1 OpenSSL - Frequently Asked Questions
2 --------------------------------------
4 * Which is the current version of OpenSSL?
5 * Where is the documentation?
6 * How can I contact the OpenSSL developers?
7 * Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL?
8 * Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
9 * Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message?
10 * Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols?
11 * Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
12 * I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why?
13 * I've called <some function> and it fails, why?
14 * I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean?
15 * Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms?
16 * How do I create certificates or certificate requests?
17 * Why can't I create certificate requests?
18 * Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error?
19 * Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL?
20 * How can I create DSA certificates?
21 * Why can't I make an SSL connection using a DSA certificate?
22 * How can I remove the passphrase on a private key?
23 * Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL?
26 * Which is the current version of OpenSSL?
28 The current version is available from <URL: http://www.openssl.org>.
29 OpenSSL 0.9.5a was released on April 1st, 2000.
31 In addition to the current stable release, you can also access daily
32 snapshots of the OpenSSL development version at <URL:
33 ftp://ftp.openssl.org/snapshot/>, or get it by anonymous CVS access.
36 * Where is the documentation?
38 OpenSSL is a library that provides cryptographic functionality to
39 applications such as secure web servers. Be sure to read the
40 documentation of the application you want to use. The INSTALL file
41 explains how to install this library.
43 OpenSSL includes a command line utility that can be used to perform a
44 variety of cryptographic functions. It is described in the openssl(1)
45 manpage. Documentation for developers is currently being written. A
46 few manual pages already are available; overviews over libcrypto and
47 libssl are given in the crypto(3) and ssl(3) manpages.
49 The OpenSSL manpages are installed in /usr/local/ssl/man/ (or a
50 different directory if you specified one as described in INSTALL).
51 In addition, you can read the most current versions at
52 <URL: http://www.openssl.org/docs/>.
54 For information on parts of libcrypto that are not yet documented, you
55 might want to read Ariel Glenn's documentation on SSLeay 0.9, OpenSSL's
56 predecessor, at <URL: http://www.columbia.edu/~ariel/ssleay/>. Much
57 of this still applies to OpenSSL.
59 There is some documentation about certificate extensions and PKCS#12
62 The original SSLeay documentation is included in OpenSSL as
63 doc/ssleay.txt. It may be useful when none of the other resources
64 help, but please note that it reflects the obsolete version SSLeay
68 * How can I contact the OpenSSL developers?
70 The README file describes how to submit bug reports and patches to
71 OpenSSL. Information on the OpenSSL mailing lists is available from
72 <URL: http://www.openssl.org>.
75 * Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL?
77 The patents section of the README file lists patents that may apply to
78 you if you want to use OpenSSL. For information on intellectual
79 property rights, please consult a lawyer. The OpenSSL team does not
82 You can configure OpenSSL so as not to use RC5 and IDEA by using
83 ./config no-rc5 no-idea
85 Until the RSA patent expires, U.S. users may want to use
86 ./config no-rc5 no-idea no-rsa
88 Please note that you will *not* be able to communicate with most of
89 the popular web browsers without RSA support.
92 * Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
94 Yes (with limitations: an SSL connection may not concurrently be used
95 by multiple threads). On Windows and many Unix systems, OpenSSL
96 automatically uses the multi-threaded versions of the standard
97 libraries. If your platform is not one of these, consult the INSTALL
100 Multi-threaded applications must provide two callback functions to
101 OpenSSL. This is described in the threads(3) manpage.
104 * Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message?
106 Cryptographic software needs a source of unpredictable data to work
107 correctly. Many open source operating systems provide a "randomness
108 device" that serves this purpose. On other systems, applications have
109 to call the RAND_add() or RAND_seed() function with appropriate data
110 before generating keys or performing public key encryption.
112 Some broken applications do not do this. As of version 0.9.5, the
113 OpenSSL functions that need randomness report an error if the random
114 number generator has not been seeded with at least 128 bits of
115 randomness. If this error occurs, please contact the author of the
116 application you are using. It is likely that it never worked
117 correctly. OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later make the error visible by refusing
118 to perform potentially insecure encryption.
