2 /* Written by Dr Stephen N Henson (steve@openssl.org) for the OpenSSL
5 /* ====================================================================
6 * Copyright (c) 2008 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved.
8 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
13 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
17 * the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
20 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
21 * software must display the following acknowledgment:
22 * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
23 * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
25 * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
26 * endorse or promote products derived from this software without
27 * prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
28 * licensing@OpenSSL.org.
30 * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
31 * nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
32 * permission of the OpenSSL Project.
34 * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
36 * "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
37 * for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)"
39 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
40 * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
41 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
42 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
43 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
44 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
45 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
46 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
47 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
48 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
49 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
50 * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
51 * ====================================================================
54 /* CMS utility function */
60 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CMS
62 #include <openssl/crypto.h>
63 #include <openssl/pem.h>
64 #include <openssl/err.h>
65 #include <openssl/x509_vfy.h>
66 #include <openssl/x509v3.h>
67 #include <openssl/cms.h>
71 static int save_certs(char *signerfile, STACK_OF(X509) *signers);
72 static int smime_cb(int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx);
76 #define SMIME_SIGNERS 0x40
77 #define SMIME_ENCRYPT (1 | SMIME_OP)
78 #define SMIME_DECRYPT (2 | SMIME_IP)
79 #define SMIME_SIGN (3 | SMIME_OP | SMIME_SIGNERS)
80 #define SMIME_VERIFY (4 | SMIME_IP)
81 #define SMIME_CMSOUT (5 | SMIME_IP | SMIME_OP)
82 #define SMIME_RESIGN (6 | SMIME_IP | SMIME_OP | SMIME_SIGNERS)
83 #define SMIME_DATAOUT (7 | SMIME_IP)
84 #define SMIME_DATA_CREATE (8 | SMIME_OP)
85 #define SMIME_DIGEST_VERIFY (9 | SMIME_IP)
86 #define SMIME_DIGEST_CREATE (10 | SMIME_OP)
87 #define SMIME_UNCOMPRESS (11 | SMIME_IP)
88 #define SMIME_COMPRESS (12 | SMIME_OP)
90 int MAIN(int, char **);
92 int MAIN(int argc, char **argv)
98 const char *inmode = "r", *outmode = "w";
99 char *infile = NULL, *outfile = NULL;
100 char *signerfile = NULL, *recipfile = NULL;
101 STACK *sksigners = NULL, *skkeys = NULL;
102 char *certfile = NULL, *keyfile = NULL, *contfile=NULL;
103 const EVP_CIPHER *cipher = NULL;
104 CMS_ContentInfo *cms = NULL;
105 X509_STORE *store = NULL;
106 X509 *cert = NULL, *recip = NULL, *signer = NULL;
107 EVP_PKEY *key = NULL;
108 STACK_OF(X509) *encerts = NULL, *other = NULL;
109 BIO *in = NULL, *out = NULL, *indata = NULL;
111 int flags = CMS_DETACHED;
112 char *to = NULL, *from = NULL, *subject = NULL;
113 char *CAfile = NULL, *CApath = NULL;
114 char *passargin = NULL, *passin = NULL;
118 const EVP_MD *sign_md = NULL;
119 int informat = FORMAT_SMIME, outformat = FORMAT_SMIME;
120 int keyform = FORMAT_PEM;
121 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
125 X509_VERIFY_PARAM *vpm = NULL;
134 if ((bio_err = BIO_new(BIO_s_file())) != NULL)
135 BIO_set_fp(bio_err, stderr, BIO_NOCLOSE|BIO_FP_TEXT);
138 if (!load_config(bio_err, NULL))
141 while (!badarg && *args && *args[0] == '-')
143 if (!strcmp (*args, "-encrypt"))
144 operation = SMIME_ENCRYPT;
145 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-decrypt"))
146 operation = SMIME_DECRYPT;
147 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-sign"))
148 operation = SMIME_SIGN;
149 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-resign"))
150 operation = SMIME_RESIGN;
151 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-verify"))
152 operation = SMIME_VERIFY;
153 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-cmsout"))
154 operation = SMIME_CMSOUT;
155 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-data_out"))
156 operation = SMIME_DATAOUT;
157 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-data_create"))
158 operation = SMIME_DATA_CREATE;
159 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-digest_verify"))
160 operation = SMIME_DIGEST_VERIFY;
161 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-digest_create"))
162 operation = SMIME_DIGEST_CREATE;
163 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-compress"))
164 operation = SMIME_COMPRESS;
165 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-uncompress"))
166 operation = SMIME_UNCOMPRESS;
167 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DES
168 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-des3"))
169 cipher = EVP_des_ede3_cbc();
170 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-des"))
171 cipher = EVP_des_cbc();
173 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SEED
174 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-seed"))
175 cipher = EVP_seed_cbc();
177 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
178 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-40"))
179 cipher = EVP_rc2_40_cbc();
180 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-128"))
181 cipher = EVP_rc2_cbc();
182 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-rc2-64"))
183 cipher = EVP_rc2_64_cbc();
185 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_AES
186 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-aes128"))
187 cipher = EVP_aes_128_cbc();
188 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-aes192"))
189 cipher = EVP_aes_192_cbc();
190 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-aes256"))
191 cipher = EVP_aes_256_cbc();
193 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CAMELLIA
194 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-camellia128"))
