3 #if 0 /* Moved to malloc.h */
4 /* ---------- To make a malloc.h, start cutting here ------------ */
7 A version of malloc/free/realloc written by Doug Lea and released to the
8 public domain. Send questions/comments/complaints/performance data
11 * VERSION 2.6.6 Sun Mar 5 19:10:03 2000 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
13 Note: There may be an updated version of this malloc obtainable at
14 ftp://g.oswego.edu/pub/misc/malloc.c
15 Check before installing!
17 * Why use this malloc?
19 This is not the fastest, most space-conserving, most portable, or
20 most tunable malloc ever written. However it is among the fastest
21 while also being among the most space-conserving, portable and tunable.
22 Consistent balance across these factors results in a good general-purpose
23 allocator. For a high-level description, see
24 http://g.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html
26 * Synopsis of public routines
28 (Much fuller descriptions are contained in the program documentation below.)
31 Return a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of at least n bytes, or null
32 if no space is available.
34 Release the chunk of memory pointed to by p, or no effect if p is null.
35 realloc(Void_t* p, size_t n);
36 Return a pointer to a chunk of size n that contains the same data
37 as does chunk p up to the minimum of (n, p's size) bytes, or null
38 if no space is available. The returned pointer may or may not be
39 the same as p. If p is null, equivalent to malloc. Unless the
40 #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES below is set, realloc with a
41 size argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.
42 memalign(size_t alignment, size_t n);
43 Return a pointer to a newly allocated chunk of n bytes, aligned
44 in accord with the alignment argument, which must be a power of
47 Equivalent to memalign(pagesize, n), where pagesize is the page
48 size of the system (or as near to this as can be figured out from
49 all the includes/defines below.)
51 Equivalent to valloc(minimum-page-that-holds(n)), that is,
52 round up n to nearest pagesize.
53 calloc(size_t unit, size_t quantity);
54 Returns a pointer to quantity * unit bytes, with all locations
57 Equivalent to free(p).
58 malloc_trim(size_t pad);
59 Release all but pad bytes of freed top-most memory back
60 to the system. Return 1 if successful, else 0.
61 malloc_usable_size(Void_t* p);
62 Report the number usable allocated bytes associated with allocated
63 chunk p. This may or may not report more bytes than were requested,
64 due to alignment and minimum size constraints.
66 Prints brief summary statistics.
68 Returns (by copy) a struct containing various summary statistics.
69 mallopt(int parameter_number, int parameter_value)
70 Changes one of the tunable parameters described below. Returns
71 1 if successful in changing the parameter, else 0.
76 8 byte alignment is currently hardwired into the design. This
77 seems to suffice for all current machines and C compilers.
79 Assumed pointer representation: 4 or 8 bytes
80 Code for 8-byte pointers is untested by me but has worked
81 reliably by Wolfram Gloger, who contributed most of the
82 changes supporting this.
84 Assumed size_t representation: 4 or 8 bytes
85 Note that size_t is allowed to be 4 bytes even if pointers are 8.
87 Minimum overhead per allocated chunk: 4 or 8 bytes
88 Each malloced chunk has a hidden overhead of 4 bytes holding size
89 and status information.
91 Minimum allocated size: 4-byte ptrs: 16 bytes (including 4 overhead)
92 8-byte ptrs: 24/32 bytes (including, 4/8 overhead)
94 When a chunk is freed, 12 (for 4byte ptrs) or 20 (for 8 byte
95 ptrs but 4 byte size) or 24 (for 8/8) additional bytes are
96 needed; 4 (8) for a trailing size field
97 and 8 (16) bytes for free list pointers. Thus, the minimum
98 allocatable size is 16/24/32 bytes.
100 Even a request for zero bytes (i.e., malloc(0)) returns a
101 pointer to something of the minimum allocatable size.
103 Maximum allocated size: 4-byte size_t: 2^31 - 8 bytes
104 8-byte size_t: 2^63 - 16 bytes
106 It is assumed that (possibly signed) size_t bit values suffice to
107 represent chunk sizes. `Possibly signed' is due to the fact
108 that `size_t' may be defined on a system as either a signed or
109 an unsigned type. To be conservative, values that would appear
110 as negative numbers are avoided.
111 Requests for sizes with a negative sign bit when the request
112 size is treaded as a long will return null.
114 Maximum overhead wastage per allocated chunk: normally 15 bytes
116 Alignnment demands, plus the minimum allocatable size restriction
117 make the normal worst-case wastage 15 bytes (i.e., up to 15
118 more bytes will be allocated than were requested in malloc), with
120 1. Because requests for zero bytes allocate non-zero space,
121 the worst case wastage for a request of zero bytes is 24 bytes.
122 2. For requests >= mmap_threshold that are serviced via
123 mmap(), the worst case wastage is 8 bytes plus the remainder
124 from a system page (the minimal mmap unit); typically 4096 bytes.
128 Here are some features that are NOT currently supported
130 * No user-definable hooks for callbacks and the like.
131 * No automated mechanism for fully checking that all accesses
132 to malloced memory stay within their bounds.
133 * No support for compaction.
135 * Synopsis of compile-time options:
137 People have reported using previous versions of this malloc on all
138 versions of Unix, sometimes by tweaking some of the defines
139 below. It has been tested most extensively on Solaris and
140 Linux. It is also reported to work on WIN32 platforms.
141 People have also reported adapting this malloc for use in
142 stand-alone embedded systems.
144 The implementation is in straight, hand-tuned ANSI C. Among other
145 consequences, it uses a lot of macros. Because of this, to be at
146 all usable, this code should be compiled using an optimizing compiler
147 (for example gcc -O2) that can simplify expressions and control
150 __STD_C (default: derived from C compiler defines)
151 Nonzero if using ANSI-standard C compiler, a C++ compiler, or
152 a C compiler sufficiently close to ANSI to get away with it.
153 DEBUG (default: NOT defined)
154 Define to enable debugging. Adds fairly extensive assertion-based
155 checking to help track down memory errors, but noticeably slows down
157 REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES (default: NOT defined)
158 Define this if you think that realloc(p, 0) should be equivalent
159 to free(p). Otherwise, since malloc returns a unique pointer for
160 malloc(0), so does realloc(p, 0).
161 HAVE_MEMCPY (default: defined)
162 Define if you are not otherwise using ANSI STD C, but still
163 have memcpy and memset in your C library and want to use them.
164 Otherwise, simple internal versions are supplied.
165 USE_MEMCPY (default: 1 if HAVE_MEMCPY is defined, 0 otherwise)
166 Define as 1 if you want the C library versions of memset and
167 memcpy called in realloc and calloc (otherwise macro versions are used).
168 At least on some platforms, the simple macro versions usually
169 outperform libc versions.
170 HAVE_MMAP (default: defined as 1)
171 Define to non-zero to optionally make malloc() use mmap() to
172 allocate very large blocks.
173 HAVE_MREMAP (default: defined as 0 unless Linux libc set)
174 Define to non-zero to optionally make realloc() use mremap() to
175 reallocate very large blocks.
176 malloc_getpagesize (default: derived from system #includes)
177 Either a constant or routine call returning the system page size.
178 HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H (default: NOT defined)
179 Optionally define if you are on a system with a /usr/include/malloc.h
180 that declares struct mallinfo. It is not at all necessary to
181 define this even if you do, but will ensure consistency.
182 INTERNAL_SIZE_T (default: size_t)
183 Define to a 32-bit type (probably `unsigned int') if you are on a
184 64-bit machine, yet do not want or need to allow malloc requests of
185 greater than 2^31 to be handled. This saves space, especially for
187 INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB (default: NOT defined)
188 Defined only when compiled as part of Linux libc.
189 Also note that there is some odd internal name-mangling via defines
190 (for example, internally, `malloc' is named `mALLOc') needed
191 when compiling in this case. These look funny but don't otherwise
193 WIN32 (default: undefined)
194 Define this on MS win (95, nt) platforms to compile in sbrk emulation.
195 LACKS_UNISTD_H (default: undefined if not WIN32)
196 Define this if your system does not have a <unistd.h>.
197 LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H (default: undefined if not WIN32)
198 Define this if your system does not have a <sys/param.h>.
199 MORECORE (default: sbrk)
200 The name of the routine to call to obtain more memory from the system.
201 MORECORE_FAILURE (default: -1)
202 The value returned upon failure of MORECORE.
203 MORECORE_CLEARS (default 1)
204 True (1) if the routine mapped to MORECORE zeroes out memory (which
206 DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
208 DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
210 Default values of tunable parameters (described in detail below)
211 controlling interaction with host system routines (sbrk, mmap, etc).
212 These values may also be changed dynamically via mallopt(). The
213 preset defaults are those that give best performance for typical
215 USE_DL_PREFIX (default: undefined)
216 Prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'. Useful to
217 quickly avoid procedure declaration conflicts and linker symbol
218 conflicts with existing memory allocation routines.
236 #endif /*__cplusplus*/
241 #if (__STD_C || defined(WIN32))
249 #include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
251 #include <sys/types.h>
258 #include <stdio.h> /* needed for malloc_stats */
269 Because freed chunks may be overwritten with link fields, this
270 malloc will often die when freed memory is overwritten by user
271 programs. This can be very effective (albeit in an annoying way)
272 in helping track down dangling pointers.
274 If you compile with -DDEBUG, a number of assertion checks are
275 enabled that will catch more memory errors. You probably won't be
276 able to make much sense of the actual assertion errors, but they
277 should help you locate incorrectly overwritten memory. The
278 checking is fairly extensive, and will slow down execution
279 noticeably. Calling malloc_stats or mallinfo with DEBUG set will
280 attempt to check every non-mmapped allocated and free chunk in the
281 course of computing the summmaries. (By nature, mmapped regions
282 cannot be checked very much automatically.)
284 Setting DEBUG may also be helpful if you are trying to modify
285 this code. The assertions in the check routines spell out in more
286 detail the assumptions and invariants underlying the algorithms.
293 #define assert(x) ((void)0)
298 INTERNAL_SIZE_T is the word-size used for internal bookkeeping
299 of chunk sizes. On a 64-bit machine, you can reduce malloc
300 overhead by defining INTERNAL_SIZE_T to be a 32 bit `unsigned int'
301 at the expense of not being able to handle requests greater than
302 2^31. This limitation is hardly ever a concern; you are encouraged
303 to set this. However, the default version is the same as size_t.
306 #ifndef INTERNAL_SIZE_T
307 #define INTERNAL_SIZE_T size_t
311 REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES should be set if a call to
312 realloc with zero bytes should be the same as a call to free.
313 Some people think it should. Otherwise, since this malloc
314 returns a unique pointer for malloc(0), so does realloc(p, 0).
318 /* #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES */
322 WIN32 causes an emulation of sbrk to be compiled in
323 mmap-based options are not currently supported in WIN32.
328 #define MORECORE wsbrk
331 #define LACKS_UNISTD_H
332 #define LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
335 Include 'windows.h' to get the necessary declarations for the
336 Microsoft Visual C++ data structures and routines used in the 'sbrk'
339 Define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN so that only the essential Microsoft
340 Visual C++ header files are included.
342 #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
348 HAVE_MEMCPY should be defined if you are not otherwise using
349 ANSI STD C, but still have memcpy and memset in your C library
350 and want to use them in calloc and realloc. Otherwise simple
351 macro versions are defined here.
353 USE_MEMCPY should be defined as 1 if you actually want to
354 have memset and memcpy called. People report that the macro
355 versions are often enough faster than libc versions on many
356 systems that it is better to use them.