120 On systems without /dev/urandom, it is a good idea to use the Entropy
121 Gathering Demon; see the RAND_egd() manpage for details.
123 Most components of the openssl command line tool try to use the
124 file $HOME/.rnd (or $RANDFILE, if this environment variable is set)
125 for seeding the PRNG. If this file does not exist or is too short,
126 the "PRNG not seeded" error message may occur.
128 [Note to OpenSSL 0.9.5 users: The command "openssl rsa" in version
129 0.9.5 does not do this and will fail on systems without /dev/urandom
130 when trying to password-encrypt an RSA key! This is a bug in the
131 library; try a later version instead.]
134 * Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols?
136 Maybe the compilation was interrupted, and make doesn't notice that
137 something is missing. Run "make clean; make".
139 If you used ./Configure instead of ./config, make sure that you
140 selected the right target. File formats may differ slightly between
141 OS versions (for example sparcv8/sparcv9, or a.out/elf).
143 In case you get errors about the following symbols, use the config
144 option "no-asm", as described in INSTALL:
146 BF_cbc_encrypt, BF_decrypt, BF_encrypt, CAST_cbc_encrypt,
147 CAST_decrypt, CAST_encrypt, RC4, RC5_32_cbc_encrypt, RC5_32_decrypt,
148 RC5_32_encrypt, bn_add_words, bn_div_words, bn_mul_add_words,
149 bn_mul_comba4, bn_mul_comba8, bn_mul_words, bn_sqr_comba4,
150 bn_sqr_comba8, bn_sqr_words, bn_sub_words, des_decrypt3,
151 des_ede3_cbc_encrypt, des_encrypt, des_encrypt2, des_encrypt3,
152 des_ncbc_encrypt, md5_block_asm_host_order, sha1_block_asm_data_order
154 If none of these helps, you may want to try using the current snapshot.
155 If the problem persists, please submit a bug report.
158 * Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
160 Some applications that use OpenSSL are distributed in binary form.
161 When using such an application, you don't need to install OpenSSL
162 yourself; the application will include the required parts (e.g. DLLs).
164 If you want to install OpenSSL on a Windows system and you don't have
165 a C compiler, read the "Mingw32" section of INSTALL.W32 for information
166 on how to obtain and install the free GNU C compiler.
168 A number of Linux and *BSD distributions include OpenSSL.
171 * I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why?
173 This is usually because you've missed the comment in INSTALL.W32. You
174 must link with the multithreaded DLL version of the VC++ runtime library
175 otherwise the conflict will cause a program to crash: typically on the
176 first BIO related read or write operation.
179 * I've called <some function> and it fails, why?
181 Before submitting a report or asking in one of the mailing lists, you
182 should try to determine the cause. In particular, you should call
183 ERR_print_errors() or ERR_print_errors_fp() after the failed call
184 and see if the message helps. Note that the problem may occur earlier
185 than you think -- you should check for errors after every call where
186 it is possible, otherwise the actual problem may be hidden because
187 some OpenSSL functions clear the error state.
190 * I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean?
192 The actual format is described in the ERR_print_errors() manual page.
193 You should call the function ERR_load_crypto_strings() before hand and
194 the message will be output in text form. If you can't do this (for example
195 it is a pre-compiled binary) you can use the errstr utility on the error
196 code itself (the hex digits after the second colon).
199 * Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms?
201 This can happen under several circumstances such as reading in an
202 encrypted private key or attempting to decrypt a PKCS#12 file. The cause
203 is forgetting to load OpenSSL's table of algorithms with
204 OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(). See the manual page for more information.
207 * How do I create certificates or certificate requests?
209 Check out the CA.pl(1) manual page. This provides a simple wrapper round
210 the 'req', 'verify', 'ca' and 'pkcs12' utilities. For finer control check
211 out the manual pages for the individual utilities and the certificate
212 extensions documentation (currently in doc/openssl.txt).
