6 pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
36 The B<pkcs8> command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
37 both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
38 format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
46 Print out a usage message.
50 Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a private key will be
51 written to the output file. With the B<-topk8> option the situation is
52 reversed: it reads a private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key.
54 =item B<-inform DER|PEM>
56 This specifies the input format: see L<KEY FORMATS> for more details. The default
59 =item B<-outform DER|PEM>
61 This specifies the output format: see L<KEY FORMATS> for more details. The default
66 When this option is present and B<-topk8> is not a traditional format private
71 This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
72 option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
77 The input file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
78 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)>.
80 =item B<-out filename>
82 This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
83 default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
84 prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
89 The output file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
90 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)>.
94 When creating new PKCS#8 containers, use a given number of iterations on
95 the password in deriving the encryption key for the PKCS#8 output.
96 High values increase the time required to brute-force a PKCS#8 container.
100 PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
101 structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With
102 this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output.
103 This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used
104 when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java
105 code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
107 =item B<-rand file...>
109 A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
111 Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
112 The separator is B<;> for MS-Windows, B<,> for OpenVMS, and B<:> for
115 =item [B<-writerand file>]
117 Writes random data to the specified I<file> upon exit.
118 This can be used with a subsequent B<-rand> flag.
122 This option sets the PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithm.
124 The B<alg> argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include
125 B<aes128>, B<aes256> and B<des3>. If this option isn't specified then B<aes256>
130 This option sets the PRF algorithm to use with PKCS#5 v2.0. A typical value
131 value would be B<hmacWithSHA256>. If this option isn't set then the default
132 for the cipher is used or B<hmacWithSHA256> if there is no default.
134 Some implementations may not support custom PRF algorithms and may require
135 the B<hmacWithSHA1> option to work.
139 This option indicates a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm should be used. Some
140 older implementations may not support PKCS#5 v2.0 and may require this option.
141 If not specified PKCS#5 v2.0 form is used.
145 Specifying an engine (by its unique B<id> string) will cause B<pkcs8>
146 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
147 thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
148 for all available algorithms.
152 Uses the B<scrypt> algorithm for private key encryption using default
153 parameters: currently N=16384, r=8 and p=1 and AES in CBC mode with a 256 bit
154 key. These parameters can be modified using the B<-scrypt_N>, B<-scrypt_r>,
155 B<-scrypt_p> and B<-v2> options.
157 =item B<-scrypt_N N> B<-scrypt_r r> B<-scrypt_p p>
159 Sets the scrypt B<N>, B<r> or B<p> parameters.
165 Various different formats are used by the pkcs8 utility. These are detailed
168 If a key is being converted from PKCS#8 form (i.e. the B<-topk8> option is
169 not used) then the input file must be in PKCS#8 format. An encrypted
170 key is expected unless B<-nocrypt> is included.
172 If B<-topk8> is not used and B<PEM> mode is set the output file will be an
173 unencrypted private key in PKCS#8 format. If the B<-traditional> option is
174 used then a traditional format private key is written instead.
176 If B<-topk8> is not used and B<DER> mode is set the output file will be an
177 unencrypted private key in traditional DER format.
179 If B<-topk8> is used then any supported private key can be used for the input
180 file in a format specified by B<-inform>. The output file will be encrypted
181 PKCS#8 format using the specified encryption parameters unless B<-nocrypt>
186 By default, when converting a key to PKCS#8 format, PKCS#5 v2.0 using 256 bit
187 AES with HMAC and SHA256 is used.
189 Some older implementations do not support PKCS#5 v2.0 format and require
190 the older PKCS#5 v1.5 form instead, possibly also requiring insecure weak
191 encryption algorithms such as 56 bit DES.
193 The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
196 -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
197 -----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
199 The unencrypted form uses:
201 -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
202 -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
204 Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
205 counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
206 SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
207 important the keys should be converted.
209 It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in
210 PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1
211 level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.
213 =head1 PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms.
215 Various algorithms can be used with the B<-v1> command line option,
216 including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
221 =item B<PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES>
223 These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification.
224 They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use DES.
226 =item B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 PBE-MD2-RC2-64 PBE-MD5-RC2-64 PBE-SHA1-DES>
228 These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification
229 but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some
230 software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit RC2 or
233 =item B<PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 PBE-SHA1-3DES PBE-SHA1-2DES PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 PBE-SHA1-RC2-40>
235 These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and
236 allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128 bit RC2 to be used.
242 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format using default parameters (AES with
243 256 bit key and B<hmacWithSHA256>):
245 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
247 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 unencrypted format:
249 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -nocrypt -out enckey.pem
251 Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple DES:
253 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
255 Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using AES with 256 bits in CBC
256 mode and B<hmacWithSHA512> PRF:
258 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -v2prf hmacWithSHA512 -out enckey.pem
260 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
263 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v1 PBE-MD5-DES -out enckey.pem
265 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
268 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
270 Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
272 openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
274 Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 encrypted format to traditional format:
276 openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -traditional -out key.pem
278 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format, encrypting with AES-256 and with
279 one million iterations of the password:
281 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -iter 1000000 -out pk8.pem
285 Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the
286 pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration
287 counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private
288 keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0
289 implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these
290 algorithms are concerned.
292 The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented:
293 it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA
294 PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
298 There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm
299 in use and other details such as the iteration count.
303 L<dsa(1)>, L<rsa(1)>, L<genrsa(1)>,
308 The B<-iter> option was added to OpenSSL 1.1.0.
312 Copyright 2000-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
314 Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use
315 this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
316 in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
317 L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.