370 #if (__STD_C || defined(HAVE_MEMCPY))
373 void* memset(void*, int, size_t);
374 void* memcpy(void*, const void*, size_t);
377 /* On Win32 platforms, 'memset()' and 'memcpy()' are already declared in */
388 /* The following macros are only invoked with (2n+1)-multiples of
389 INTERNAL_SIZE_T units, with a positive integer n. This is exploited
390 for fast inline execution when n is small. */
392 #define MALLOC_ZERO(charp, nbytes) \
394 INTERNAL_SIZE_T mzsz = (nbytes); \
395 if(mzsz <= 9*sizeof(mzsz)) { \
396 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mz = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (charp); \
397 if(mzsz >= 5*sizeof(mzsz)) { *mz++ = 0; \
399 if(mzsz >= 7*sizeof(mzsz)) { *mz++ = 0; \
401 if(mzsz >= 9*sizeof(mzsz)) { *mz++ = 0; \
406 } else memset((charp), 0, mzsz); \
409 #define MALLOC_COPY(dest,src,nbytes) \
411 INTERNAL_SIZE_T mcsz = (nbytes); \
412 if(mcsz <= 9*sizeof(mcsz)) { \
413 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcsrc = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (src); \
414 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcdst = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) (dest); \
415 if(mcsz >= 5*sizeof(mcsz)) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
416 *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
417 if(mcsz >= 7*sizeof(mcsz)) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
418 *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
419 if(mcsz >= 9*sizeof(mcsz)) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
420 *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; }}} \
421 *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
422 *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
424 } else memcpy(dest, src, mcsz); \
427 #else /* !USE_MEMCPY */
429 /* Use Duff's device for good zeroing/copying performance. */
431 #define MALLOC_ZERO(charp, nbytes) \
433 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mzp = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*)(charp); \
434 long mctmp = (nbytes)/sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T), mcn; \
435 if (mctmp < 8) mcn = 0; else { mcn = (mctmp-1)/8; mctmp %= 8; } \
437 case 0: for(;;) { *mzp++ = 0; \
438 case 7: *mzp++ = 0; \
439 case 6: *mzp++ = 0; \
440 case 5: *mzp++ = 0; \
441 case 4: *mzp++ = 0; \
442 case 3: *mzp++ = 0; \
443 case 2: *mzp++ = 0; \
444 case 1: *mzp++ = 0; if(mcn <= 0) break; mcn--; } \
448 #define MALLOC_COPY(dest,src,nbytes) \
450 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcsrc = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) src; \
451 INTERNAL_SIZE_T* mcdst = (INTERNAL_SIZE_T*) dest; \
452 long mctmp = (nbytes)/sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T), mcn; \
453 if (mctmp < 8) mcn = 0; else { mcn = (mctmp-1)/8; mctmp %= 8; } \
455 case 0: for(;;) { *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
456 case 7: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
457 case 6: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
458 case 5: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
459 case 4: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
460 case 3: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
461 case 2: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; \
462 case 1: *mcdst++ = *mcsrc++; if(mcn <= 0) break; mcn--; } \
470 Define HAVE_MMAP to optionally make malloc() use mmap() to
471 allocate very large blocks. These will be returned to the
472 operating system immediately after a free().
480 Define HAVE_MREMAP to make realloc() use mremap() to re-allocate
481 large blocks. This is currently only possible on Linux with
482 kernel versions newer than 1.3.77.
486 #ifdef INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB
487 #define HAVE_MREMAP 1
489 #define HAVE_MREMAP 0
497 #include <sys/mman.h>
499 #if !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS) && defined(MAP_ANON)
500 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
503 #endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
506 Access to system page size. To the extent possible, this malloc
507 manages memory from the system in page-size units.
509 The following mechanics for getpagesize were adapted from
510 bsd/gnu getpagesize.h
513 #ifndef LACKS_UNISTD_H
517 #ifndef malloc_getpagesize
518 # ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE /* some SVR4 systems omit an underscore */
519 # ifndef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
520 # define _SC_PAGE_SIZE _SC_PAGESIZE
523 # ifdef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
524 # define malloc_getpagesize sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)
526 # if defined(BSD) || defined(DGUX) || defined(HAVE_GETPAGESIZE)
527 extern size_t getpagesize();
528 # define malloc_getpagesize getpagesize()
531 # define malloc_getpagesize (4096) /* TBD: Use 'GetSystemInfo' instead */
533 # ifndef LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H
534 # include <sys/param.h>
536 # ifdef EXEC_PAGESIZE
537 # define malloc_getpagesize EXEC_PAGESIZE
541 # define malloc_getpagesize NBPG
543 # define malloc_getpagesize (NBPG * CLSIZE)
547 # define malloc_getpagesize NBPC
550 # define malloc_getpagesize PAGESIZE
552 # define malloc_getpagesize (4096) /* just guess */
565 This version of malloc supports the standard SVID/XPG mallinfo
566 routine that returns a struct containing the same kind of
567 information you can get from malloc_stats. It should work on
568 any SVID/XPG compliant system that has a /usr/include/malloc.h
569 defining struct mallinfo. (If you'd like to install such a thing
570 yourself, cut out the preliminary declarations as described above
571 and below and save them in a malloc.h file. But there's no
572 compelling reason to bother to do this.)
574 The main declaration needed is the mallinfo struct that is returned
575 (by-copy) by mallinfo(). The SVID/XPG malloinfo struct contains a
576 bunch of fields, most of which are not even meaningful in this
577 version of malloc. Some of these fields are are instead filled by
578 mallinfo() with other numbers that might possibly be of interest.
580 HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H should be set if you have a
581 /usr/include/malloc.h file that includes a declaration of struct
582 mallinfo. If so, it is included; else an SVID2/XPG2 compliant
583 version is declared below. These must be precisely the same for
588 /* #define HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H */
590 #if HAVE_USR_INCLUDE_MALLOC_H
591 #include "/usr/include/malloc.h"
594 /* SVID2/XPG mallinfo structure */
597 int arena; /* total space allocated from system */
598 int ordblks; /* number of non-inuse chunks */
599 int smblks; /* unused -- always zero */
600 int hblks; /* number of mmapped regions */
601 int hblkhd; /* total space in mmapped regions */
602 int usmblks; /* unused -- always zero */
603 int fsmblks; /* unused -- always zero */
604 int uordblks; /* total allocated space */
605 int fordblks; /* total non-inuse space */
606 int keepcost; /* top-most, releasable (via malloc_trim) space */
609 /* SVID2/XPG mallopt options */
611 #define M_MXFAST 1 /* UNUSED in this malloc */
612 #define M_NLBLKS 2 /* UNUSED in this malloc */
613 #define M_GRAIN 3 /* UNUSED in this malloc */
614 #define M_KEEP 4 /* UNUSED in this malloc */
618 /* mallopt options that actually do something */
620 #define M_TRIM_THRESHOLD -1
622 #define M_MMAP_THRESHOLD -3
623 #define M_MMAP_MAX -4
626 #ifndef DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD
627 #define DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD (128 * 1024)
631 M_TRIM_THRESHOLD is the maximum amount of unused top-most memory
632 to keep before releasing via malloc_trim in free().
634 Automatic trimming is mainly useful in long-lived programs.
635 Because trimming via sbrk can be slow on some systems, and can
636 sometimes be wasteful (in cases where programs immediately
637 afterward allocate more large chunks) the value should be high
638 enough so that your overall system performance would improve by
641 The trim threshold and the mmap control parameters (see below)
642 can be traded off with one another. Trimming and mmapping are
643 two different ways of releasing unused memory back to the
644 system. Between these two, it is often possible to keep
645 system-level demands of a long-lived program down to a bare
646 minimum. For example, in one test suite of sessions measuring
647 the XF86 X server on Linux, using a trim threshold of 128K and a
648 mmap threshold of 192K led to near-minimal long term resource
651 If you are using this malloc in a long-lived program, it should
652 pay to experiment with these values. As a rough guide, you
653 might set to a value close to the average size of a process
654 (program) running on your system. Releasing this much memory
655 would allow such a process to run in memory. Generally, it's
656 worth it to tune for trimming rather tham memory mapping when a
657 program undergoes phases where several large chunks are
658 allocated and released in ways that can reuse each other's
659 storage, perhaps mixed with phases where there are no such
660 chunks at all. And in well-behaved long-lived programs,
661 controlling release of large blocks via trimming versus mapping
664 However, in most programs, these parameters serve mainly as
665 protection against the system-level effects of carrying around
666 massive amounts of unneeded memory. Since frequent calls to
667 sbrk, mmap, and munmap otherwise degrade performance, the default
668 parameters are set to relatively high values that serve only as
671 The default trim value is high enough to cause trimming only in
672 fairly extreme (by current memory consumption standards) cases.
673 It must be greater than page size to have any useful effect. To
674 disable trimming completely, you can set to (unsigned long)(-1);
680 #ifndef DEFAULT_TOP_PAD
681 #define DEFAULT_TOP_PAD (0)
685 M_TOP_PAD is the amount of extra `padding' space to allocate or
686 retain whenever sbrk is called. It is used in two ways internally:
688 * When sbrk is called to extend the top of the arena to satisfy
689 a new malloc request, this much padding is added to the sbrk
692 * When malloc_trim is called automatically from free(),
693 it is used as the `pad' argument.
695 In both cases, the actual amount of padding is rounded
696 so that the end of the arena is always a system page boundary.
698 The main reason for using padding is to avoid calling sbrk so
699 often. Having even a small pad greatly reduces the likelihood
700 that nearly every malloc request during program start-up (or
701 after trimming) will invoke sbrk, which needlessly wastes
704 Automatic rounding-up to page-size units is normally sufficient
705 to avoid measurable overhead, so the default is 0. However, in
706 systems where sbrk is relatively slow, it can pay to increase
707 this value, at the expense of carrying around more memory than
713 #ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD
714 #define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD (128 * 1024)
719 M_MMAP_THRESHOLD is the request size threshold for using mmap()
720 to service a request. Requests of at least this size that cannot
721 be allocated using already-existing space will be serviced via mmap.
722 (If enough normal freed space already exists it is used instead.)
724 Using mmap segregates relatively large chunks of memory so that
725 they can be individually obtained and released from the host
726 system. A request serviced through mmap is never reused by any
727 other request (at least not directly; the system may just so
728 happen to remap successive requests to the same locations).
730 Segregating space in this way has the benefit that mmapped space
731 can ALWAYS be individually released back to the system, which
732 helps keep the system level memory demands of a long-lived
733 program low. Mapped memory can never become `locked' between
734 other chunks, as can happen with normally allocated chunks, which
735 menas that even trimming via malloc_trim would not release them.
737 However, it has the disadvantages that:
739 1. The space cannot be reclaimed, consolidated, and then
740 used to service later requests, as happens with normal chunks.
741 2. It can lead to more wastage because of mmap page alignment
743 3. It causes malloc performance to be more dependent on host
744 system memory management support routines which may vary in
745 implementation quality and may impose arbitrary
746 limitations. Generally, servicing a request via normal
747 malloc steps is faster than going through a system's mmap.
749 All together, these considerations should lead you to use mmap
750 only for relatively large requests.
756 #ifndef DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX
758 #define DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX (64)
760 #define DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX (0)
765 M_MMAP_MAX is the maximum number of requests to simultaneously
766 service using mmap. This parameter exists because:
768 1. Some systems have a limited number of internal tables for
770 2. In most systems, overreliance on mmap can degrade overall
772 3. If a program allocates many large regions, it is probably
773 better off using normal sbrk-based allocation routines that
774 can reclaim and reallocate normal heap memory. Using a
775 small value allows transition into this mode after the
776 first few allocations.
