1 /* crypto/pem/pem_lib.c */
2 /* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
5 * This package is an SSL implementation written
6 * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
7 * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
9 * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
10 * the following conditions are aheared to. The following conditions
11 * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
12 * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code. The SSL documentation
13 * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
14 * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
16 * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
17 * the code are not to be removed.
18 * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
19 * as the author of the parts of the library used.
20 * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
21 * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
23 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
24 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
26 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
27 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
28 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
29 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
30 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
31 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
32 * must display the following acknowledgement:
33 * "This product includes cryptographic software written by
34 * Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
35 * The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
36 * being used are not cryptographic related :-).
37 * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
38 * the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
39 * "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
41 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
42 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
43 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
44 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
45 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
46 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
47 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
48 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
49 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
50 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
53 * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
54 * derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be
55 * copied and put under another distribution licence
56 * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
62 #include <openssl/buffer.h>
63 #include <openssl/objects.h>
64 #include <openssl/evp.h>
65 #include <openssl/rand.h>
66 #include <openssl/x509.h>
67 #include <openssl/pem.h>
68 #include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
69 #include "asn1_locl.h"
70 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DES
71 #include <openssl/des.h>
73 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
74 #include <openssl/engine.h>
77 const char PEM_version[]="PEM" OPENSSL_VERSION_PTEXT;
81 static int load_iv(char **fromp,unsigned char *to, int num);
82 static int check_pem(const char *nm, const char *name);
83 int pem_check_suffix(const char *pem_str, const char *suffix);
85 int PEM_def_callback(char *buf, int num, int w, void *key)
87 #ifdef OPENSSL_NO_FP_API
88 /* We should not ever call the default callback routine from
90 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_DEF_CALLBACK,ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
102 prompt=EVP_get_pw_prompt();
104 prompt="Enter PEM pass phrase:";
108 i=EVP_read_pw_string_min(buf,MIN_LENGTH,num,prompt,w);
111 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_DEF_CALLBACK,PEM_R_PROBLEMS_GETTING_PASSWORD);
112 memset(buf,0,(unsigned int)num);
118 fprintf(stderr,"phrase is too short, needs to be at least %d chars\n",MIN_LENGTH);
127 void PEM_proc_type(char *buf, int type)
131 if (type == PEM_TYPE_ENCRYPTED)
133 else if (type == PEM_TYPE_MIC_CLEAR)
135 else if (type == PEM_TYPE_MIC_ONLY)
140 BUF_strlcat(buf,"Proc-Type: 4,",PEM_BUFSIZE);
141 BUF_strlcat(buf,str,PEM_BUFSIZE);
142 BUF_strlcat(buf,"\n",PEM_BUFSIZE);
145 void PEM_dek_info(char *buf, const char *type, int len, char *str)
147 static const unsigned char map[17]="0123456789ABCDEF";
151 BUF_strlcat(buf,"DEK-Info: ",PEM_BUFSIZE);
152 BUF_strlcat(buf,type,PEM_BUFSIZE);
153 BUF_strlcat(buf,",",PEM_BUFSIZE);
155 if (j + (len * 2) + 1 > PEM_BUFSIZE)
157 for (i=0; i<len; i++)
159 buf[j+i*2] =map[(str[i]>>4)&0x0f];
160 buf[j+i*2+1]=map[(str[i] )&0x0f];
166 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_FP_API
167 void *PEM_ASN1_read(d2i_of_void *d2i, const char *name, FILE *fp, void **x,
168 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u)
173 if ((b=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
175 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_READ,ERR_R_BUF_LIB);
178 BIO_set_fp(b,fp,BIO_NOCLOSE);
179 ret=PEM_ASN1_read_bio(d2i,name,b,x,cb,u);
185 static int check_pem(const char *nm, const char *name)
187 /* Normal matching nm and name */
188 if (!strcmp(nm,name)) return 1;
190 /* Make PEM_STRING_EVP_PKEY match any private key */
192 if(!strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_EVP_PKEY))
195 const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;
196 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_PKCS8))
198 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_PKCS8INF))
200 slen = pem_check_suffix(nm, "PRIVATE KEY");
203 /* NB: ENGINE implementations wont contain
204 * a deprecated old private key decode function
205 * so don't look for them.
