973                 </para>
2974
2975                 <para>
2976                 Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
2977                 </para>
2978
2979                 <para>
2980                 Options:
2981                 </para>
2982
2983                 <para>
2984                 <screen>
2985                         -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
2986                 </screen>
2987                 </para>
2988         </sect1>
2989
2990         <sect1 id="sync">
2991             <title>sync</title>
2992
2993                 <para>
2994                 Usage: sync
2995                 </para>
2996
2997                 <para>
2998                 Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
2999                 </para>
3000         </sect1>
3001
3002         <sect1 id="syslogd">
3003             <title>syslogd</title>
3004
3005                 <para>
3006                 Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
3007                 </para>
3008
3009                 <para>
3010                 Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging
3011                 utility. Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
3012                 /etc/syslog.conf.
3013                 </para>
3014
3015                 <para>
3016                 Options:
3017                 </para>
3018
3019                 <para>
3020                 <screen>
3021                         -m NUM  Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
3022                         -n      Run as a foreground process
3023                         -K      Do not start up the klogd process
3024                         -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
3025                         -R HOST[:PORT] Log messages to HOST on PORT (default=514) over UDP.
3026                         -N      Do not log anything locally -- network logging only
3027                 </screen>
3028                 </para>
3029
3030                 <para>
3031                 Example:
3032                 </para>
3033
3034                 <para>
3035                 <screen>
3036                 $ syslogd -R masterlog:514
3037                 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601
3038                 </screen>
3039                 </para>
3040         </sect1>
3041
3042         <sect1 id="tail">
3043             <title>tail</title>
3044
3045                 <para>
3046                 Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
3047                 </para>
3048
3049                 <para>
3050                 Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
3051                 With more than one FILE, precede each with a header
3052                 giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
3053                 read stdin.
3054                 </para>
3055
3056                 <para>
3057                 Options:
3058                 </para>
3059
3060                 <para>
3061                 <screen>
3062                         -n NUM  Print last NUM lines instead of last 10
3063                         -f      Output data as the file grows.  This version
3064                                 of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
3065                 </screen>
3066                 </para>
3067
3068                 <para>
3069                 Example:
3070                 </para>
3071
3072                 <para>
3073                 <screen>
3074                         $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
3075                         nameserver 10.0.0.1
3076                 </screen>
3077                 </para>
3078         </sect1>
3079
3080         <sect1 id="tar">
3081             <title>tar</title>
3082
3083                 <para>
3084                 Usage: tar [MODE] [OPTION] [FILE]...
3085                 </para>
3086
3087                 <para>
3088
3089                 </para>
3090
3091                 <para>
3092                 MODE may be chosen from
3093                 </para>
3094
3095                 <para>
3096                 <screen>
3097                         c       Create
3098                         x       Extract
3099                         t       List
3100                 </screen>
3101                 </para>
3102
3103                 <para>
3104                 Options:
3105                 </para>
3106
3107                 <para>
3108                 <screen>
3109                         f FILE                  Use FILE for tarfile (or stdin if '-')
3110                         O                               Extract to stdout
3111                         exclude FILE    File to exclude
3112                         v                               List files processed
3113                 </screen>
3114                 </para>
3115
3116                 <para>
3117                 Example:
3118                 </para>
3119
3120                 <para>
3121                 <screen>
3122                         $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
3123                         $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
3124                 </screen>
3125                 </para>
3126         </sect1>
3127
3128         <sect1 id="tee">
3129             <title>tee</title>
3130
3131                 <para>
3132                 Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3133                 </para>
3134
3135                 <para>
3136                 Copy stdin to FILE(s), and also to stdout.
3137                 </para>
3138
3139                 <para>
3140                 Options:
3141                 </para>
3142
3143                 <para>
3144                 <screen>
3145                         -a      Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
3146                 </screen>
3147                 </para>
3148
3149                 <para>
3150                 Example:
3151                 </para>
3152
3153                 <para>
3154                 <screen>
3155                         $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
3156                         Hello
3157                         $ cat /tmp/foo
3158                         Hello
3159                 </screen>
3160                 </para>
3161         </sect1>
3162
3163         <sect1 id="telnet">
3164             <title>telnet</title>
3165
3166                 <para>
3167                 Usage: telnet HOST [PORT]
3168                 </para>
3169
3170                 <para>
3171                 Establish interactive communication with another
3172                 computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.