778 Setting to 0 disables all use of mmap. If HAVE_MMAP is not set,
779 the default value is 0, and attempts to set it to non-zero values
780 in mallopt will fail.
785 USE_DL_PREFIX will prefix all public routines with the string 'dl'.
786 Useful to quickly avoid procedure declaration conflicts and linker
787 symbol conflicts with existing memory allocation routines.
791 /* #define USE_DL_PREFIX */
796 Special defines for linux libc
798 Except when compiled using these special defines for Linux libc
799 using weak aliases, this malloc is NOT designed to work in
800 multithreaded applications. No semaphores or other concurrency
801 control are provided to ensure that multiple malloc or free calls
802 don't run at the same time, which could be disasterous. A single
803 semaphore could be used across malloc, realloc, and free (which is
804 essentially the effect of the linux weak alias approach). It would
805 be hard to obtain finer granularity.
810 #ifdef INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB
814 Void_t * __default_morecore_init (ptrdiff_t);
815 Void_t *(*__morecore)(ptrdiff_t) = __default_morecore_init;
819 Void_t * __default_morecore_init ();
820 Void_t *(*__morecore)() = __default_morecore_init;
824 #define MORECORE (*__morecore)
825 #define MORECORE_FAILURE 0
826 #define MORECORE_CLEARS 1
828 #else /* INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB */
831 extern Void_t* sbrk(ptrdiff_t);
833 extern Void_t* sbrk();
837 #define MORECORE sbrk
840 #ifndef MORECORE_FAILURE
841 #define MORECORE_FAILURE -1
844 #ifndef MORECORE_CLEARS
845 #define MORECORE_CLEARS 1
848 #endif /* INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB */
850 #if defined(INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB) && defined(__ELF__)
852 #define cALLOc __libc_calloc
853 #define fREe __libc_free
854 #define mALLOc __libc_malloc
855 #define mEMALIGn __libc_memalign
856 #define rEALLOc __libc_realloc
857 #define vALLOc __libc_valloc
858 #define pvALLOc __libc_pvalloc
859 #define mALLINFo __libc_mallinfo
860 #define mALLOPt __libc_mallopt
862 #pragma weak calloc = __libc_calloc
863 #pragma weak free = __libc_free
864 #pragma weak cfree = __libc_free
865 #pragma weak malloc = __libc_malloc
866 #pragma weak memalign = __libc_memalign
867 #pragma weak realloc = __libc_realloc
868 #pragma weak valloc = __libc_valloc
869 #pragma weak pvalloc = __libc_pvalloc
870 #pragma weak mallinfo = __libc_mallinfo
871 #pragma weak mallopt = __libc_mallopt
876 #define cALLOc dlcalloc
878 #define mALLOc dlmalloc
879 #define mEMALIGn dlmemalign
880 #define rEALLOc dlrealloc
881 #define vALLOc dlvalloc
882 #define pvALLOc dlpvalloc
883 #define mALLINFo dlmallinfo
884 #define mALLOPt dlmallopt
885 #else /* USE_DL_PREFIX */
886 #define cALLOc calloc
888 #define mALLOc malloc
889 #define mEMALIGn memalign
890 #define rEALLOc realloc
891 #define vALLOc valloc
892 #define pvALLOc pvalloc
893 #define mALLINFo mallinfo
894 #define mALLOPt mallopt
895 #endif /* USE_DL_PREFIX */
899 /* Public routines */
903 Void_t* mALLOc(size_t);
905 Void_t* rEALLOc(Void_t*, size_t);
906 Void_t* mEMALIGn(size_t, size_t);
907 Void_t* vALLOc(size_t);
908 Void_t* pvALLOc(size_t);
909 Void_t* cALLOc(size_t, size_t);
911 int malloc_trim(size_t);
912 size_t malloc_usable_size(Void_t*);
914 int mALLOPt(int, int);
915 struct mallinfo mALLINFo(void);
926 size_t malloc_usable_size();
929 struct mallinfo mALLINFo();
934 }; /* end of extern "C" */
937 /* ---------- To make a malloc.h, end cutting here ------------ */
938 #else /* Moved to malloc.h */
943 static void malloc_update_mallinfo (void);
944 void malloc_stats (void);
946 static void malloc_update_mallinfo ();
951 #endif /* 0 */ /* Moved to malloc.h */
953 DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR;
956 Emulation of sbrk for WIN32
957 All code within the ifdef WIN32 is untested by me.
959 Thanks to Martin Fong and others for supplying this.
965 #define AlignPage(add) (((add) + (malloc_getpagesize-1)) & \
966 ~(malloc_getpagesize-1))
967 #define AlignPage64K(add) (((add) + (0x10000 - 1)) & ~(0x10000 - 1))
969 /* resrve 64MB to insure large contiguous space */
970 #define RESERVED_SIZE (1024*1024*64)
971 #define NEXT_SIZE (2048*1024)
972 #define TOP_MEMORY ((unsigned long)2*1024*1024*1024)
974 struct GmListElement;
975 typedef struct GmListElement GmListElement;
983 static GmListElement* head = 0;
984 static unsigned int gNextAddress = 0;
985 static unsigned int gAddressBase = 0;
986 static unsigned int gAllocatedSize = 0;
989 GmListElement* makeGmListElement (void* bas)
992 this = (GmListElement*)(void*)LocalAlloc (0, sizeof (GmListElement));
1006 assert ( (head == NULL) || (head->base == (void*)gAddressBase));
1007 if (gAddressBase && (gNextAddress - gAddressBase))
1009 rval = VirtualFree ((void*)gAddressBase,
1010 gNextAddress - gAddressBase,
1016 GmListElement* next = head->next;
1017 rval = VirtualFree (head->base, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
1025 void* findRegion (void* start_address, unsigned long size)
1027 MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION info;
1028 if (size >= TOP_MEMORY) return NULL;
1030 while ((unsigned long)start_address + size < TOP_MEMORY)
1032 VirtualQuery (start_address, &info, sizeof (info));
1033 if ((info.State == MEM_FREE) && (info.RegionSize >= size))
1034 return start_address;
1037 /* Requested region is not available so see if the */
1038 /* next region is available. Set 'start_address' */
1039 /* to the next region and call 'VirtualQuery()' */
1042 start_address = (char*)info.BaseAddress + info.RegionSize;
1044 /* Make sure we start looking for the next region */
1045 /* on the *next* 64K boundary. Otherwise, even if */
1046 /* the new region is free according to */
1047 /* 'VirtualQuery()', the subsequent call to */
1048 /* 'VirtualAlloc()' (which follows the call to */
1049 /* this routine in 'wsbrk()') will round *down* */
1050 /* the requested address to a 64K boundary which */
1051 /* we already know is an address in the */
1052 /* unavailable region. Thus, the subsequent call */
1053 /* to 'VirtualAlloc()' will fail and bring us back */
1054 /* here, causing us to go into an infinite loop. */
1057 (void *) AlignPage64K((unsigned long) start_address);
1065 void* wsbrk (long size)
1070 if (gAddressBase == 0)
1072 gAllocatedSize = max (RESERVED_SIZE, AlignPage (size));
1073 gNextAddress = gAddressBase =
1074 (unsigned int)VirtualAlloc (NULL, gAllocatedSize,
1075 MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS);
1076 } else if (AlignPage (gNextAddress + size) > (gAddressBase +
1079 long new_size = max (NEXT_SIZE, AlignPage (size));
1080 void* new_address = (void*)(gAddressBase+gAllocatedSize);
1083 new_address = findRegion (new_address, new_size);
1085 if (new_address == 0)
1088 gAddressBase = gNextAddress =
1089 (unsigned int)VirtualAlloc (new_address, new_size,
1090 MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS);
1091 /* repeat in case of race condition */
1092 /* The region that we found has been snagged */
1093 /* by another thread */
1095 while (gAddressBase == 0);
1097 assert (new_address == (void*)gAddressBase);
1099 gAllocatedSize = new_size;
1101 if (!makeGmListElement ((void*)gAddressBase))
1104 if ((size + gNextAddress) > AlignPage (gNextAddress))
1107 res = VirtualAlloc ((void*)AlignPage (gNextAddress),
1108 (size + gNextAddress -
1109 AlignPage (gNextAddress)),
1110 MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
1114 tmp = (void*)gNextAddress;
1115 gNextAddress = (unsigned int)tmp + size;
1120 unsigned int alignedGoal = AlignPage (gNextAddress + size);
1121 /* Trim by releasing the virtual memory */
1122 if (alignedGoal >= gAddressBase)
1124 VirtualFree ((void*)alignedGoal, gNextAddress - alignedGoal,
1126 gNextAddress = gNextAddress + size;
1127 return (void*)gNextAddress;
1131 VirtualFree ((void*)gAddressBase, gNextAddress - gAddressBase,
1133 gNextAddress = gAddressBase;
1139 return (void*)gNextAddress;
1154 INTERNAL_SIZE_T prev_size; /* Size of previous chunk (if free). */
1155 INTERNAL_SIZE_T size; /* Size in bytes, including overhead. */
1156 struct malloc_chunk* fd; /* double links -- used only if free. */
1157 struct malloc_chunk* bk;
1160 typedef struct malloc_chunk* mchunkptr;
1164 malloc_chunk details:
1166 (The following includes lightly edited explanations by Colin Plumb.)
1168 Chunks of memory are maintained using a `boundary tag' method as
1169 described in e.g., Knuth or Standish. (See the paper by Paul
1170 Wilson ftp://ftp.cs.utexas.edu/pub/garbage/allocsrv.ps for a
1171 survey of such techniques.) Sizes of free chunks are stored both
1172 in the front of each chunk and at the end. This makes
1173 consolidating fragmented chunks into bigger chunks very fast. The
1174 size fields also hold bits representing whether chunks are free or
1177 An allocated chunk looks like this:
1180 chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1181 | Size of previous chunk, if allocated | |
1182 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1183 | Size of chunk, in bytes |P|
1184 mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1185 | User data starts here... .
1187 . (malloc_usable_space() bytes) .
1189 nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1191 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1194 Where "chunk" is the front of the chunk for the purpose of most of
1195 the malloc code, but "mem" is the pointer that is returned to the
1196 user. "Nextchunk" is the beginning of the next contiguous chunk.
1198 Chunks always begin on even word boundries, so the mem portion
1199 (which is returned to the user) is also on an even word boundary, and
1200 thus double-word aligned.
1202 Free chunks are stored in circular doubly-linked lists, and look like this:
1204 chunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1205 | Size of previous chunk |
1206 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1207 `head:' | Size of chunk, in bytes |P|
1208 mem-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1209 | Forward pointer to next chunk in list |
1210 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1211 | Back pointer to previous chunk in list |
1212 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1213 | Unused space (may be 0 bytes long) .
1216 nextchunk-> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1217 `foot:' | Size of chunk, in bytes |
1218 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1220 The P (PREV_INUSE) bit, stored in the unused low-order bit of the
1221 chunk size (which is always a multiple of two words), is an in-use
1222 bit for the *previous* chunk. If that bit is *clear*, then the
1223 word before the current chunk size contains the previous chunk
1224 size, and can be used to find the front of the previous chunk.
1225 (The very first chunk allocated always has this bit set,
1226 preventing access to non-existent (or non-owned) memory.)
1228 Note that the `foot' of the current chunk is actually represented
1229 as the prev_size of the NEXT chunk. (This makes it easier to
1230 deal with alignments etc).
