6 genpkey - generate a private key
19 [B<-pkeyopt opt:value>]
25 The B<genpkey> command generates a private key.
33 Print out a usage message.
35 =item B<-out filename>
37 Output the key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then
38 standard output is used.
40 =item B<-outform DER|PEM>
42 This specifies the output format DER or PEM. The default format is PEM.
46 The output file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
47 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)>.
51 This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm
52 name accepted by EVP_get_cipherbyname() is acceptable such as B<des3>.
56 Specifying an engine (by its unique B<id> string) will cause B<genpkey>
57 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
58 thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
59 for all available algorithms. If used this option should precede all other
62 =item B<-algorithm alg>
64 Public key algorithm to use such as RSA, DSA or DH. If used this option must
65 precede any B<-pkeyopt> options. The options B<-paramfile> and B<-algorithm>
66 are mutually exclusive. Engines may add algorithms in addition to the standard
69 Valid built-in algorithm names for private key generation are RSA, RSA-PSS, EC,
70 X25519, X448, ED25519 and ED448.
72 Valid built-in algorithm names for parameter generation (see the B<-genparam>
73 option) are DH, DSA and EC.
75 Note that the algorithm name X9.42 DH may be used as a synonym for the DH
76 algorithm. These are identical and do not indicate the type of parameters that
77 will be generated. Use the B<dh_paramgen_type> option to indicate whether PKCS#3
78 or X9.42 DH parameters are required. See L<DH Parameter Generation Options>
79 below for more details.
81 =item B<-pkeyopt opt:value>
83 Set the public key algorithm option B<opt> to B<value>. The precise set of
84 options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its
85 implementation. See L<KEY GENERATION OPTIONS> and
86 L<PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS> below for more details.
90 Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must
91 precede any B<-algorithm>, B<-paramfile> or B<-pkeyopt> options.
93 =item B<-paramfile filename>
95 Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters.
96 They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key
97 algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must
98 precede any B<-pkeyopt> options. The options B<-paramfile> and B<-algorithm>
99 are mutually exclusive.
103 Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and
104 parameters along with the PEM or DER structure.
108 =head1 KEY GENERATION OPTIONS
110 The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an
111 algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
112 below. There are no key generation options defined for the X25519, X448, ED25519
115 =head2 RSA Key Generation Options
119 =item B<rsa_keygen_bits:numbits>
121 The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 1024 is used.
123 =item B<rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes>
125 The number of primes in the generated key. If not specified 2 is used.
127 =item B<rsa_keygen_pubexp:value>
129 The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or
130 hexadecimal value if preceded by B<0x>. Default value is 65537.
134 =head2 RSA-PSS Key Generation Options
136 Note: by default an B<RSA-PSS> key has no parameter restrictions.
140 =item B<rsa_keygen_bits:numbits>, B<rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes>, B<rsa_keygen_pubexp:value>
142 These options have the same meaning as the B<RSA> algorithm.
144 =item B<rsa_pss_keygen_md:digest>
146 If set the key is restricted and can only use B<digest> for signing.
148 =item B<rsa_pss_keygen_mgf1_md:digest>
150 If set the key is restricted and can only use B<digest> as it's MGF1
153 =item B<rsa_pss_keygen_saltlen:len>
155 If set the key is restricted and B<len> specifies the minimum salt length.
159 =head2 EC Key Generation Options
161 The EC key generation options can also be used for parameter generation.
165 =item B<ec_paramgen_curve:curve>
167 The EC curve to use. OpenSSL supports NIST curve names such as "P-256".
169 =item B<ec_param_enc:encoding>
171 The encoding to use for parameters. The "encoding" parameter must be either
172 "named_curve" or "explicit". The default value is "named_curve".
176 =head1 PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS
178 The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an
179 algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
182 =head2 DSA Parameter Generation Options
186 =item B<dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits>
188 The number of bits in the generated prime. If not specified 1024 is used.
190 =item B<dsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits>
192 The number of bits in the q parameter. Must be one of 160, 224 or 256. If not
193 specified 160 is used.
195 =item B<dsa_paramgen_md:digest>
197 The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of B<sha1>, B<sha224>
198 or B<sha256>. If set, then the number of bits in B<q> will match the output size
199 of the specified digest and the B<dsa_paramgen_q_bits> parameter will be
200 ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching
201 the number of bits in B<q>, i.e. B<sha1> if q length is 160, B<sha224> if it 224
202 or B<sha256> if it is 256.
206 =head2 DH Parameter Generation Options
210 =item B<dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits>
212 The number of bits in the prime parameter B<p>. The default is 1024.
214 =item B<dh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits>
216 The number of bits in the sub prime parameter B<q>. The default is 256 if the
217 prime is at least 2048 bits long or 160 otherwise. Only relevant if used in
218 conjunction with the B<dh_paramgen_type> option to generate X9.42 DH parameters.
220 =item B<dh_paramgen_generator:value>
222 The value to use for the generator B<g>. The default is 2.
224 =item B<dh_paramgen_type:value>
226 The type of DH parameters to generate. Use 0 for PKCS#3 DH and 1 for X9.42 DH.
229 =item B<dh_rfc5114:num>
231 If this option is set, then the appropriate RFC5114 parameters are used
232 instead of generating new parameters. The value B<num> can take the
233 values 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to RFC5114 DH parameters consisting of
234 1024 bit group with 160 bit subgroup, 2048 bit group with 224 bit subgroup
235 and 2048 bit group with 256 bit subgroup as mentioned in RFC5114 sections
236 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. If present this overrides all other DH parameter
241 =head2 EC Parameter Generation Options
243 The EC parameter generation options are the same as for key generation. See
244 L<EC Key Generation Options> above.
248 The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific
249 utilities because additional algorithm options and ENGINE provided algorithms
254 Generate an RSA private key using default parameters:
256 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem
258 Encrypt output private key using 128 bit AES and the passphrase "hello":
260 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem -aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello
262 Generate a 2048 bit RSA key using 3 as the public exponent:
264 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \
265 -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3
267 Generate 2048 bit DSA parameters:
269 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DSA -out dsap.pem \
270 -pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:2048
272 Generate DSA key from parameters:
274 openssl genpkey -paramfile dsap.pem -out dsakey.pem
276 Generate 2048 bit DH parameters:
278 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem \
279 -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048
281 Generate 2048 bit X9.42 DH parameters:
283 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhpx.pem \
284 -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048 \
285 -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1
287 Output RFC5114 2048 bit DH parameters with 224 bit subgroup:
289 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem -pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2
291 Generate DH key from parameters:
293 openssl genpkey -paramfile dhp.pem -out dhkey.pem
295 Generate EC parameters:
297 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm EC -out ecp.pem \
298 -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:secp384r1 \
299 -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
301 Generate EC key from parameters:
303 openssl genpkey -paramfile ecp.pem -out eckey.pem
305 Generate EC key directly:
307 openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out eckey.pem \
308 -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-384 \
309 -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
311 Generate an X25519 private key:
313 openssl genpkey -algorithm X25519 -out xkey.pem
315 Generate an ED448 private key:
317 openssl genpkey -algorithm ED448 -out xkey.pem
321 The ability to use NIST curve names, and to generate an EC key directly,
322 were added in OpenSSL 1.0.2. The ability to generate X25519 keys was added in
323 OpenSSL 1.1.0. The ability to generate X448, ED25519 and ED448 keys was added in
328 Copyright 2006-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
330 Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use
331 this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
332 in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
333 L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.