3173                 </para>
3174         </sect1>
3175
3176         <sect1 id="test">
3177             <title>test, [</title>
3178
3179                 <para>
3180                 Usage: test EXPRESSION
3181                 </para>
3182
3183                 <para>
3184                    or: [ EXPRESSION ]
3185                 </para>
3186
3187                 <para>
3188                 Check file types and compare values returning an exit
3189                 code determined by the value of EXPRESSION.
3190                 </para>
3191
3192                 <para>
3193                 Example:
3194                 </para>
3195
3196                 <para>
3197                 <screen>
3198                         $ test 1 -eq 2
3199                         $ echo $?
3200                         1
3201                         $ test 1 -eq 1
3202                         $ echo $?
3203                         0
3204                         $ [ -d /etc ]
3205                         $ echo $?
3206                         0
3207                         $ [ -d /junk ]
3208                         $ echo $?
3209                         1
3210                 </screen>
3211                 </para>
3212         </sect1>
3213
3214         <sect1 id="touch">
3215             <title>touch</title>
3216
3217                 <para>
3218                 Usage: touch [OPTION]... FILE...
3219                 </para>
3220
3221                 <para>
3222                 Update the last-modified date on (or create) FILE(s).
3223                 </para>
3224
3225                 <para>
3226                 Options:
3227                 </para>
3228
3229                 <para>
3230                 <screen>
3231                         -c      Do not create files
3232                 </screen>
3233                 </para>
3234
3235                 <para>
3236                 Example:
3237                 </para>
3238
3239                 <para>
3240                 <screen>
3241                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3242                         /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
3243                         $ touch /tmp/foo
3244                         $ ls -l /tmp/foo
3245                         -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
3246                 </screen>
3247                 </para>
3248         </sect1>
3249
3250         <sect1 id="tr">
3251             <title>tr</title>
3252
3253                 <para>
3254                 Usage: tr [OPTION]... STRING1 [STRING2]
3255                 </para>
3256
3257                 <para>
3258                 Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from stdin,
3259                 writing to stdout.
3260                 </para>
3261
3262                 <para>
3263                 Options:
3264                 </para>
3265
3266                 <para>
3267                 <screen>
3268                         -c      Take complement of STRING1
3269                         -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
3270                         -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
3271                 </screen>
3272                 </para>
3273
3274                 <para>
3275                 Example:
3276                 </para>
3277
3278                 <para>
3279                 <screen>
3280                         $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
3281                         hello world
3282                 </screen>
3283                 </para>
3284         </sect1>
3285
3286         <sect1 id="true">
3287             <title>true</title>
3288
3289                 <para>
3290                 Usage: true
3291                 </para>
3292
3293                 <para>
3294                 Return an exit code of TRUE (1).
3295                 </para>
3296
3297                 <para>
3298                 Example:
3299                 </para>
3300
3301                 <para>
3302                 <screen>
3303                         $ true
3304                         $ echo $?