1232 The two exceptions to all this are
1234 1. The special chunk `top', which doesn't bother using the
1235 trailing size field since there is no
1236 next contiguous chunk that would have to index off it. (After
1237 initialization, `top' is forced to always exist. If it would
1238 become less than MINSIZE bytes long, it is replenished via
1241 2. Chunks allocated via mmap, which have the second-lowest-order
1242 bit (IS_MMAPPED) set in their size fields. Because they are
1243 never merged or traversed from any other chunk, they have no
1244 foot size or inuse information.
1246 Available chunks are kept in any of several places (all declared below):
1248 * `av': An array of chunks serving as bin headers for consolidated
1249 chunks. Each bin is doubly linked. The bins are approximately
1250 proportionally (log) spaced. There are a lot of these bins
1251 (128). This may look excessive, but works very well in
1252 practice. All procedures maintain the invariant that no
1253 consolidated chunk physically borders another one. Chunks in
1254 bins are kept in size order, with ties going to the
1255 approximately least recently used chunk.
1257 The chunks in each bin are maintained in decreasing sorted order by
1258 size. This is irrelevant for the small bins, which all contain
1259 the same-sized chunks, but facilitates best-fit allocation for
1260 larger chunks. (These lists are just sequential. Keeping them in
1261 order almost never requires enough traversal to warrant using
1262 fancier ordered data structures.) Chunks of the same size are
1263 linked with the most recently freed at the front, and allocations
1264 are taken from the back. This results in LRU or FIFO allocation
1265 order, which tends to give each chunk an equal opportunity to be
1266 consolidated with adjacent freed chunks, resulting in larger free
1267 chunks and less fragmentation.
1269 * `top': The top-most available chunk (i.e., the one bordering the
1270 end of available memory) is treated specially. It is never
1271 included in any bin, is used only if no other chunk is
1272 available, and is released back to the system if it is very
1273 large (see M_TRIM_THRESHOLD).
1275 * `last_remainder': A bin holding only the remainder of the
1276 most recently split (non-top) chunk. This bin is checked
1277 before other non-fitting chunks, so as to provide better
1278 locality for runs of sequentially allocated chunks.
1280 * Implicitly, through the host system's memory mapping tables.
1281 If supported, requests greater than a threshold are usually
1282 serviced via calls to mmap, and then later released via munmap.
1286 /* sizes, alignments */
1288 #define SIZE_SZ (sizeof(INTERNAL_SIZE_T))
1289 #define MALLOC_ALIGNMENT (SIZE_SZ + SIZE_SZ)
1290 #define MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - 1)
1291 #define MINSIZE (sizeof(struct malloc_chunk))
1293 /* conversion from malloc headers to user pointers, and back */
1295 #define chunk2mem(p) ((Void_t*)((char*)(p) + 2*SIZE_SZ))
1296 #define mem2chunk(mem) ((mchunkptr)((char*)(mem) - 2*SIZE_SZ))
1298 /* pad request bytes into a usable size */
1300 #define request2size(req) \
1301 (((long)((req) + (SIZE_SZ + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) < \
1302 (long)(MINSIZE + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) ? MINSIZE : \
1303 (((req) + (SIZE_SZ + MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) & ~(MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)))
1305 /* Check if m has acceptable alignment */
1307 #define aligned_OK(m) (((unsigned long)((m)) & (MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK)) == 0)
1313 Physical chunk operations
1317 /* size field is or'ed with PREV_INUSE when previous adjacent chunk in use */
1319 #define PREV_INUSE 0x1
1321 /* size field is or'ed with IS_MMAPPED if the chunk was obtained with mmap() */
1323 #define IS_MMAPPED 0x2
1325 /* Bits to mask off when extracting size */
1327 #define SIZE_BITS (PREV_INUSE|IS_MMAPPED)
1330 /* Ptr to next physical malloc_chunk. */
1332 #define next_chunk(p) ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE) ))
1334 /* Ptr to previous physical malloc_chunk */
1336 #define prev_chunk(p)\
1337 ((mchunkptr)( ((char*)(p)) - ((p)->prev_size) ))
1340 /* Treat space at ptr + offset as a chunk */
1342 #define chunk_at_offset(p, s) ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))
1348 Dealing with use bits
1351 /* extract p's inuse bit */
1354 ((((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p))+((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size) & PREV_INUSE)
1356 /* extract inuse bit of previous chunk */
1358 #define prev_inuse(p) ((p)->size & PREV_INUSE)
1360 /* check for mmap()'ed chunk */
1362 #define chunk_is_mmapped(p) ((p)->size & IS_MMAPPED)
1364 /* set/clear chunk as in use without otherwise disturbing */
1366 #define set_inuse(p)\
1367 ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size |= PREV_INUSE
1369 #define clear_inuse(p)\
1370 ((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + ((p)->size & ~PREV_INUSE)))->size &= ~(PREV_INUSE)
1372 /* check/set/clear inuse bits in known places */
1374 #define inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
1375 (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size & PREV_INUSE)
1377 #define set_inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
1378 (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size |= PREV_INUSE)
1380 #define clear_inuse_bit_at_offset(p, s)\
1381 (((mchunkptr)(((char*)(p)) + (s)))->size &= ~(PREV_INUSE))
1387 Dealing with size fields
1390 /* Get size, ignoring use bits */
1392 #define chunksize(p) ((p)->size & ~(SIZE_BITS))
1394 /* Set size at head, without disturbing its use bit */
1396 #define set_head_size(p, s) ((p)->size = (((p)->size & PREV_INUSE) | (s)))
1398 /* Set size/use ignoring previous bits in header */
1400 #define set_head(p, s) ((p)->size = (s))
1402 /* Set size at footer (only when chunk is not in use) */
1404 #define set_foot(p, s) (((mchunkptr)((char*)(p) + (s)))->prev_size = (s))
1413 The bins, `av_' are an array of pairs of pointers serving as the
1414 heads of (initially empty) doubly-linked lists of chunks, laid out
1415 in a way so that each pair can be treated as if it were in a
1416 malloc_chunk. (This way, the fd/bk offsets for linking bin heads
1417 and chunks are the same).
1419 Bins for sizes < 512 bytes contain chunks of all the same size, spaced
1420 8 bytes apart. Larger bins are approximately logarithmically
1421 spaced. (See the table below.) The `av_' array is never mentioned
1422 directly in the code, but instead via bin access macros.
1430 4 bins of size 32768
1431 2 bins of size 262144
1432 1 bin of size what's left
1434 There is actually a little bit of slop in the numbers in bin_index
1435 for the sake of speed. This makes no difference elsewhere.
1437 The special chunks `top' and `last_remainder' get their own bins,
1438 (this is implemented via yet more trickery with the av_ array),
1439 although `top' is never properly linked to its bin since it is
1440 always handled specially.
1444 #define NAV 128 /* number of bins */
1446 typedef struct malloc_chunk* mbinptr;
1450 #define bin_at(i) ((mbinptr)((char*)&(av_[2*(i) + 2]) - 2*SIZE_SZ))
1451 #define next_bin(b) ((mbinptr)((char*)(b) + 2 * sizeof(mbinptr)))
1452 #define prev_bin(b) ((mbinptr)((char*)(b) - 2 * sizeof(mbinptr)))
1455 The first 2 bins are never indexed. The corresponding av_ cells are instead
1456 used for bookkeeping. This is not to save space, but to simplify
1457 indexing, maintain locality, and avoid some initialization tests.
1460 #define top (av_[2]) /* The topmost chunk */
1461 #define last_remainder (bin_at(1)) /* remainder from last split */
1465 Because top initially points to its own bin with initial
1466 zero size, thus forcing extension on the first malloc request,
1467 we avoid having any special code in malloc to check whether
1468 it even exists yet. But we still need to in malloc_extend_top.
1471 #define initial_top ((mchunkptr)(bin_at(0)))
1473 /* Helper macro to initialize bins */
1475 #define IAV(i) bin_at(i), bin_at(i)
1477 static mbinptr av_[NAV * 2 + 2] = {
1479 IAV(0), IAV(1), IAV(2), IAV(3), IAV(4), IAV(5), IAV(6), IAV(7),
1480 IAV(8), IAV(9), IAV(10), IAV(11), IAV(12), IAV(13), IAV(14), IAV(15),
1481 IAV(16), IAV(17), IAV(18), IAV(19), IAV(20), IAV(21), IAV(22), IAV(23),
1482 IAV(24), IAV(25), IAV(26), IAV(27), IAV(28), IAV(29), IAV(30), IAV(31),
1483 IAV(32), IAV(33), IAV(34), IAV(35), IAV(36), IAV(37), IAV(38), IAV(39),
1484 IAV(40), IAV(41), IAV(42), IAV(43), IAV(44), IAV(45), IAV(46), IAV(47),
1485 IAV(48), IAV(49), IAV(50), IAV(51), IAV(52), IAV(53), IAV(54), IAV(55),
1486 IAV(56), IAV(57), IAV(58), IAV(59), IAV(60), IAV(61), IAV(62), IAV(63),
1487 IAV(64), IAV(65), IAV(66), IAV(67), IAV(68), IAV(69), IAV(70), IAV(71),
1488 IAV(72), IAV(73), IAV(74), IAV(75), IAV(76), IAV(77), IAV(78), IAV(79),
1489 IAV(80), IAV(81), IAV(82), IAV(83), IAV(84), IAV(85), IAV(86), IAV(87),
1490 IAV(88), IAV(89), IAV(90), IAV(91), IAV(92), IAV(93), IAV(94), IAV(95),
1491 IAV(96), IAV(97), IAV(98), IAV(99), IAV(100), IAV(101), IAV(102), IAV(103),
1492 IAV(104), IAV(105), IAV(106), IAV(107), IAV(108), IAV(109), IAV(110), IAV(111),
1493 IAV(112), IAV(113), IAV(114), IAV(115), IAV(116), IAV(117), IAV(118), IAV(119),
1494 IAV(120), IAV(121), IAV(122), IAV(123), IAV(124), IAV(125), IAV(126), IAV(127)
1497 void malloc_bin_reloc (void)
1499 unsigned long *p = (unsigned long *)(&av_[2]);
1501 for (i=2; i<(sizeof(av_)/sizeof(mbinptr)); ++i) {
1502 *p++ += gd->reloc_off;
1507 /* field-extraction macros */
1509 #define first(b) ((b)->fd)
1510 #define last(b) ((b)->bk)
1516 #define bin_index(sz) \
1517 (((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) == 0) ? (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 3): \
1518 ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 4) ? 56 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 6): \
1519 ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 20) ? 91 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9): \
1520 ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 84) ? 110 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 12): \
1521 ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 340) ? 119 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 15): \
1522 ((((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 9) <= 1364) ? 124 + (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 18): \
1525 bins for chunks < 512 are all spaced 8 bytes apart, and hold
1526 identically sized chunks. This is exploited in malloc.
1529 #define MAX_SMALLBIN 63
1530 #define MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE 512
1531 #define SMALLBIN_WIDTH 8
1533 #define smallbin_index(sz) (((unsigned long)(sz)) >> 3)
1536 Requests are `small' if both the corresponding and the next bin are small
1539 #define is_small_request(nb) (nb < MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE - SMALLBIN_WIDTH)
1544 To help compensate for the large number of bins, a one-level index
1545 structure is used for bin-by-bin searching. `binblocks' is a
1546 one-word bitvector recording whether groups of BINBLOCKWIDTH bins
1547 have any (possibly) non-empty bins, so they can be skipped over
1548 all at once during during traversals. The bits are NOT always
1549 cleared as soon as all bins in a block are empty, but instead only
1550 when all are noticed to be empty during traversal in malloc.