207 ameth = EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str(NULL, nm, slen);
208 if (ameth && ameth->old_priv_decode)
214 if(!strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_PARAMETERS))
217 const EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD *ameth;
218 slen = pem_check_suffix(nm, "PARAMETERS");
222 ameth = EVP_PKEY_asn1_find_str(&e, nm, slen);
226 if (ameth->param_decode)
230 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
239 /* If reading DH parameters handle X9.42 DH format too */
240 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_DHXPARAMS) &&
241 !strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_DHPARAMS)) return 1;
243 /* Permit older strings */
245 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_X509_OLD) &&
246 !strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_X509)) return 1;
248 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_X509_REQ_OLD) &&
249 !strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_X509_REQ)) return 1;
251 /* Allow normal certs to be read as trusted certs */
252 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_X509) &&
253 !strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_X509_TRUSTED)) return 1;
255 if(!strcmp(nm,PEM_STRING_X509_OLD) &&
256 !strcmp(name,PEM_STRING_X509_TRUSTED)) return 1;
258 /* Some CAs use PKCS#7 with CERTIFICATE headers */
259 if(!strcmp(nm, PEM_STRING_X509) &&
260 !strcmp(name, PEM_STRING_PKCS7)) return 1;
262 if(!strcmp(nm, PEM_STRING_PKCS7_SIGNED) &&
263 !strcmp(name, PEM_STRING_PKCS7)) return 1;
265 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CMS
266 if(!strcmp(nm, PEM_STRING_X509) &&
267 !strcmp(name, PEM_STRING_CMS)) return 1;
268 /* Allow CMS to be read from PKCS#7 headers */
269 if(!strcmp(nm, PEM_STRING_PKCS7) &&
270 !strcmp(name, PEM_STRING_CMS)) return 1;
276 int PEM_bytes_read_bio(unsigned char **pdata, long *plen, char **pnm, const char *name, BIO *bp,
277 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u)
279 EVP_CIPHER_INFO cipher;
280 char *nm=NULL,*header=NULL;
281 unsigned char *data=NULL;
287 if (!PEM_read_bio(bp,&nm,&header,&data,&len)) {
288 if(ERR_GET_REASON(ERR_peek_error()) ==
290 ERR_add_error_data(2, "Expecting: ", name);
293 if(check_pem(nm, name)) break;
295 OPENSSL_free(header);
298 if (!PEM_get_EVP_CIPHER_INFO(header,&cipher)) goto err;
299 if (!PEM_do_header(&cipher,data,&len,cb,u)) goto err;
310 if (!ret || !pnm) OPENSSL_free(nm);
311 OPENSSL_free(header);
312 if (!ret) OPENSSL_free(data);
316 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_FP_API
317 int PEM_ASN1_write(i2d_of_void *i2d, const char *name, FILE *fp,
318 void *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc, unsigned char *kstr,
319 int klen, pem_password_cb *callback, void *u)
324 if ((b=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
326 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE,ERR_R_BUF_LIB);
329 BIO_set_fp(b,fp,BIO_NOCLOSE);
330 ret=PEM_ASN1_write_bio(i2d,name,b,x,enc,kstr,klen,callback,u);
336 int PEM_ASN1_write_bio(i2d_of_void *i2d, const char *name, BIO *bp,
337 void *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc, unsigned char *kstr,
338 int klen, pem_password_cb *callback, void *u)
341 int dsize=0,i,j,ret=0;
342 unsigned char *p,*data=NULL;