3305                         0
3306                 </screen>
3307                 </para>
3308         </sect1>
3309
3310         <sect1 id="tty">
3311             <title>tty</title>
3312
3313                 <para>
3314                 Usage: tty
3315                 </para>
3316
3317                 <para>
3318                 Print the file name of the terminal connected to stdin.
3319                 </para>
3320
3321                 <para>
3322                 Options:
3323                 </para>
3324
3325                 <para>
3326                 <screen>
3327                         -s      Print nothing, only return an exit status
3328                 </screen>
3329                 </para>
3330
3331                 <para>
3332                 Example:
3333                 </para>
3334
3335                 <para>
3336                 <screen>
3337                         $ tty
3338                         /dev/tty2
3339                 </screen>
3340                 </para>
3341         </sect1>
3342
3343         <sect1 id="umount">
3344             <title>umount</title>
3345
3346                 <para>
3347                 Usage: umount [OPTION]... DEVICE|DIRECTORY
3348                 </para>
3349
3350                 <para>
3351
3352                 </para>
3353
3354                 <para>
3355                 Options:
3356                 </para>
3357
3358                 <para>
3359                 <screen>
3360                         -a      Unmount all file systems
3361                         -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
3362                         -f      Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
3363                         -l      Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
3364                 </screen>
3365                 </para>
3366
3367                 <para>
3368                 Example:
3369                 </para>
3370
3371                 <para>
3372                 <screen>
3373                         $ umount /dev/hdc1
3374                 </screen>
3375                 </para>
3376         </sect1>
3377
3378         <sect1 id="uname">
3379             <title>uname</title>
3380
3381                 <para>
3382                 Usage: uname [OPTION]...
3383                 </para>
3384
3385                 <para>
3386                 Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same
3387                 as -s.
3388                 </para>
3389
3390                 <para>
3391                 Options:
3392                 </para>
3393
3394                 <para>
3395                 <screen>
3396                         -a      Print all information
3397                         -m      Print the machine (hardware) type
3398                         -n      Print the machine's network node hostname
3399                         -r      Print the operating system release
3400                         -s      Print the operating system name
3401                         -p      Print the host processor type
3402                         -v      Print the operating system version
3403                 </screen>
3404                 </para>
3405
3406                 <para>
3407                 Example:
3408                 </para>
3409
3410                 <para>
3411                 <screen>
3412                         $ uname -a
3413                         Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
3414                 </screen>
3415                 </para>
3416         </sect1>
3417
3418         <sect1 id="uniq">
3419             <title>uniq</title>
3420
3421                 <para>
3422                 Usage: uniq [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
3423                 </para>
3424
3425                 <para>
3426                 Discard all but one of successive identical lines from
3427                 INPUT (or stdin), writing to OUTPUT (or stdout).
3428                 </para>
3429
3430                 <para>
3431                 Example:
3432                 </para>
3433
3434                 <para>
3435                 <screen>
3436                         $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
3437                         a
3438                         b
3439                         c
3440                 </screen>
3441                 </para>
3442         </sect1>
3443
3444         <sect1 id="unix2dos">
3445             <title>unix2dos</title>
3446
3447                 <para>
3448                 Usage: unix2dos < unixfile > dosfile
3449                 </para>
3450
3451                 <para>
3452                 Converts a text file from unix format to dos format.
3453                 </para>
3454
3455         </sect1>
3456
3457         <sect1 id="unrpm">
3458             <title>unrpm</title>
3459
3460                 <para>
3461                 Usage: unrpm < package.rpm | gzip -d | cpio -idmuv
3462                 </para>
3463
3464                 <para>
3465                 Extracts an rpm archive.
3466                 </para>
3467
3468         </sect1>
3469
3470         <sect1 id="update">
3471             <title>update</title>
3472
3473                 <para>
3474                 Usage: update [OPTION]...
3475                 </para>
3476
3477                 <para>
3478                 Periodically flush filesystem buffers.
3479                 </para>
3480
3481                 <para>
3482                 Options:
3483                 </para>
3484
3485                 <para>
3486                 <screen>
3487                         -S      Force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
3488                         -s SECS Call sync this often (default 30)
3489                         -f SECS Flush some buffers this often (default 5)
3490                 </screen>
3491                 </para>
3492         </sect1>
3493
3494         <sect1 id="uptime">
3495             <title>uptime</title>
3496
3497                 <para>
3498                 Usage: uptime
3499                 </para>
3500
3501                 <para>
3502                 Display how long the system has been running since boot.
3503                 </para>
3504
3505                 <para>
3506                 Example:
3507                 </para>
3508
3509                 <para>
3510                 <screen>
3511                         $ uptime
3512                           1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