1553 #define BINBLOCKWIDTH 4 /* bins per block */
1555 #define binblocks_r ((INTERNAL_SIZE_T)av_[1]) /* bitvector of nonempty blocks */
1556 #define binblocks_w (av_[1])
1558 /* bin<->block macros */
1560 #define idx2binblock(ix) ((unsigned)1 << (ix / BINBLOCKWIDTH))
1561 #define mark_binblock(ii) (binblocks_w = (mbinptr)(binblocks_r | idx2binblock(ii)))
1562 #define clear_binblock(ii) (binblocks_w = (mbinptr)(binblocks_r & ~(idx2binblock(ii))))
1568 /* Other static bookkeeping data */
1570 /* variables holding tunable values */
1572 static unsigned long trim_threshold = DEFAULT_TRIM_THRESHOLD;
1573 static unsigned long top_pad = DEFAULT_TOP_PAD;
1574 static unsigned int n_mmaps_max = DEFAULT_MMAP_MAX;
1575 static unsigned long mmap_threshold = DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD;
1577 /* The first value returned from sbrk */
1578 static char* sbrk_base = (char*)(-1);
1580 /* The maximum memory obtained from system via sbrk */
1581 static unsigned long max_sbrked_mem = 0;
1583 /* The maximum via either sbrk or mmap */
1584 static unsigned long max_total_mem = 0;
1586 /* internal working copy of mallinfo */
1587 static struct mallinfo current_mallinfo = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
1589 /* The total memory obtained from system via sbrk */
1590 #define sbrked_mem (current_mallinfo.arena)
1592 /* Tracking mmaps */
1595 static unsigned int n_mmaps = 0;
1597 static unsigned long mmapped_mem = 0;
1599 static unsigned int max_n_mmaps = 0;
1600 static unsigned long max_mmapped_mem = 0;
1613 These routines make a number of assertions about the states
1614 of data structures that should be true at all times. If any
1615 are not true, it's very likely that a user program has somehow
1616 trashed memory. (It's also possible that there is a coding error
1617 in malloc. In which case, please report it!)
1621 static void do_check_chunk(mchunkptr p)
1623 static void do_check_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
1626 #if 0 /* causes warnings because assert() is off */
1627 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
1630 /* No checkable chunk is mmapped */
1631 assert(!chunk_is_mmapped(p));
1633 /* Check for legal address ... */
1634 assert((char*)p >= sbrk_base);
1636 assert((char*)p + sz <= (char*)top);
1638 assert((char*)p + sz <= sbrk_base + sbrked_mem);
1644 static void do_check_free_chunk(mchunkptr p)
1646 static void do_check_free_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
1649 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
1650 #if 0 /* causes warnings because assert() is off */
1651 mchunkptr next = chunk_at_offset(p, sz);
1656 /* Check whether it claims to be free ... */
1659 /* Unless a special marker, must have OK fields */
1660 if ((long)sz >= (long)MINSIZE)
1662 assert((sz & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
1663 assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
1664 /* ... matching footer field */
1665 assert(next->prev_size == sz);
1666 /* ... and is fully consolidated */
1667 assert(prev_inuse(p));
1668 assert (next == top || inuse(next));
1670 /* ... and has minimally sane links */
1671 assert(p->fd->bk == p);
1672 assert(p->bk->fd == p);
1674 else /* markers are always of size SIZE_SZ */
1675 assert(sz == SIZE_SZ);
1679 static void do_check_inuse_chunk(mchunkptr p)
1681 static void do_check_inuse_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
1684 mchunkptr next = next_chunk(p);
1687 /* Check whether it claims to be in use ... */
1690 /* ... and is surrounded by OK chunks.
1691 Since more things can be checked with free chunks than inuse ones,
1692 if an inuse chunk borders them and debug is on, it's worth doing them.
1696 mchunkptr prv = prev_chunk(p);
1697 assert(next_chunk(prv) == p);
1698 do_check_free_chunk(prv);
1702 assert(prev_inuse(next));
1703 assert(chunksize(next) >= MINSIZE);
1705 else if (!inuse(next))
1706 do_check_free_chunk(next);
1711 static void do_check_malloced_chunk(mchunkptr p, INTERNAL_SIZE_T s)
1713 static void do_check_malloced_chunk(p, s) mchunkptr p; INTERNAL_SIZE_T s;
1716 #if 0 /* causes warnings because assert() is off */
1717 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = p->size & ~PREV_INUSE;
1721 do_check_inuse_chunk(p);
1723 /* Legal size ... */
1724 assert((long)sz >= (long)MINSIZE);
1725 assert((sz & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK) == 0);
1727 assert(room < (long)MINSIZE);
1729 /* ... and alignment */
1730 assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
1733 /* ... and was allocated at front of an available chunk */
1734 assert(prev_inuse(p));
1739 #define check_free_chunk(P) do_check_free_chunk(P)
1740 #define check_inuse_chunk(P) do_check_inuse_chunk(P)
1741 #define check_chunk(P) do_check_chunk(P)
1742 #define check_malloced_chunk(P,N) do_check_malloced_chunk(P,N)
1744 #define check_free_chunk(P)
1745 #define check_inuse_chunk(P)
1746 #define check_chunk(P)
1747 #define check_malloced_chunk(P,N)
1753 Macro-based internal utilities
1758 Linking chunks in bin lists.
1759 Call these only with variables, not arbitrary expressions, as arguments.
1763 Place chunk p of size s in its bin, in size order,
1764 putting it ahead of others of same size.
1768 #define frontlink(P, S, IDX, BK, FD) \
1770 if (S < MAX_SMALLBIN_SIZE) \
1772 IDX = smallbin_index(S); \
1773 mark_binblock(IDX); \
1778 FD->bk = BK->fd = P; \
1782 IDX = bin_index(S); \
1785 if (FD == BK) mark_binblock(IDX); \
1788 while (FD != BK && S < chunksize(FD)) FD = FD->fd; \
1793 FD->bk = BK->fd = P; \
1798 /* take a chunk off a list */
1800 #define unlink(P, BK, FD) \
1808 /* Place p as the last remainder */
1810 #define link_last_remainder(P) \
1812 last_remainder->fd = last_remainder->bk = P; \
1813 P->fd = P->bk = last_remainder; \
1816 /* Clear the last_remainder bin */
1818 #define clear_last_remainder \
1819 (last_remainder->fd = last_remainder->bk = last_remainder)
1825 /* Routines dealing with mmap(). */
1830 static mchunkptr mmap_chunk(size_t size)
1832 static mchunkptr mmap_chunk(size) size_t size;
1835 size_t page_mask = malloc_getpagesize - 1;
1838 #ifndef MAP_ANONYMOUS
1842 if(n_mmaps >= n_mmaps_max) return 0; /* too many regions */
1844 /* For mmapped chunks, the overhead is one SIZE_SZ unit larger, because
1845 * there is no following chunk whose prev_size field could be used.
1847 size = (size + SIZE_SZ + page_mask) & ~page_mask;
1849 #ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
1850 p = (mchunkptr)mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
1851 MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
1852 #else /* !MAP_ANONYMOUS */
1855 fd = open("/dev/zero", O_RDWR);
1856 if(fd < 0) return 0;
1858 p = (mchunkptr)mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
1861 if(p == (mchunkptr)-1) return 0;
1864 if (n_mmaps > max_n_mmaps) max_n_mmaps = n_mmaps;
1866 /* We demand that eight bytes into a page must be 8-byte aligned. */
1867 assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
1869 /* The offset to the start of the mmapped region is stored
1870 * in the prev_size field of the chunk; normally it is zero,
1871 * but that can be changed in memalign().
1874 set_head(p, size|IS_MMAPPED);
1876 mmapped_mem += size;
1877 if ((unsigned long)mmapped_mem > (unsigned long)max_mmapped_mem)
1878 max_mmapped_mem = mmapped_mem;
1879 if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
1880 max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
1885 static void munmap_chunk(mchunkptr p)
1887 static void munmap_chunk(p) mchunkptr p;
1890 INTERNAL_SIZE_T size = chunksize(p);
1893 assert (chunk_is_mmapped(p));
1894 assert(! ((char*)p >= sbrk_base && (char*)p < sbrk_base + sbrked_mem));
1895 assert((n_mmaps > 0));
1896 assert(((p->prev_size + size) & (malloc_getpagesize-1)) == 0);
1899 mmapped_mem -= (size + p->prev_size);
1901 ret = munmap((char *)p - p->prev_size, size + p->prev_size);
1903 /* munmap returns non-zero on failure */
1910 static mchunkptr mremap_chunk(mchunkptr p, size_t new_size)
1912 static mchunkptr mremap_chunk(p, new_size) mchunkptr p; size_t new_size;
1915 size_t page_mask = malloc_getpagesize - 1;
1916 INTERNAL_SIZE_T offset = p->prev_size;
1917 INTERNAL_SIZE_T size = chunksize(p);
1920 assert (chunk_is_mmapped(p));
1921 assert(! ((char*)p >= sbrk_base && (char*)p < sbrk_base + sbrked_mem));
1922 assert((n_mmaps > 0));
1923 assert(((size + offset) & (malloc_getpagesize-1)) == 0);
1925 /* Note the extra SIZE_SZ overhead as in mmap_chunk(). */
1926 new_size = (new_size + offset + SIZE_SZ + page_mask) & ~page_mask;
1928 cp = (char *)mremap((char *)p - offset, size + offset, new_size, 1);
1930 if (cp == (char *)-1) return 0;
1932 p = (mchunkptr)(cp + offset);
1934 assert(aligned_OK(chunk2mem(p)));
1936 assert((p->prev_size == offset));
1937 set_head(p, (new_size - offset)|IS_MMAPPED);
1939 mmapped_mem -= size + offset;
1940 mmapped_mem += new_size;
1941 if ((unsigned long)mmapped_mem > (unsigned long)max_mmapped_mem)
1942 max_mmapped_mem = mmapped_mem;