343 const char *objstr=NULL;
344 char buf[PEM_BUFSIZE];
345 unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH];
346 unsigned char iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH];
350 objstr=OBJ_nid2sn(EVP_CIPHER_nid(enc));
353 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE_BIO,PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_CIPHER);
358 if ((dsize=i2d(x,NULL)) < 0)
360 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE_BIO,ERR_R_ASN1_LIB);
364 /* dzise + 8 bytes are needed */
365 /* actually it needs the cipher block size extra... */
366 data=(unsigned char *)OPENSSL_malloc((unsigned int)dsize+20);
369 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
379 if (callback == NULL)
380 klen=PEM_def_callback(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE,1,u);
382 klen=(*callback)(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE,1,u);
385 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_ASN1_WRITE_BIO,PEM_R_READ_KEY);
388 #ifdef CHARSET_EBCDIC
389 /* Convert the pass phrase from EBCDIC */
390 ebcdic2ascii(buf, buf, klen);
392 kstr=(unsigned char *)buf;
394 RAND_add(data,i,0);/* put in the RSA key. */
395 OPENSSL_assert(enc->iv_len <= (int)sizeof(iv));
396 if (RAND_pseudo_bytes(iv,enc->iv_len) < 0) /* Generate a salt */
398 /* The 'iv' is used as the iv and as a salt. It is
399 * NOT taken from the BytesToKey function */
400 EVP_BytesToKey(enc,EVP_md5(),iv,kstr,klen,1,key,NULL);
402 if (kstr == (unsigned char *)buf) OPENSSL_cleanse(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE);
404 OPENSSL_assert(strlen(objstr)+23+2*enc->iv_len+13 <= sizeof buf);
407 PEM_proc_type(buf,PEM_TYPE_ENCRYPTED);
408 PEM_dek_info(buf,objstr,enc->iv_len,(char *)iv);
411 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(&ctx);
412 EVP_EncryptInit_ex(&ctx,enc,NULL,key,iv);
413 EVP_EncryptUpdate(&ctx,data,&j,data,i);
414 EVP_EncryptFinal_ex(&ctx,&(data[j]),&i);
415 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx);
424 i=PEM_write_bio(bp,name,buf,data,i);
427 OPENSSL_cleanse(key,sizeof(key));
428 OPENSSL_cleanse(iv,sizeof(iv));
429 OPENSSL_cleanse((char *)&ctx,sizeof(ctx));
430 OPENSSL_cleanse(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE);
433 OPENSSL_cleanse(data,(unsigned int)dsize);
439 int PEM_do_header(EVP_CIPHER_INFO *cipher, unsigned char *data, long *plen,
440 pem_password_cb *callback,void *u)
445 unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH];
446 char buf[PEM_BUFSIZE];
450 if (cipher->cipher == NULL) return(1);
451 if (callback == NULL)
452 klen=PEM_def_callback(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE,0,u);
454 klen=callback(buf,PEM_BUFSIZE,0,u);
457 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_DO_HEADER,PEM_R_BAD_PASSWORD_READ);
460 #ifdef CHARSET_EBCDIC
461 /* Convert the pass phrase from EBCDIC */
462 ebcdic2ascii(buf, buf, klen);
465 EVP_BytesToKey(cipher->cipher,EVP_md5(),&(cipher->iv[0]),
466 (unsigned char *)buf,klen,1,key,NULL);
469 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_init(&ctx);
470 EVP_DecryptInit_ex(&ctx,cipher->cipher,NULL, key,&(cipher->iv[0]));
471 EVP_DecryptUpdate(&ctx,data,&i,data,j);
472 o=EVP_DecryptFinal_ex(&ctx,&(data[i]),&j);
473 EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup(&ctx);