3513                 </screen>
3514                 </para>
3515         </sect1>
3516
3517         <sect1 id="usleep">
3518             <title>usleep</title>
3519
3520                 <para>
3521                 Usage: usleep N
3522                 </para>
3523
3524                 <para>
3525                 Pause for N microseconds.
3526                 </para>
3527
3528                 <para>
3529                 Example:
3530                 </para>
3531
3532                 <para>
3533                 <screen>
3534                         $ usleep 1000000
3535                         [pauses for 1 second]
3536                 </screen>
3537                 </para>
3538         </sect1>
3539
3540         <sect1 id="uudecode">
3541             <title>uudecode</title>
3542
3543                 <para>
3544                 Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
3545                 </para>
3546
3547                 <para>
3548                 Uudecode a uuencoded file.
3549                 </para>
3550
3551                 <para>
3552                 Options:
3553                 </para>
3554
3555                 <para>
3556                 <screen>
3557                         -o FILE Direct output to FILE
3558                 </screen>
3559                 </para>
3560
3561                 <para>
3562                 Example:
3563                 </para>
3564
3565                 <para>
3566                 <screen>
3567                         $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
3568                         $ ls -l busybox
3569                         -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox
3570                 </screen>
3571                 </para>
3572         </sect1>
3573
3574         <sect1 id="uuencode">
3575             <title>uuencode</title>
3576
3577                 <para>
3578                 Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] OUTFILE
3579                 </para>
3580
3581                 <para>
3582                 Uuencode a file.
3583                 </para>
3584
3585                 <para>
3586                 Options:
3587                 </para>
3588
3589                 <para>
3590                 <screen>
3591                         -m      Use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
3592                 </screen>
3593                 </para>
3594
3595                 <para>
3596                 Example:
3597                 </para>
3598
3599                 <para>
3600                 <screen>
3601                         $ uuencode busybox busybox
3602                         begin 755 busybox
3603                         M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&amp;
3604                         .....
3605                         $ uudecode busybox busybox &gt; busybox.uu
3606                         $
3607                 </screen>
3608                 </para>
3609         </sect1>
3610
3611         <sect1 id="wc">
3612             <title>wc</title>
3613
3614                 <para>
3615                 Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
3616                 </para>
3617
3618                 <para>
3619                 Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a
3620                 total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no
3621                 FILE, read stdin.
3622                 </para>
3623
3624                 <para>
3625                 Options:
3626                 </para>
3627
3628                 <para>
3629                 <screen>
3630                         -c      Print the byte counts
3631                         -l      Print the newline counts
3632                         -L      Print the length of the longest line
3633                         -w      Print the word counts
3634                 </screen>
3635                 </para>
3636
3637                 <para>
3638                 Example:
3639                 </para>
3640
3641                 <para>
3642                 <screen>
3643                         $ wc /etc/passwd
3644                              31      46    1365 /etc/passwd
3645                 </screen>
3646                 </para>
3647         </sect1>
3648
3649         <sect1 id="which">
3650             <title>which</title>
3651
3652                 <para>
3653                 Usage: which [COMMAND]...
3654                 </para>
3655
3656                 <para>
3657                 Locate COMMAND(s).
3658                 </para>
3659
3660                 <para>
3661                 Example:
3662                 </para>
3663
3664                 <para>
3665                 <screen>
3666                         $ which login
3667                         /bin/login
3668                 </screen>
3669                 </para>
3670         </sect1>
3671
3672         <sect1 id="whoami">
3673             <title>whoami</title>
3674
3675                 <para>
3676                 Usage: whoami
3677                 </para>
3678
3679                 <para>
3680                 Print the user name associated with the current
3681                 effective user id.
3682                 </para>
3683
3684                 <para>
3685                 Example:
3686                 </para>
3687
3688                 <para>
3689                 <screen>
3690                         $ whoami
3691                         andersen
3692                 </screen>
3693                 </para>
3694         </sect1>
3695
3696         <sect1 id="xargs">
3697             <title>xargs</title>
3698
3699                 <para>
3700                 Usage: xargs [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
3701                 </para>
3702
3703                 <para>
3704                 Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input.