1943 if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
1944 max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
1948 #endif /* HAVE_MREMAP */
1950 #endif /* HAVE_MMAP */
1956 Extend the top-most chunk by obtaining memory from system.
1957 Main interface to sbrk (but see also malloc_trim).
1961 static void malloc_extend_top(INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb)
1963 static void malloc_extend_top(nb) INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb;
1966 char* brk; /* return value from sbrk */
1967 INTERNAL_SIZE_T front_misalign; /* unusable bytes at front of sbrked space */
1968 INTERNAL_SIZE_T correction; /* bytes for 2nd sbrk call */
1969 char* new_brk; /* return of 2nd sbrk call */
1970 INTERNAL_SIZE_T top_size; /* new size of top chunk */
1972 mchunkptr old_top = top; /* Record state of old top */
1973 INTERNAL_SIZE_T old_top_size = chunksize(old_top);
1974 char* old_end = (char*)(chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size));
1976 /* Pad request with top_pad plus minimal overhead */
1978 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sbrk_size = nb + top_pad + MINSIZE;
1979 unsigned long pagesz = malloc_getpagesize;
1981 /* If not the first time through, round to preserve page boundary */
1982 /* Otherwise, we need to correct to a page size below anyway. */
1983 /* (We also correct below if an intervening foreign sbrk call.) */
1985 if (sbrk_base != (char*)(-1))
1986 sbrk_size = (sbrk_size + (pagesz - 1)) & ~(pagesz - 1);
1988 brk = (char*)(MORECORE (sbrk_size));
1990 /* Fail if sbrk failed or if a foreign sbrk call killed our space */
1991 if (brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE) ||
1992 (brk < old_end && old_top != initial_top))
1995 sbrked_mem += sbrk_size;
1997 if (brk == old_end) /* can just add bytes to current top */
1999 top_size = sbrk_size + old_top_size;
2000 set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
2004 if (sbrk_base == (char*)(-1)) /* First time through. Record base */
2006 else /* Someone else called sbrk(). Count those bytes as sbrked_mem. */
2007 sbrked_mem += brk - (char*)old_end;
2009 /* Guarantee alignment of first new chunk made from this space */
2010 front_misalign = (unsigned long)chunk2mem(brk) & MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK;
2011 if (front_misalign > 0)
2013 correction = (MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) - front_misalign;
2019 /* Guarantee the next brk will be at a page boundary */
2021 correction += ((((unsigned long)(brk + sbrk_size))+(pagesz-1)) &
2022 ~(pagesz - 1)) - ((unsigned long)(brk + sbrk_size));
2024 /* Allocate correction */
2025 new_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (correction));
2026 if (new_brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE)) return;
2028 sbrked_mem += correction;
2030 top = (mchunkptr)brk;
2031 top_size = new_brk - brk + correction;
2032 set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
2034 if (old_top != initial_top)
2037 /* There must have been an intervening foreign sbrk call. */
2038 /* A double fencepost is necessary to prevent consolidation */
2040 /* If not enough space to do this, then user did something very wrong */
2041 if (old_top_size < MINSIZE)
2043 set_head(top, PREV_INUSE); /* will force null return from malloc */
2047 /* Also keep size a multiple of MALLOC_ALIGNMENT */
2048 old_top_size = (old_top_size - 3*SIZE_SZ) & ~MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK;
2049 set_head_size(old_top, old_top_size);
2050 chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size )->size =
2052 chunk_at_offset(old_top, old_top_size + SIZE_SZ)->size =
2054 /* If possible, release the rest. */
2055 if (old_top_size >= MINSIZE)
2056 fREe(chunk2mem(old_top));
2060 if ((unsigned long)sbrked_mem > (unsigned long)max_sbrked_mem)
2061 max_sbrked_mem = sbrked_mem;
2062 if ((unsigned long)(mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem) > (unsigned long)max_total_mem)
2063 max_total_mem = mmapped_mem + sbrked_mem;
2065 /* We always land on a page boundary */
2066 assert(((unsigned long)((char*)top + top_size) & (pagesz - 1)) == 0);
2072 /* Main public routines */
2078 The requested size is first converted into a usable form, `nb'.
2079 This currently means to add 4 bytes overhead plus possibly more to
2080 obtain 8-byte alignment and/or to obtain a size of at least
2081 MINSIZE (currently 16 bytes), the smallest allocatable size.
2082 (All fits are considered `exact' if they are within MINSIZE bytes.)
2084 From there, the first successful of the following steps is taken:
2086 1. The bin corresponding to the request size is scanned, and if
2087 a chunk of exactly the right size is found, it is taken.
2089 2. The most recently remaindered chunk is used if it is big
2090 enough. This is a form of (roving) first fit, used only in
2091 the absence of exact fits. Runs of consecutive requests use
2092 the remainder of the chunk used for the previous such request
2093 whenever possible. This limited use of a first-fit style
2094 allocation strategy tends to give contiguous chunks
2095 coextensive lifetimes, which improves locality and can reduce
2096 fragmentation in the long run.
2098 3. Other bins are scanned in increasing size order, using a
2099 chunk big enough to fulfill the request, and splitting off
2100 any remainder. This search is strictly by best-fit; i.e.,
2101 the smallest (with ties going to approximately the least
2102 recently used) chunk that fits is selected.
2104 4. If large enough, the chunk bordering the end of memory
2105 (`top') is split off. (This use of `top' is in accord with
2106 the best-fit search rule. In effect, `top' is treated as
2107 larger (and thus less well fitting) than any other available
2108 chunk since it can be extended to be as large as necessary
2109 (up to system limitations).
2111 5. If the request size meets the mmap threshold and the
2112 system supports mmap, and there are few enough currently
2113 allocated mmapped regions, and a call to mmap succeeds,
2114 the request is allocated via direct memory mapping.
2116 6. Otherwise, the top of memory is extended by
2117 obtaining more space from the system (normally using sbrk,
2118 but definable to anything else via the MORECORE macro).
2119 Memory is gathered from the system (in system page-sized
2120 units) in a way that allows chunks obtained across different
2121 sbrk calls to be consolidated, but does not require
2122 contiguous memory. Thus, it should be safe to intersperse
2123 mallocs with other sbrk calls.
2126 All allocations are made from the the `lowest' part of any found
2127 chunk. (The implementation invariant is that prev_inuse is
2128 always true of any allocated chunk; i.e., that each allocated
2129 chunk borders either a previously allocated and still in-use chunk,
2130 or the base of its memory arena.)
2135 Void_t* mALLOc(size_t bytes)
2137 Void_t* mALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
2140 mchunkptr victim; /* inspected/selected chunk */
2141 INTERNAL_SIZE_T victim_size; /* its size */
2142 int idx; /* index for bin traversal */
2143 mbinptr bin; /* associated bin */
2144 mchunkptr remainder; /* remainder from a split */
2145 long remainder_size; /* its size */
2146 int remainder_index; /* its bin index */
2147 unsigned long block; /* block traverser bit */
2148 int startidx; /* first bin of a traversed block */
2149 mchunkptr fwd; /* misc temp for linking */
2150 mchunkptr bck; /* misc temp for linking */
2151 mbinptr q; /* misc temp */
2155 if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
2157 nb = request2size(bytes); /* padded request size; */
2159 /* Check for exact match in a bin */
2161 if (is_small_request(nb)) /* Faster version for small requests */
2163 idx = smallbin_index(nb);
2165 /* No traversal or size check necessary for small bins. */
2170 /* Also scan the next one, since it would have a remainder < MINSIZE */
2178 victim_size = chunksize(victim);
2179 unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
2180 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
2181 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2182 return chunk2mem(victim);
2185 idx += 2; /* Set for bin scan below. We've already scanned 2 bins. */
2190 idx = bin_index(nb);
2193 for (victim = last(bin); victim != bin; victim = victim->bk)
2195 victim_size = chunksize(victim);
2196 remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
2198 if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* too big */
2200 --idx; /* adjust to rescan below after checking last remainder */
2204 else if (remainder_size >= 0) /* exact fit */
2206 unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
2207 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
2208 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2209 return chunk2mem(victim);
2217 /* Try to use the last split-off remainder */
2219 if ( (victim = last_remainder->fd) != last_remainder)
2221 victim_size = chunksize(victim);
2222 remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
2224 if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* re-split */
2226 remainder = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
2227 set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
2228 link_last_remainder(remainder);
2229 set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
2230 set_foot(remainder, remainder_size);
2231 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2232 return chunk2mem(victim);
2235 clear_last_remainder;
2237 if (remainder_size >= 0) /* exhaust */
2239 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
2240 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2241 return chunk2mem(victim);
2244 /* Else place in bin */
2246 frontlink(victim, victim_size, remainder_index, bck, fwd);
2250 If there are any possibly nonempty big-enough blocks,
2251 search for best fitting chunk by scanning bins in blockwidth units.
2254 if ( (block = idx2binblock(idx)) <= binblocks_r)
2257 /* Get to the first marked block */
2259 if ( (block & binblocks_r) == 0)
2261 /* force to an even block boundary */
2262 idx = (idx & ~(BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) + BINBLOCKWIDTH;
2264 while ((block & binblocks_r) == 0)
2266 idx += BINBLOCKWIDTH;
2271 /* For each possibly nonempty block ... */
2274 startidx = idx; /* (track incomplete blocks) */
2275 q = bin = bin_at(idx);
2277 /* For each bin in this block ... */
2280 /* Find and use first big enough chunk ... */
2282 for (victim = last(bin); victim != bin; victim = victim->bk)
2284 victim_size = chunksize(victim);
2285 remainder_size = victim_size - nb;
2287 if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* split */
2289 remainder = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
2290 set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
2291 unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
2292 link_last_remainder(remainder);
2293 set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
2294 set_foot(remainder, remainder_size);
2295 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2296 return chunk2mem(victim);
2299 else if (remainder_size >= 0) /* take */
2301 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(victim, victim_size);
2302 unlink(victim, bck, fwd);
2303 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2304 return chunk2mem(victim);
2309 bin = next_bin(bin);
2311 } while ((++idx & (BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) != 0);
2313 /* Clear out the block bit. */
2315 do /* Possibly backtrack to try to clear a partial block */
2317 if ((startidx & (BINBLOCKWIDTH - 1)) == 0)
2319 av_[1] = (mbinptr)(binblocks_r & ~block);
2324 } while (first(q) == q);
2326 /* Get to the next possibly nonempty block */
2328 if ( (block <<= 1) <= binblocks_r && (block != 0) )
2330 while ((block & binblocks_r) == 0)
2332 idx += BINBLOCKWIDTH;
2342 /* Try to use top chunk */
2344 /* Require that there be a remainder, ensuring top always exists */
2345 if ( (remainder_size = chunksize(top) - nb) < (long)MINSIZE)
2349 /* If big and would otherwise need to extend, try to use mmap instead */
2350 if ((unsigned long)nb >= (unsigned long)mmap_threshold &&
2351 (victim = mmap_chunk(nb)) != 0)
2352 return chunk2mem(victim);
2356 malloc_extend_top(nb);
2357 if ( (remainder_size = chunksize(top) - nb) < (long)MINSIZE)
2358 return 0; /* propagate failure */
2362 set_head(victim, nb | PREV_INUSE);
2363 top = chunk_at_offset(victim, nb);
2364 set_head(top, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
2365 check_malloced_chunk(victim, nb);
2366 return chunk2mem(victim);
2379 1. free(0) has no effect.
2381 2. If the chunk was allocated via mmap, it is release via munmap().
2383 3. If a returned chunk borders the current high end of memory,
2384 it is consolidated into the top, and if the total unused
2385 topmost memory exceeds the trim threshold, malloc_trim is
2388 4. Other chunks are consolidated as they arrive, and
2389 placed in corresponding bins. (This includes the case of
2390 consolidating with the current `last_remainder').
2396 void fREe(Void_t* mem)
2398 void fREe(mem) Void_t* mem;
2401 mchunkptr p; /* chunk corresponding to mem */
2402 INTERNAL_SIZE_T hd; /* its head field */
2403 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz; /* its size */
2404 int idx; /* its bin index */
2405 mchunkptr next; /* next contiguous chunk */
2406 INTERNAL_SIZE_T nextsz; /* its size */
2407 INTERNAL_SIZE_T prevsz; /* size of previous contiguous chunk */
2408 mchunkptr bck; /* misc temp for linking */
2409 mchunkptr fwd; /* misc temp for linking */
2410 int islr; /* track whether merging with last_remainder */
2412 if (mem == 0) /* free(0) has no effect */
2419 if (hd & IS_MMAPPED) /* release mmapped memory. */
2426 check_inuse_chunk(p);
2428 sz = hd & ~PREV_INUSE;
2429 next = chunk_at_offset(p, sz);
2430 nextsz = chunksize(next);
2432 if (next == top) /* merge with top */
2436 if (!(hd & PREV_INUSE)) /* consolidate backward */
2438 prevsz = p->prev_size;
2439 p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsz));
2441 unlink(p, bck, fwd);
2444 set_head(p, sz | PREV_INUSE);
2446 if ((unsigned long)(sz) >= (unsigned long)trim_threshold)
2447 malloc_trim(top_pad);
2451 set_head(next, nextsz); /* clear inuse bit */
2455 if (!(hd & PREV_INUSE)) /* consolidate backward */
2457 prevsz = p->prev_size;
2458 p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsz));
2461 if (p->fd == last_remainder) /* keep as last_remainder */
2464 unlink(p, bck, fwd);
2467 if (!(inuse_bit_at_offset(next, nextsz))) /* consolidate forward */
2471 if (!islr && next->fd == last_remainder) /* re-insert last_remainder */
2474 link_last_remainder(p);
2477 unlink(next, bck, fwd);
2481 set_head(p, sz | PREV_INUSE);
2484 frontlink(p, sz, idx, bck, fwd);
2495 Chunks that were obtained via mmap cannot be extended or shrunk
2496 unless HAVE_MREMAP is defined, in which case mremap is used.