215 * Why can't I create certificate requests?
217 You typically get the error:
219 unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config
220 problems making Certificate Request
222 This is because it can't find the configuration file. Check out the
223 DIAGNOSTICS section of req(1) for more information.
226 * Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error?
228 This problem is usually indicated by log messages saying something like
229 "unable to get local issuer certificate" or "self signed certificate".
230 When a certificate is verified its root CA must be "trusted" by OpenSSL
231 this typically means that the CA certificate must be placed in a directory
232 or file and the relevant program configured to read it. The OpenSSL program
233 'verify' behaves in a similar way and issues similar error messages: check
234 the verify(1) program manual page for more information.
237 * Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL?
239 This is almost certainly because you are using an old "export grade" browser
240 which only supports weak encryption. Upgrade your browser to support 128 bit
244 * How can I create DSA certificates?
246 Check the CA.pl(1) manual page for a DSA certificate example.
249 * Why can't I make an SSL connection to a server using a DSA certificate?
251 Typically you'll see a message saying there are no shared ciphers when
252 the same setup works fine with an RSA certificate. There are two possible
253 causes. The client may not support connections to DSA servers most web
254 browsers (including Netscape and MSIE) only support connections to servers
255 supporting RSA cipher suites. The other cause is that a set of DH parameters
256 has not been supplied to the server. DH parameters can be created with the
257 dhparam(1) command and loaded using the SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh() for example:
258 check the source to s_server in apps/s_server.c for an example.
261 * How can I remove the passphrase on a private key?
263 Firstly you should be really *really* sure you want to do this. Leaving
264 a private key unencrypted is a major security risk. If you decide that
265 you do have to do this check the EXAMPLES sections of the rsa(1) and
269 * Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL?
271 There is a problem with OpenSSH 1.2.2p1, in that the configure script
272 can't find the installed OpenSSL libraries. The problem is actually
273 a small glitch that is easily solved with the following patch to be
274 applied to the OpenSSH distribution:
276 ----- snip:start -----
277 --- openssh-1.2.2p1/configure.in.orig Thu Mar 23 18:56:58 2000
278 +++ openssh-1.2.2p1/configure.in Thu Mar 23 18:55:05 2000
279 @@ -152,10 +152,10 @@
280 AC_MSG_CHECKING([for OpenSSL/SSLeay directory])
281 for ssldir in "" $tryssldir /usr /usr/local/openssl /usr/lib/openssl /usr/local/ssl /usr/lib/ssl /usr/local /usr/pkg /opt /opt/openssl ; do
282 if test ! -z "$ssldir" ; then
283 - LIBS="$saved_LIBS -L$ssldir"
284 + LIBS="$saved_LIBS -L$ssldir/lib"
285 CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -I$ssldir/include"
286 if test "x$need_dash_r" = "x1" ; then
287 - LIBS="$LIBS -R$ssldir"
288 + LIBS="$LIBS -R$ssldir/lib"
291 LIBS="$LIBS -lcrypto"
292 --- openssh-1.2.2p1/configure.orig Thu Mar 23 18:55:02 2000
293 +++ openssh-1.2.2p1/configure Thu Mar 23 18:57:08 2000
294 @@ -1890,10 +1890,10 @@
295 echo "configure:1891: checking for OpenSSL/SSLeay directory" >&5
296 for ssldir in "" $tryssldir /usr /usr/local/openssl /usr/lib/openssl /usr/local/ssl /usr/lib/ssl /usr/local /usr/pkg /opt /opt/openssl ; do
297 if test ! -z "$ssldir" ; then
298 - LIBS="$saved_LIBS -L$ssldir"
299 + LIBS="$saved_LIBS -L$ssldir/lib"
300 CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -I$ssldir/include"
301 if test "x$need_dash_r" = "x1" ; then
302 - LIBS="$LIBS -R$ssldir"
303 + LIBS="$LIBS -R$ssldir/lib"
306 LIBS="$LIBS -lcrypto"