3705                 </para>
3706
3707                 <para>
3708                 Options:
3709                 </para>
3710
3711                 <para>
3712                 <screen>
3713                         -t      Print the command just before it is run
3714                 </screen>
3715                 </para>
3716
3717
3718                 <para>
3719                 Example:
3720                 </para>
3721
3722                 <para>
3723                 <screen>
3724                         $ ls | xargs gzip
3725                         $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm
3726                 </screen>
3727                 </para>
3728         </sect1>
3729
3730         <sect1 id="yes">
3731             <title>yes</title>
3732
3733                 <para>
3734                 Usage: yes [STRING]...
3735                 </para>
3736
3737                 <para>
3738                 Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s),
3739                 or `y'.
3740                 </para>
3741         </sect1>
3742
3743         <sect1 id="zcat">
3744             <title>zcat</title>
3745
3746                 <para>
3747                 Usage: zcat [OPTION]... FILE
3748                 </para>
3749
3750                 <para>
3751                 Uncompress FILE (or stdin if FILE is '-') to stdout.
3752                 </para>
3753
3754                 <para>
3755                 Options:
3756                 </para>
3757
3758                 <para>
3759                 <screen>
3760                         -t      Test compressed file integrity
3761                 </screen>
3762                 </para>
3763
3764                 <para>
3765                 Example:
3766                 </para>
3767
3768                 <para>
3769                 <screen>
3770                 </screen>
3771                 </para>
3772         </sect1>
3773   </chapter>
3774
3775   <chapter id="LIBC-NSS">
3776     <title>LIBC NSS</title>
3777
3778         <para>
3779         GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
3780         behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
3781         configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
3782         information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
3783         NSS, and will never use libc calls that make use of NSS. This
3784         allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
3785         installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without /lib/libnss_*
3786         libraries installed.
3787         </para>
3788
3789         <para>
3790         If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
3791         authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
3792         then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
3793         though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
3794         on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.
3795         </para>
3796   </chapter>
3797
3798   <chapter id="SEE-ALSO">
3799     <title>SEE ALSO</title>
3800
3801         <para>
3802         <literal>textutils(1),</literal>
3803         <literal>shellutils(1),</literal>
3804         etc...
3805         </para>
3806   </chapter>
3807
3808   <chapter id="MAINTAINER">
3809     <title>MAINTAINER</title>
3810
3811         <para>
3812         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt; &lt;andersen@lineo.com&gt;
3813         </para>
3814   </chapter>
3815
3816   <chapter id="AUTHORS">
3817     <title>AUTHORS</title>
3818
3819         <para>
3820         The following people have made significant contributions to
3821         BusyBox -- whether they know it or not.
3822         </para>
3823
3824         <para>
3825         Erik Andersen &lt;andersee@debian.org&gt;
3826         </para>
3827
3828         <para>
3829         Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;
3830         </para>
3831
3832         <para>
3833         John Beppu &lt;beppu@lineo.com&gt;
3834         </para>
3835
3836         <para>
3837         Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;
3838         </para>
3839
3840         <para>
3841         Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;
3842         </para>
3843
3844         <para>
3845         Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;
3846         </para>
3847
3848         <para>
3849         Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;
3850         </para>
3851
3852         <para>
3853         Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;
3854         </para>
3855
3856         <para>
3857         Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.carnegiemellon.edu&gt;
3858         </para>
3859
3860         <para>
3861         John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;
3862         </para>
3863
3864         <para>
3865         Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@netconnect.com.au&gt;
3866         </para>
3867
3868         <para>
3869         Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@perens.com&gt;
3870         </para>
3871
3872         <para>
3873         Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;
3874         </para>
3875
3876         <para>
3877         Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;
3878         </para>
3879
3880         <para>
3881         Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;
3882         </para>
3883
3884         <para>
3885         Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;
3886         </para>
3887
3888         <para>
3889         Mark Whitley &lt;markw@lineo.com&gt;
3890         </para>
3891
3892         <para>
3893         Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;
3894         </para>
3895
3896         <para>
3897         Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;
3898         </para>
3899
3900
3901   </chapter>
3902 </book>    <!-- End of the book -->