2497 Otherwise, if their reallocation is for additional space, they are
2498 copied. If for less, they are just left alone.
2500 Otherwise, if the reallocation is for additional space, and the
2501 chunk can be extended, it is, else a malloc-copy-free sequence is
2502 taken. There are several different ways that a chunk could be
2503 extended. All are tried:
2505 * Extending forward into following adjacent free chunk.
2506 * Shifting backwards, joining preceding adjacent space
2507 * Both shifting backwards and extending forward.
2508 * Extending into newly sbrked space
2510 Unless the #define REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES is set, realloc with a
2511 size argument of zero (re)allocates a minimum-sized chunk.
2513 If the reallocation is for less space, and the new request is for
2514 a `small' (<512 bytes) size, then the newly unused space is lopped
2517 The old unix realloc convention of allowing the last-free'd chunk
2518 to be used as an argument to realloc is no longer supported.
2519 I don't know of any programs still relying on this feature,
2520 and allowing it would also allow too many other incorrect
2521 usages of realloc to be sensible.
2528 Void_t* rEALLOc(Void_t* oldmem, size_t bytes)
2530 Void_t* rEALLOc(oldmem, bytes) Void_t* oldmem; size_t bytes;
2533 INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb; /* padded request size */
2535 mchunkptr oldp; /* chunk corresponding to oldmem */
2536 INTERNAL_SIZE_T oldsize; /* its size */
2538 mchunkptr newp; /* chunk to return */
2539 INTERNAL_SIZE_T newsize; /* its size */
2540 Void_t* newmem; /* corresponding user mem */
2542 mchunkptr next; /* next contiguous chunk after oldp */
2543 INTERNAL_SIZE_T nextsize; /* its size */
2545 mchunkptr prev; /* previous contiguous chunk before oldp */
2546 INTERNAL_SIZE_T prevsize; /* its size */
2548 mchunkptr remainder; /* holds split off extra space from newp */
2549 INTERNAL_SIZE_T remainder_size; /* its size */
2551 mchunkptr bck; /* misc temp for linking */
2552 mchunkptr fwd; /* misc temp for linking */
2554 #ifdef REALLOC_ZERO_BYTES_FREES
2555 if (bytes == 0) { fREe(oldmem); return 0; }
2558 if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
2560 /* realloc of null is supposed to be same as malloc */
2561 if (oldmem == 0) return mALLOc(bytes);
2563 newp = oldp = mem2chunk(oldmem);
2564 newsize = oldsize = chunksize(oldp);
2567 nb = request2size(bytes);
2570 if (chunk_is_mmapped(oldp))
2573 newp = mremap_chunk(oldp, nb);
2574 if(newp) return chunk2mem(newp);
2576 /* Note the extra SIZE_SZ overhead. */
2577 if(oldsize - SIZE_SZ >= nb) return oldmem; /* do nothing */
2578 /* Must alloc, copy, free. */
2579 newmem = mALLOc(bytes);
2580 if (newmem == 0) return 0; /* propagate failure */
2581 MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - 2*SIZE_SZ);
2587 check_inuse_chunk(oldp);
2589 if ((long)(oldsize) < (long)(nb))
2592 /* Try expanding forward */
2594 next = chunk_at_offset(oldp, oldsize);
2595 if (next == top || !inuse(next))
2597 nextsize = chunksize(next);
2599 /* Forward into top only if a remainder */
2602 if ((long)(nextsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb + MINSIZE))
2604 newsize += nextsize;
2605 top = chunk_at_offset(oldp, nb);
2606 set_head(top, (newsize - nb) | PREV_INUSE);
2607 set_head_size(oldp, nb);
2608 return chunk2mem(oldp);
2612 /* Forward into next chunk */
2613 else if (((long)(nextsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb)))
2615 unlink(next, bck, fwd);
2616 newsize += nextsize;
2626 /* Try shifting backwards. */
2628 if (!prev_inuse(oldp))
2630 prev = prev_chunk(oldp);
2631 prevsize = chunksize(prev);
2633 /* try forward + backward first to save a later consolidation */
2640 if ((long)(nextsize + prevsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb + MINSIZE))
2642 unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
2644 newsize += prevsize + nextsize;
2645 newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
2646 MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
2647 top = chunk_at_offset(newp, nb);
2648 set_head(top, (newsize - nb) | PREV_INUSE);
2649 set_head_size(newp, nb);
2654 /* into next chunk */
2655 else if (((long)(nextsize + prevsize + newsize) >= (long)(nb)))
2657 unlink(next, bck, fwd);
2658 unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
2660 newsize += nextsize + prevsize;
2661 newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
2662 MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
2668 if (prev != 0 && (long)(prevsize + newsize) >= (long)nb)
2670 unlink(prev, bck, fwd);
2672 newsize += prevsize;
2673 newmem = chunk2mem(newp);
2674 MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
2681 newmem = mALLOc (bytes);
2683 if (newmem == 0) /* propagate failure */
2686 /* Avoid copy if newp is next chunk after oldp. */
2687 /* (This can only happen when new chunk is sbrk'ed.) */
2689 if ( (newp = mem2chunk(newmem)) == next_chunk(oldp))
2691 newsize += chunksize(newp);
2696 /* Otherwise copy, free, and exit */
2697 MALLOC_COPY(newmem, oldmem, oldsize - SIZE_SZ);
2703 split: /* split off extra room in old or expanded chunk */
2705 if (newsize - nb >= MINSIZE) /* split off remainder */
2707 remainder = chunk_at_offset(newp, nb);
2708 remainder_size = newsize - nb;
2709 set_head_size(newp, nb);
2710 set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
2711 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(remainder, remainder_size);
2712 fREe(chunk2mem(remainder)); /* let free() deal with it */
2716 set_head_size(newp, newsize);
2717 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(newp, newsize);
2720 check_inuse_chunk(newp);
2721 return chunk2mem(newp);
2731 memalign requests more than enough space from malloc, finds a spot
2732 within that chunk that meets the alignment request, and then
2733 possibly frees the leading and trailing space.
2735 The alignment argument must be a power of two. This property is not
2736 checked by memalign, so misuse may result in random runtime errors.
2738 8-byte alignment is guaranteed by normal malloc calls, so don't
2739 bother calling memalign with an argument of 8 or less.
2741 Overreliance on memalign is a sure way to fragment space.
2747 Void_t* mEMALIGn(size_t alignment, size_t bytes)
2749 Void_t* mEMALIGn(alignment, bytes) size_t alignment; size_t bytes;
2752 INTERNAL_SIZE_T nb; /* padded request size */
2753 char* m; /* memory returned by malloc call */
2754 mchunkptr p; /* corresponding chunk */
2755 char* brk; /* alignment point within p */
2756 mchunkptr newp; /* chunk to return */
2757 INTERNAL_SIZE_T newsize; /* its size */
2758 INTERNAL_SIZE_T leadsize; /* leading space befor alignment point */
2759 mchunkptr remainder; /* spare room at end to split off */
2760 long remainder_size; /* its size */
2762 if ((long)bytes < 0) return 0;
2764 /* If need less alignment than we give anyway, just relay to malloc */
2766 if (alignment <= MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) return mALLOc(bytes);
2768 /* Otherwise, ensure that it is at least a minimum chunk size */
2770 if (alignment < MINSIZE) alignment = MINSIZE;
2772 /* Call malloc with worst case padding to hit alignment. */
2774 nb = request2size(bytes);
2775 m = (char*)(mALLOc(nb + alignment + MINSIZE));
2777 if (m == 0) return 0; /* propagate failure */
2781 if ((((unsigned long)(m)) % alignment) == 0) /* aligned */
2784 if(chunk_is_mmapped(p))
2785 return chunk2mem(p); /* nothing more to do */
2788 else /* misaligned */
2791 Find an aligned spot inside chunk.
2792 Since we need to give back leading space in a chunk of at
2793 least MINSIZE, if the first calculation places us at
2794 a spot with less than MINSIZE leader, we can move to the
2795 next aligned spot -- we've allocated enough total room so that
2796 this is always possible.
2799 brk = (char*)mem2chunk(((unsigned long)(m + alignment - 1)) & -((signed) alignment));
2800 if ((long)(brk - (char*)(p)) < MINSIZE) brk = brk + alignment;
2802 newp = (mchunkptr)brk;
2803 leadsize = brk - (char*)(p);
2804 newsize = chunksize(p) - leadsize;
2807 if(chunk_is_mmapped(p))
2809 newp->prev_size = p->prev_size + leadsize;
2810 set_head(newp, newsize|IS_MMAPPED);
2811 return chunk2mem(newp);
2815 /* give back leader, use the rest */
2817 set_head(newp, newsize | PREV_INUSE);
2818 set_inuse_bit_at_offset(newp, newsize);
2819 set_head_size(p, leadsize);
2823 assert (newsize >= nb && (((unsigned long)(chunk2mem(p))) % alignment) == 0);
2826 /* Also give back spare room at the end */
2828 remainder_size = chunksize(p) - nb;
2830 if (remainder_size >= (long)MINSIZE)
2832 remainder = chunk_at_offset(p, nb);
2833 set_head(remainder, remainder_size | PREV_INUSE);
2834 set_head_size(p, nb);
2835 fREe(chunk2mem(remainder));
2838 check_inuse_chunk(p);
2839 return chunk2mem(p);
2847 valloc just invokes memalign with alignment argument equal
2848 to the page size of the system (or as near to this as can
2849 be figured out from all the includes/defines above.)
2853 Void_t* vALLOc(size_t bytes)
2855 Void_t* vALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
2858 return mEMALIGn (malloc_getpagesize, bytes);
2862 pvalloc just invokes valloc for the nearest pagesize
2863 that will accommodate request
2868 Void_t* pvALLOc(size_t bytes)
2870 Void_t* pvALLOc(bytes) size_t bytes;
2873 size_t pagesize = malloc_getpagesize;
2874 return mEMALIGn (pagesize, (bytes + pagesize - 1) & ~(pagesize - 1));
2879 calloc calls malloc, then zeroes out the allocated chunk.
2884 Void_t* cALLOc(size_t n, size_t elem_size)
2886 Void_t* cALLOc(n, elem_size) size_t n; size_t elem_size;
2890 INTERNAL_SIZE_T csz;
2892 INTERNAL_SIZE_T sz = n * elem_size;
2895 /* check if expand_top called, in which case don't need to clear */
2897 mchunkptr oldtop = top;
2898 INTERNAL_SIZE_T oldtopsize = chunksize(top);
2900 Void_t* mem = mALLOc (sz);
2902 if ((long)n < 0) return 0;
2910 /* Two optional cases in which clearing not necessary */
2914 if (chunk_is_mmapped(p)) return mem;
2920 if (p == oldtop && csz > oldtopsize)
2922 /* clear only the bytes from non-freshly-sbrked memory */
2927 MALLOC_ZERO(mem, csz - SIZE_SZ);
2934 cfree just calls free. It is needed/defined on some systems
2935 that pair it with calloc, presumably for odd historical reasons.