474 OPENSSL_cleanse((char *)buf,sizeof(buf));
475 OPENSSL_cleanse((char *)key,sizeof(key));
479 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_DO_HEADER,PEM_R_BAD_DECRYPT);
486 int PEM_get_EVP_CIPHER_INFO(char *header, EVP_CIPHER_INFO *cipher)
488 const EVP_CIPHER *enc=NULL;
490 char **header_pp = &header;
493 if ((header == NULL) || (*header == '\0') || (*header == '\n'))
495 if (strncmp(header,"Proc-Type: ",11) != 0)
496 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_GET_EVP_CIPHER_INFO,PEM_R_NOT_PROC_TYPE); return(0); }
498 if (*header != '4') return(0); header++;
499 if (*header != ',') return(0); header++;
500 if (strncmp(header,"ENCRYPTED",9) != 0)
501 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_GET_EVP_CIPHER_INFO,PEM_R_NOT_ENCRYPTED); return(0); }
502 for (; (*header != '\n') && (*header != '\0'); header++)
505 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_GET_EVP_CIPHER_INFO,PEM_R_SHORT_HEADER); return(0); }
507 if (strncmp(header,"DEK-Info: ",10) != 0)
508 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_GET_EVP_CIPHER_INFO,PEM_R_NOT_DEK_INFO); return(0); }
515 #ifndef CHARSET_EBCDIC
516 if (!( ((c >= 'A') && (c <= 'Z')) || (c == '-') ||
517 ((c >= '0') && (c <= '9'))))
520 if (!( isupper(c) || (c == '-') ||
527 cipher->cipher=enc=EVP_get_cipherbyname(p);
533 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_GET_EVP_CIPHER_INFO,PEM_R_UNSUPPORTED_ENCRYPTION);
536 if (!load_iv(header_pp,&(cipher->iv[0]),enc->iv_len))
542 static int load_iv(char **fromp, unsigned char *to, int num)
548 for (i=0; i<num; i++) to[i]=0;
550 for (i=0; i<num; i++)
552 if ((*from >= '0') && (*from <= '9'))
554 else if ((*from >= 'A') && (*from <= 'F'))
556 else if ((*from >= 'a') && (*from <= 'f'))
560 PEMerr(PEM_F_LOAD_IV,PEM_R_BAD_IV_CHARS);
564 to[i/2]|=v<<(long)((!(i&1))*4);
571 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_FP_API
572 int PEM_write(FILE *fp, char *name, char *header, unsigned char *data,
578 if ((b=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
580 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_WRITE,ERR_R_BUF_LIB);
583 BIO_set_fp(b,fp,BIO_NOCLOSE);
584 ret=PEM_write_bio(b, name, header, data,len);
590 int PEM_write_bio(BIO *bp, const char *name, char *header, unsigned char *data,
594 unsigned char *buf = NULL;
596 int reason=ERR_R_BUF_LIB;
598 EVP_EncodeInit(&ctx);
601 if ( (BIO_write(bp,"-----BEGIN ",11) != 11) ||
602 (BIO_write(bp,name,nlen) != nlen) ||
603 (BIO_write(bp,"-----\n",6) != 6))
609 if ( (BIO_write(bp,header,i) != i) ||
610 (BIO_write(bp,"\n",1) != 1))
614 buf = OPENSSL_malloc(PEM_BUFSIZE*8);
617 reason=ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE;
624 n=(int)((len>(PEM_BUFSIZE*5))?(PEM_BUFSIZE*5):len);
625 EVP_EncodeUpdate(&ctx,buf,&outl,&(data[j]),n);
626 if ((outl) && (BIO_write(bp,(char *)buf,outl) != outl))
632 EVP_EncodeFinal(&ctx,buf,&outl);
633 if ((outl > 0) && (BIO_write(bp,(char *)buf,outl) != outl)) goto err;
634 OPENSSL_cleanse(buf, PEM_BUFSIZE*8);
637 if ( (BIO_write(bp,"-----END ",9) != 9) ||
638 (BIO_write(bp,name,nlen) != nlen) ||
639 (BIO_write(bp,"-----\n",6) != 6))
644 OPENSSL_cleanse(buf, PEM_BUFSIZE*8);
647 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_WRITE_BIO,reason);
651 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_FP_API