195 cipher = EVP_camellia_128_cbc();
196 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-camellia192"))
197 cipher = EVP_camellia_192_cbc();
198 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-camellia256"))
199 cipher = EVP_camellia_256_cbc();
201 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-text"))
203 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nointern"))
204 flags |= CMS_NOINTERN;
205 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-noverify")
206 || !strcmp (*args, "-no_signer_cert_verify"))
207 flags |= CMS_NO_SIGNER_CERT_VERIFY;
208 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nocerts"))
209 flags |= CMS_NOCERTS;
210 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-noattr"))
212 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nodetach"))
213 flags &= ~CMS_DETACHED;
214 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nosmimecap"))
215 flags |= CMS_NOSMIMECAP;
216 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-binary"))
218 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-keyid"))
219 flags |= CMS_USE_KEYID;
220 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nosigs"))
222 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-no_content_verify"))
223 flags |= CMS_NO_CONTENT_VERIFY;
224 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-no_attr_verify"))
225 flags |= CMS_NO_ATTR_VERIFY;
226 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-stream"))
228 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-indef"))
230 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-noindef"))
232 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-nooldmime"))
233 flags |= CMS_NOOLDMIMETYPE;
234 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-crlfeol"))
235 flags |= CMS_CRLFEOL;
236 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-rand"))
244 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
245 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-engine"))
252 else if (!strcmp(*args,"-passin"))
258 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-to"))
264 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-from"))
270 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-subject"))
276 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-signer"))
280 /* If previous -signer argument add signer to list */
285 sksigners = sk_new_null();
286 sk_push(sksigners, signerfile);
288 keyfile = signerfile;
290 skkeys = sk_new_null();
291 sk_push(skkeys, keyfile);
294 signerfile = *++args;
296 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-recip"))
302 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-md"))
306 sign_md = EVP_get_digestbyname(*++args);
309 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Unknown digest %s\n",
314 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-inkey"))
318 /* If previous -inkey arument add signer to list */
323 BIO_puts(bio_err, "Illegal -inkey without -signer\n");
327 sksigners = sk_new_null();
328 sk_push(sksigners, signerfile);
331 skkeys = sk_new_null();
332 sk_push(skkeys, keyfile);
336 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-keyform"))
340 keyform = str2fmt(*++args);
342 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-certfile"))
348 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-CAfile"))
354 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-CApath"))
360 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-in"))
366 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-inform"))
370 informat = str2fmt(*++args);
372 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-outform"))
376 outformat = str2fmt(*++args);
378 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-out"))
384 else if (!strcmp (*args, "-content"))
390 else if (args_verify(&args, NULL, &badarg, bio_err, &vpm))
392 else if ((cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(*args + 1)) == NULL)
397 if (!(operation & SMIME_SIGNERS) && (skkeys || sksigners))
399 BIO_puts(bio_err, "Multiple signers or keys not allowed\n");
403 if (operation & SMIME_SIGNERS)
405 /* Check to see if any final signer needs to be appended */
406 if (keyfile && !signerfile)
408 BIO_puts(bio_err, "Illegal -inkey without -signer\n");
414 sksigners = sk_new_null();
415 sk_push(sksigners, signerfile);
417 skkeys = sk_new_null();
419 keyfile = signerfile;
420 sk_push(skkeys, keyfile);
424 BIO_printf(bio_err, "No signer certificate specified\n");
431 else if (operation == SMIME_DECRYPT)
433 if (!recipfile && !keyfile)
435 BIO_printf(bio_err, "No recipient certificate or key specified\n");
439 else if (operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT)
443 BIO_printf(bio_err, "No recipient(s) certificate(s) specified\n");
454 BIO_printf (bio_err, "Usage smime [options] cert.pem ...\n");
455 BIO_printf (bio_err, "where options are\n");
456 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-encrypt encrypt message\n");
457 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-decrypt decrypt encrypted message\n");
458 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-sign sign message\n");
459 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-verify verify signed message\n");
460 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-cmsout output CMS structure\n");
461 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DES
462 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-des3 encrypt with triple DES\n");
463 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-des encrypt with DES\n");
465 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SEED
466 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-seed encrypt with SEED\n");
468 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
469 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-40 encrypt with RC2-40 (default)\n");
470 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-64 encrypt with RC2-64\n");
471 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-rc2-128 encrypt with RC2-128\n");
473 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_AES
474 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256\n");
475 BIO_printf (bio_err, " encrypt PEM output with cbc aes\n");
477 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_CAMELLIA
478 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256\n");
479 BIO_printf (bio_err, " encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia\n");
481 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nointern don't search certificates in message for signer\n");