2939 #if !defined(INTERNAL_LINUX_C_LIB) || !defined(__ELF__)
2941 void cfree(Void_t *mem)
2943 void cfree(mem) Void_t *mem;
2954 Malloc_trim gives memory back to the system (via negative
2955 arguments to sbrk) if there is unused memory at the `high' end of
2956 the malloc pool. You can call this after freeing large blocks of
2957 memory to potentially reduce the system-level memory requirements
2958 of a program. However, it cannot guarantee to reduce memory. Under
2959 some allocation patterns, some large free blocks of memory will be
2960 locked between two used chunks, so they cannot be given back to
2963 The `pad' argument to malloc_trim represents the amount of free
2964 trailing space to leave untrimmed. If this argument is zero,
2965 only the minimum amount of memory to maintain internal data
2966 structures will be left (one page or less). Non-zero arguments
2967 can be supplied to maintain enough trailing space to service
2968 future expected allocations without having to re-obtain memory
2971 Malloc_trim returns 1 if it actually released any memory, else 0.
2976 int malloc_trim(size_t pad)
2978 int malloc_trim(pad) size_t pad;
2981 long top_size; /* Amount of top-most memory */
2982 long extra; /* Amount to release */
2983 char* current_brk; /* address returned by pre-check sbrk call */
2984 char* new_brk; /* address returned by negative sbrk call */
2986 unsigned long pagesz = malloc_getpagesize;
2988 top_size = chunksize(top);
2989 extra = ((top_size - pad - MINSIZE + (pagesz-1)) / pagesz - 1) * pagesz;
2991 if (extra < (long)pagesz) /* Not enough memory to release */
2996 /* Test to make sure no one else called sbrk */
2997 current_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (0));
2998 if (current_brk != (char*)(top) + top_size)
2999 return 0; /* Apparently we don't own memory; must fail */
3003 new_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (-extra));
3005 if (new_brk == (char*)(MORECORE_FAILURE)) /* sbrk failed? */
3007 /* Try to figure out what we have */
3008 current_brk = (char*)(MORECORE (0));
3009 top_size = current_brk - (char*)top;
3010 if (top_size >= (long)MINSIZE) /* if not, we are very very dead! */
3012 sbrked_mem = current_brk - sbrk_base;
3013 set_head(top, top_size | PREV_INUSE);
3021 /* Success. Adjust top accordingly. */
3022 set_head(top, (top_size - extra) | PREV_INUSE);
3023 sbrked_mem -= extra;
3036 This routine tells you how many bytes you can actually use in an
3037 allocated chunk, which may be more than you requested (although
3038 often not). You can use this many bytes without worrying about
3039 overwriting other allocated objects. Not a particularly great
3040 programming practice, but still sometimes useful.
3045 size_t malloc_usable_size(Void_t* mem)
3047 size_t malloc_usable_size(mem) Void_t* mem;
3056 if(!chunk_is_mmapped(p))
3058 if (!inuse(p)) return 0;
3059 check_inuse_chunk(p);
3060 return chunksize(p) - SIZE_SZ;
3062 return chunksize(p) - 2*SIZE_SZ;
3069 /* Utility to update current_mallinfo for malloc_stats and mallinfo() */
3072 static void malloc_update_mallinfo()
3081 INTERNAL_SIZE_T avail = chunksize(top);
3082 int navail = ((long)(avail) >= (long)MINSIZE)? 1 : 0;
3084 for (i = 1; i < NAV; ++i)
3087 for (p = last(b); p != b; p = p->bk)
3090 check_free_chunk(p);
3091 for (q = next_chunk(p);
3092 q < top && inuse(q) && (long)(chunksize(q)) >= (long)MINSIZE;
3094 check_inuse_chunk(q);
3096 avail += chunksize(p);
3101 current_mallinfo.ordblks = navail;
3102 current_mallinfo.uordblks = sbrked_mem - avail;
3103 current_mallinfo.fordblks = avail;
3104 current_mallinfo.hblks = n_mmaps;
3105 current_mallinfo.hblkhd = mmapped_mem;
3106 current_mallinfo.keepcost = chunksize(top);
3117 Prints on the amount of space obtain from the system (both
3118 via sbrk and mmap), the maximum amount (which may be more than
3119 current if malloc_trim and/or munmap got called), the maximum
3120 number of simultaneous mmap regions used, and the current number
3121 of bytes allocated via malloc (or realloc, etc) but not yet
3122 freed. (Note that this is the number of bytes allocated, not the
3123 number requested. It will be larger than the number requested
3124 because of alignment and bookkeeping overhead.)
3131 malloc_update_mallinfo();
3132 printf("max system bytes = %10u\n",
3133 (unsigned int)(max_total_mem));
3134 printf("system bytes = %10u\n",
3135 (unsigned int)(sbrked_mem + mmapped_mem));
3136 printf("in use bytes = %10u\n",
3137 (unsigned int)(current_mallinfo.uordblks + mmapped_mem));
3139 printf("max mmap regions = %10u\n",
3140 (unsigned int)max_n_mmaps);
3146 mallinfo returns a copy of updated current mallinfo.
3150 struct mallinfo mALLINFo()
3152 malloc_update_mallinfo();
3153 return current_mallinfo;
3163 mallopt is the general SVID/XPG interface to tunable parameters.
3164 The format is to provide a (parameter-number, parameter-value) pair.
3165 mallopt then sets the corresponding parameter to the argument
3166 value if it can (i.e., so long as the value is meaningful),
3167 and returns 1 if successful else 0.
3169 See descriptions of tunable parameters above.
3174 int mALLOPt(int param_number, int value)
3176 int mALLOPt(param_number, value) int param_number; int value;
3179 switch(param_number)
3181 case M_TRIM_THRESHOLD:
3182 trim_threshold = value; return 1;
3184 top_pad = value; return 1;
3185 case M_MMAP_THRESHOLD:
3186 mmap_threshold = value; return 1;
3189 n_mmaps_max = value; return 1;
3191 if (value != 0) return 0; else n_mmaps_max = value; return 1;
3203 V2.6.6 Sun Dec 5 07:42:19 1999 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3204 * return null for negative arguments
3205 * Added Several WIN32 cleanups from Martin C. Fong <mcfong@yahoo.com>
3206 * Add 'LACKS_SYS_PARAM_H' for those systems without 'sys/param.h'
3207 (e.g. WIN32 platforms)
3208 * Cleanup up header file inclusion for WIN32 platforms
3209 * Cleanup code to avoid Microsoft Visual C++ compiler complaints
3210 * Add 'USE_DL_PREFIX' to quickly allow co-existence with existing
3211 memory allocation routines
3212 * Set 'malloc_getpagesize' for WIN32 platforms (needs more work)
3213 * Use 'assert' rather than 'ASSERT' in WIN32 code to conform to
3214 usage of 'assert' in non-WIN32 code
3215 * Improve WIN32 'sbrk()' emulation's 'findRegion()' routine to
3217 * Always call 'fREe()' rather than 'free()'
3219 V2.6.5 Wed Jun 17 15:57:31 1998 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3220 * Fixed ordering problem with boundary-stamping
3222 V2.6.3 Sun May 19 08:17:58 1996 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3223 * Added pvalloc, as recommended by H.J. Liu
3224 * Added 64bit pointer support mainly from Wolfram Gloger
3225 * Added anonymously donated WIN32 sbrk emulation
3226 * Malloc, calloc, getpagesize: add optimizations from Raymond Nijssen
3227 * malloc_extend_top: fix mask error that caused wastage after
3229 * Add linux mremap support code from HJ Liu
3231 V2.6.2 Tue Dec 5 06:52:55 1995 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3232 * Integrated most documentation with the code.
3233 * Add support for mmap, with help from
3234 Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).
3235 * Use last_remainder in more cases.
3236 * Pack bins using idea from colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
3237 * Use ordered bins instead of best-fit threshhold
3238 * Eliminate block-local decls to simplify tracing and debugging.
3239 * Support another case of realloc via move into top
3240 * Fix error occuring when initial sbrk_base not word-aligned.
3241 * Rely on page size for units instead of SBRK_UNIT to
3242 avoid surprises about sbrk alignment conventions.
3243 * Add mallinfo, mallopt. Thanks to Raymond Nijssen
3244 (raymond@es.ele.tue.nl) for the suggestion.
3245 * Add `pad' argument to malloc_trim and top_pad mallopt parameter.
3246 * More precautions for cases where other routines call sbrk,
3247 courtesy of Wolfram Gloger (Gloger@lrz.uni-muenchen.de).
3248 * Added macros etc., allowing use in linux libc from
3249 H.J. Lu (hjl@gnu.ai.mit.edu)
3250 * Inverted this history list
3252 V2.6.1 Sat Dec 2 14:10:57 1995 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3253 * Re-tuned and fixed to behave more nicely with V2.6.0 changes.
3254 * Removed all preallocation code since under current scheme
3255 the work required to undo bad preallocations exceeds
3256 the work saved in good cases for most test programs.
3257 * No longer use return list or unconsolidated bins since
3258 no scheme using them consistently outperforms those that don't
3259 given above changes.
3260 * Use best fit for very large chunks to prevent some worst-cases.
3261 * Added some support for debugging
3263 V2.6.0 Sat Nov 4 07:05:23 1995 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3264 * Removed footers when chunks are in use. Thanks to
3265 Paul Wilson (wilson@cs.texas.edu) for the suggestion.
3267 V2.5.4 Wed Nov 1 07:54:51 1995 Doug Lea (dl at gee)
3268 * Added malloc_trim, with help from Wolfram Gloger
3269 (wmglo@Dent.MED.Uni-Muenchen.DE).
3271 V2.5.3 Tue Apr 26 10:16:01 1994 Doug Lea (dl at g)
3273 V2.5.2 Tue Apr 5 16:20:40 1994 Doug Lea (dl at g)
3274 * realloc: try to expand in both directions
3275 * malloc: swap order of clean-bin strategy;
3276 * realloc: only conditionally expand backwards
3277 * Try not to scavenge used bins
3278 * Use bin counts as a guide to preallocation
3279 * Occasionally bin return list chunks in first scan
3280 * Add a few optimizations from colin@nyx10.cs.du.edu
3282 V2.5.1 Sat Aug 14 15:40:43 1993 Doug Lea (dl at g)
3283 * faster bin computation & slightly different binning
3284 * merged all consolidations to one part of malloc proper
3285 (eliminating old malloc_find_space & malloc_clean_bin)
3286 * Scan 2 returns chunks (not just 1)
3287 * Propagate failure in realloc if malloc returns 0
3288 * Add stuff to allow compilation on non-ANSI compilers
3289 from kpv@research.att.com
3291 V2.5 Sat Aug 7 07:41:59 1993 Doug Lea (dl at g.oswego.edu)
3292 * removed potential for odd address access in prev_chunk
3293 * removed dependency on getpagesize.h
3294 * misc cosmetics and a bit more internal documentation
3295 * anticosmetics: mangled names in macros to evade debugger strangeness
3296 * tested on sparc, hp-700, dec-mips, rs6000
3297 with gcc & native cc (hp, dec only) allowing
3298 Detlefs & Zorn comparison study (in SIGPLAN Notices.)
3300 Trial version Fri Aug 28 13:14:29 1992 Doug Lea (dl at g.oswego.edu)
3301 * Based loosely on libg++-1.2X malloc. (It retains some of the overall
3302 structure of old version, but most details differ.)