652 int PEM_read(FILE *fp, char **name, char **header, unsigned char **data,
658 if ((b=BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) == NULL)
660 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ,ERR_R_BUF_LIB);
663 BIO_set_fp(b,fp,BIO_NOCLOSE);
664 ret=PEM_read_bio(b, name, header, data,len);
670 int PEM_read_bio(BIO *bp, char **name, char **header, unsigned char **data,
674 int end=0,i,k,bl=0,hl=0,nohead=0;
678 BUF_MEM *dataB,*tmpB;
681 headerB=BUF_MEM_new();
683 if ((nameB == NULL) || (headerB == NULL) || (dataB == NULL))
686 BUF_MEM_free(headerB);
688 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
695 i=BIO_gets(bp,buf,254);
699 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,PEM_R_NO_START_LINE);
703 while ((i >= 0) && (buf[i] <= ' ')) i--;
704 buf[++i]='\n'; buf[++i]='\0';
706 if (strncmp(buf,"-----BEGIN ",11) == 0)
708 i=strlen(&(buf[11]));
710 if (strncmp(&(buf[11+i-6]),"-----\n",6) != 0)
712 if (!BUF_MEM_grow(nameB,i+9))
714 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
717 memcpy(nameB->data,&(buf[11]),i-6);
718 nameB->data[i-6]='\0';
723 if (!BUF_MEM_grow(headerB,256))
724 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto err; }
725 headerB->data[0]='\0';
728 i=BIO_gets(bp,buf,254);
731 while ((i >= 0) && (buf[i] <= ' ')) i--;
732 buf[++i]='\n'; buf[++i]='\0';
734 if (buf[0] == '\n') break;
735 if (!BUF_MEM_grow(headerB,hl+i+9))
736 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto err; }
737 if (strncmp(buf,"-----END ",9) == 0)
742 memcpy(&(headerB->data[hl]),buf,i);
743 headerB->data[hl+i]='\0';
748 if (!BUF_MEM_grow(dataB,1024))
749 { PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto err; }
755 i=BIO_gets(bp,buf,254);
758 while ((i >= 0) && (buf[i] <= ' ')) i--;
759 buf[++i]='\n'; buf[++i]='\0';
762 if (strncmp(buf,"-----END ",9) == 0)
765 if (!BUF_MEM_grow_clean(dataB,i+bl+9))
767 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
770 memcpy(&(dataB->data[bl]),buf,i);
771 dataB->data[bl+i]='\0';
776 i=BIO_gets(bp,buf,254);
779 while ((i >= 0) && (buf[i] <= ' ')) i--;
780 buf[++i]='\n'; buf[++i]='\0';
793 i=strlen(nameB->data);
794 if ( (strncmp(buf,"-----END ",9) != 0) ||
795 (strncmp(nameB->data,&(buf[9]),i) != 0) ||
796 (strncmp(&(buf[9+i]),"-----\n",6) != 0))
798 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,PEM_R_BAD_END_LINE);
802 EVP_DecodeInit(&ctx);
803 i=EVP_DecodeUpdate(&ctx,
804 (unsigned char *)dataB->data,&bl,
805 (unsigned char *)dataB->data,bl);
808 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,PEM_R_BAD_BASE64_DECODE);
811 i=EVP_DecodeFinal(&ctx,(unsigned char *)&(dataB->data[bl]),&k);
814 PEMerr(PEM_F_PEM_READ_BIO,PEM_R_BAD_BASE64_DECODE);
819 if (bl == 0) goto err;
821 *header=headerB->data;
822 *data=(unsigned char *)dataB->data;
825 OPENSSL_free(headerB);
830 BUF_MEM_free(headerB);
835 /* Check pem string and return prefix length.
836 * If for example the pem_str == "RSA PRIVATE KEY" and suffix = "PRIVATE KEY"
837 * the return value is 3 for the string "RSA".
840 int pem_check_suffix(const char *pem_str, const char *suffix)
842 int pem_len = strlen(pem_str);
843 int suffix_len = strlen(suffix);
845 if (suffix_len + 1 >= pem_len)
847 p = pem_str + pem_len - suffix_len;
848 if (strcmp(p, suffix))