482 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nosigs don't verify message signature\n");
483 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-noverify don't verify signers certificate\n");
484 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nocerts don't include signers certificate when signing\n");
485 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-nodetach use opaque signing\n");
486 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-noattr don't include any signed attributes\n");
487 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-binary don't translate message to text\n");
488 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-certfile file other certificates file\n");
489 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-signer file signer certificate file\n");
490 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-recip file recipient certificate file for decryption\n");
491 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-skeyid use subject key identifier\n");
492 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-in file input file\n");
493 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-inform arg input format SMIME (default), PEM or DER\n");
494 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-inkey file input private key (if not signer or recipient)\n");
495 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-keyform arg input private key format (PEM or ENGINE)\n");
496 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-out file output file\n");
497 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-outform arg output format SMIME (default), PEM or DER\n");
498 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-content file supply or override content for detached signature\n");
499 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-to addr to address\n");
500 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-from ad from address\n");
501 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-subject s subject\n");
502 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-text include or delete text MIME headers\n");
503 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-CApath dir trusted certificates directory\n");
504 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-CAfile file trusted certificates file\n");
505 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-crl_check check revocation status of signer's certificate using CRLs\n");
506 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-crl_check_all check revocation status of signer's certificate chain using CRLs\n");
507 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
508 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-engine e use engine e, possibly a hardware device.\n");
510 BIO_printf (bio_err, "-passin arg input file pass phrase source\n");
511 BIO_printf(bio_err, "-rand file%cfile%c...\n", LIST_SEPARATOR_CHAR, LIST_SEPARATOR_CHAR);
512 BIO_printf(bio_err, " load the file (or the files in the directory) into\n");
513 BIO_printf(bio_err, " the random number generator\n");
514 BIO_printf (bio_err, "cert.pem recipient certificate(s) for encryption\n");
518 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
519 e = setup_engine(bio_err, engine, 0);
522 if (!app_passwd(bio_err, passargin, NULL, &passin, NULL))
524 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error getting password\n");
530 app_RAND_load_file(NULL, bio_err, (inrand != NULL));
532 BIO_printf(bio_err,"%ld semi-random bytes loaded\n",
533 app_RAND_load_files(inrand));
538 if (!(operation & SMIME_SIGNERS))
539 flags &= ~CMS_DETACHED;
541 if (operation & SMIME_OP)
543 if (outformat == FORMAT_ASN1)
548 if (flags & CMS_BINARY)
552 if (operation & SMIME_IP)
554 if (informat == FORMAT_ASN1)
559 if (flags & CMS_BINARY)
563 if (operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT)
567 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RC2
568 cipher = EVP_rc2_40_cbc();
570 BIO_printf(bio_err, "No cipher selected\n");
574 encerts = sk_X509_new_null();
577 if (!(cert = load_cert(bio_err,*args,FORMAT_PEM,
578 NULL, e, "recipient certificate file")))
580 #if 0 /* An appropriate message is already printed */
581 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read recipient certificate file %s\n", *args);
585 sk_X509_push(encerts, cert);
593 if (!(other = load_certs(bio_err,certfile,FORMAT_PEM, NULL,
594 e, "certificate file")))
596 ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
601 if (recipfile && (operation == SMIME_DECRYPT))
603 if (!(recip = load_cert(bio_err,recipfile,FORMAT_PEM,NULL,
604 e, "recipient certificate file")))
606 ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
611 if (operation == SMIME_DECRYPT)
616 else if (operation == SMIME_SIGN)
619 keyfile = signerfile;
625 key = load_key(bio_err, keyfile, keyform, 0, passin, e,
633 if (!(in = BIO_new_file(infile, inmode)))
636 "Can't open input file %s\n", infile);
641 in = BIO_new_fp(stdin, BIO_NOCLOSE);
643 if (operation & SMIME_IP)
645 if (informat == FORMAT_SMIME)
646 cms = SMIME_read_CMS(in, &indata);
647 else if (informat == FORMAT_PEM)
648 cms = PEM_read_bio_CMS(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
649 else if (informat == FORMAT_ASN1)
650 cms = d2i_CMS_bio(in, NULL);
653 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Bad input format for CMS file\n");
659 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error reading S/MIME message\n");
665 if (!(indata = BIO_new_file(contfile, "rb")))
667 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Can't read content file %s\n", contfile);
675 if (!(out = BIO_new_file(outfile, outmode)))
678 "Can't open output file %s\n", outfile);
684 out = BIO_new_fp(stdout, BIO_NOCLOSE);
685 #ifdef OPENSSL_SYS_VMS
687 BIO *tmpbio = BIO_new(BIO_f_linebuffer());
688 out = BIO_push(tmpbio, out);
693 if (operation == SMIME_VERIFY)
695 if (!(store = setup_verify(bio_err, CAfile, CApath)))
697 X509_STORE_set_verify_cb_func(store, smime_cb);
699 X509_STORE_set1_param(store, vpm);
705 if (operation == SMIME_DATA_CREATE)
709 cms = CMS_data_create(in, flags);
711 else if (operation == SMIME_DIGEST_CREATE)
715 cms = CMS_digest_create(in, sign_md, flags);
717 else if (operation == SMIME_COMPRESS)
721 cms = CMS_compress(in, -1, flags);
723 else if (operation == SMIME_ENCRYPT)
727 cms = CMS_encrypt(encerts, in, cipher, flags);
729 else if (operation & SMIME_SIGNERS)
732 /* If detached data content we only enable streaming if
733 * S/MIME output format.
735 if (operation == SMIME_SIGN)
737 if (flags & CMS_DETACHED)
739 if (outformat == FORMAT_SMIME)
744 flags |= CMS_PARTIAL;
745 cms = CMS_sign(NULL, NULL, other, in, flags);
750 flags |= CMS_REUSE_DIGEST;
751 for (i = 0; i < sk_num(sksigners); i++)
753 signerfile = sk_value(sksigners, i);
754 keyfile = sk_value(skkeys, i);
755 signer = load_cert(bio_err, signerfile,FORMAT_PEM, NULL,
756 e, "signer certificate");
759 key = load_key(bio_err, keyfile, keyform, 0, passin, e,
763 if (!CMS_add1_signer(cms, signer, key, sign_md, flags))
770 /* If not streaming or resigning finalize structure */
771 if ((operation == SMIME_SIGN) && !(flags & CMS_STREAM))
773 if (!CMS_final(cms, in, flags))
780 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error creating CMS structure\n");
785 if (operation == SMIME_DECRYPT)
787 if (!CMS_decrypt(cms, key, recip, out, flags))
789 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error decrypting CMS structure\n");
793 else if (operation == SMIME_DATAOUT)
795 if (!CMS_data(cms, out, flags))
798 else if (operation == SMIME_UNCOMPRESS)
800 if (!CMS_uncompress(cms, indata, out, flags))
803 else if (operation == SMIME_DIGEST_VERIFY)
805 if (CMS_digest_verify(cms, indata, out, flags) > 0)
806 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification successful\n");
809 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification failure\n");
813 else if (operation == SMIME_VERIFY)
815 if (CMS_verify(cms, other, store, indata, out, flags) > 0)
816 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification successful\n");
819 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Verification failure\n");
824 STACK_OF(X509) *signers;
825 signers = CMS_get0_signers(cms);
826 if (!save_certs(signerfile, signers))
829 "Error writing signers to %s\n",
834 sk_X509_free(signers);
839 if (outformat == FORMAT_SMIME)
842 BIO_printf(out, "To: %s\n", to);
844 BIO_printf(out, "From: %s\n", from);
846 BIO_printf(out, "Subject: %s\n", subject);
847 if (operation == SMIME_RESIGN)
848 ret = SMIME_write_CMS(out, cms, indata, flags);
850 ret = SMIME_write_CMS(out, cms, in, flags);
852 else if (outformat == FORMAT_PEM)
853 ret = PEM_write_bio_CMS_stream(out, cms, in, flags);
854 else if (outformat == FORMAT_ASN1)
855 ret = i2d_CMS_bio_stream(out,cms, in, flags);
858 BIO_printf(bio_err, "Bad output format for CMS file\n");
870 ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
872 app_RAND_write_file(NULL, bio_err);
873 sk_X509_pop_free(encerts, X509_free);
874 sk_X509_pop_free(other, X509_free);
876 X509_VERIFY_PARAM_free(vpm);
881 X509_STORE_free(store);
886 CMS_ContentInfo_free(cms);
890 if (passin) OPENSSL_free(passin);
894 static int save_certs(char *signerfile, STACK_OF(X509) *signers)
900 tmp = BIO_new_file(signerfile, "w");
902 for(i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(signers); i++)
903 PEM_write_bio_X509(tmp, sk_X509_value(signers, i));
909 /* Minimal callback just to output policy info (if any) */
911 static int smime_cb(int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
915 error = X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx);
917 if ((error != X509_V_ERR_NO_EXPLICIT_POLICY)
918 && ((error != X509_V_OK) || (ok != 2)))
921 policies_print(NULL, ctx);